What does the darkness of the photographic works reflect?

The famous American photographer Willy Quick said: "Please remember that the painter draws things into the picture, while the photographer removes things from the picture. A photo should have only one center of interest. , There should be no useless things in the picture. If you have doubts about whether an object contributes to the picture, you should get rid of it as much as possible. "In this way, the art of photography should be subtractive art, but this is incomplete. . Photographic art is a plastic art. It is used by photographers to reflect social life and natural phenomena, express thoughts and feelings, and create artistic photos with aesthetic value according to the laws of art for people to appreciate. The biggest feature of photographic art is " "Momentary beauty" is incomplete. Author's point of view The art of photography is the art of light and shadow, and light and shadow (the changes in tone created by light, which can be called light and shadow) are the soul of photographic works. A successful photo is an accurate grasp of the light and shade, contrast, and shades of light and shadow; a perfect work, with the mapping of light and shadow, will give people a sense of vitality and tension. If photographing objects is like frozen music, then light and shadow are the basic elements that constitute melody and rhythm. The interweaving of light and shadow seems to be a harmonious group supporting the melody. Photography and art are connected. To shoot works with relatively high artistic quality, you must have a certain level of artistic quality as a foundation.

On the one hand, photographers must have a keen observation ability of the objective world, but also have a unique ability to foresee, and be able to arrange the subject, select angle, viewpoint, pitch, and use lines before pressing the shutter. , blocks, shapes and other forms highlight the theme of the work and make the picture concise and orderly. Similarly, we also need certain conditions when appreciating photographic works: firstly, understanding the technical knowledge of photography is the basic condition for appreciating photographic works; secondly, the ability to interpret the artistic language of photography, and the light, color, perspective, etc. of a photographic work. The interpretation of tone, clarity and blur can pave the way for our further appreciation. However, the connotations contained in many photographic works of art are not as simple as the pictures show, requiring us to explore at a deeper level; thirdly, understanding the author and the historical background of the work can better help interpret the artistic language of the photographic works. So as to better appreciate a photograph. Fourth, only by establishing spiritual communication with the author, carefully understanding the thoughts of the photographic works, and understanding the ideological connotation of the works, can we reach the highest state of appreciating photographic works of art. Therefore, the lens is the photographer's eyes, the picture is the photographer's thoughts, and the choice is the photographer's means. 1. A correct understanding of "light and shadow" is the basic condition for appreciating photographic works

⒈"Light" means light. Light is the life of photography. Photography cannot exist without light. Lighting is a basic means of photographic plastic art and an important feature of photographic visual language. The art of photography is the art of light and shadow. As we all know, the scenery in the landscape is like other things. Only when illuminated by lines will the light and dark levels, lines and tones be produced. When shooting landscapes, the sun is mainly used as the light source. Sunlight is a changeable thing that can produce various effects when it shines on scenery. It is sometimes strong and sometimes weak, and it also changes with seasons and climates, and the scenery is affected differently because of its different changes. Therefore, when we shoot a scene, we must first understand the source of each light and the impact of the intensity of the light, so that we can use it well to fully express the light effect of the scene. The success of taking landscape photos has a lot to do with the proper use of light. Therefore, being familiar with all changes in light on the scene is a key issue in taking landscape photos. Photography creation is inseparable from light. With light, even a little, a trace, a streak or even a patch can leave bright spots and traces on the subject and exciting points. Light has a direct impact on the layers, lines, tones and atmosphere of the scene. Whether the scene can be displayed well in photos depends entirely on the use of light. Therefore, we must understand the effect of each type of light on the scene in order to obtain the ideal effect. Only by regularly observing the natural changes and effects of light in the scenery can we understand the effects of light. The nature and direction of light will have an important impact on subject, color, and composition. Only by understanding the characteristics of light can we master the basic theory and practical methods of using light for photographic artistic modeling.

The function of photography light is to express the appearance characteristics of the subject (expressing the outline of the subject, expressing the three-dimensional shape of the subject, expressing the surface texture of the subject, expressing the texture of the subject) Color), indicates a specific space and time, expresses the theme of the work, and affects the composition of the work. Classification of light used in photography,

⑴Classification according to the source of light①Visible light: natural light (natural light is the light emitted by natural light sources. Its main light sources are the sun and skylight. Daylight: refers to the light radiated directly from the sun. , is a parallel beam with a strong directional color temperature of about 5500K. Skylight: refers to the light scattered or reflected by the sun through water vapor, dust and other media in the sky, with no obvious directionality, and its color temperature is higher than that of sunlight); Light (artificial light) uses light emitted by artificial light sources as the light for photographic lighting. The purpose of artificial light lighting is to illuminate to improve technical quality and to enhance artistic effects. The main components of artificial light are main light, which is shaping light , auxiliary light is the secondary light and supplementary light, outline light is the backlight and isolation light, background light is the ambient light, and modified light is the decorative light.

The steps and methods of lighting are to master the lighting characteristics of the direct light and scattered light of the lamp. Arranging the main light is to express the shape, outline and texture of the subject, determine the lighting pattern and light and shadow distribution of the picture, and adjust the The main light is to observe the distribution of light and shadow and determine the brightness. Arranging the auxiliary light is to help the main light express all the characteristics of the subject, to help the main light express all the characteristics of the subject, and to adjust the tone of the picture to determine the contrast of the picture. The adjusted auxiliary light is to determine the light ratio. "Light ratio" refers to the ratio of light intensity illuminating the shadow side and the bright side of the subject. In portrait photography, the shadow side and the bright side of the subject's face are often reflected. The ratio of brightness is regarded as the light ratio; adjusting the brightness includes adjusting the power of the auxiliary light, adjusting the distance of the auxiliary light and diffusing the auxiliary light. Arranging contour light is to express the outline characteristics of the subject, isolate the subject and the background, enhance the spatial sense of the picture, activate the light atmosphere, and enhance the artistic appeal of the picture. To adjust the contour light, you need to control the area of ??the contour light and adjust the brightness of the contour light. The purpose of arranging background light is to highlight the subject, enrich the tone of the picture, and express the environmental characteristics and time atmosphere. When adjusting the background light, pay attention to the control of the lighting area and brightness. Arranging modified light is to modify parts or details of the subject, enrich the tones and levels, and make the image more artistically charming. Pay attention to the determination of the position of the modification light and the adjustment of the modification light); ② Non-visible light: infrared; ultraviolet.

⑵ Classification according to the nature of light ① Direct light (hard light refers to the light source that directly shines on the subject, which can cause obvious projection of the subject). It means that the sun is not blocked by clouds, fog, etc., directly Outdoor natural light can produce obvious projections on the scene. Morning and evening light in direct light are characterized by large brightness contrast, soft light, low color temperature, and rapid brightness change. Therefore, choose a good shooting direction. Angle, pay attention to the contrast of tones in the picture, pay attention to the processing of shadows in the picture, plan in advance, and pay special attention to the techniques of using light: choose the shooting scene, choose the shooting direction, and pay attention to the use of projections. The characteristics of morning and afternoon light in direct light are incident. The angle is moderate, the contrast between light and dark is appropriate, the color temperature is normal, and the light is stable. Light usage skills: Choose a variety of lighting solutions and capture vivid images. Pay attention to the light usage skills: adjust the position of the subject, use auxiliary light, and select the scene. The direction of direct light is forward light. When the direction of light projection is consistent with the shooting direction, it is called forward light. Characteristics of light: There is no obvious shadow on the front of the scene, and the three-dimensional effect is poor; the brightness of distant and near scenes is similar, which is not conducive to the use of light. The trick is to pay attention to the configuration of the scene and use projection to improve the tone; when there is side light, when the light projection direction is at a 90-degree angle to the shooting direction, it is called side light. The light is characterized by an increase in the contrast between light and dark, and the picture has rich tones, which is beneficial. Express the three-dimensional and spatial sense of the scene. The technique of using light is the choice of light direction and the determination of the proportion of light and dark; when there is backlight, when the direction of light projection is opposite to the shooting direction, it is called backlight. The characteristic of light is that most of the scene is in shadow. The contrast between light and dark is good for expressing spatial perspective. The technique of using light is to control the exposure, choose the background, and prevent glare); ② Scattered light (soft light refers to the scattered lighting, which does not cause obvious projection of the scene being photographed. Scattered light refers to the outdoor natural light with no obvious projection when the sun is blocked by clouds and scenery. The characteristic of scattered light is that the light source has a high color temperature and a small contrast.

⑶ Classification according to the direction of light ① Light direction (horizontal direction); ② Light angle (vertical direction).

⑷Classification according to the function of light: ① main light; ② auxiliary light; ③ background light.

⒉ "Shadow" is people and things. When light encounters an opaque object during propagation, a dark area where no light reaches is formed behind the backlight surface, which is called the shadow of the opaque object. Shadow can be divided into umbra and penumbra. The light emitted by the light source cannot be seen in the umbra area, and part of the light emitted by the light source is seen in the penumbra area. The size of the umbra area is related to the size of the light-emitting surface of the light source and the size of the opaque object. The larger the illuminant, the smaller the obstruction, and the smaller the umbra area. Master the method of highlighting the subject, and learn to rationally use layout principles to arrange and handle companions and the environment.

In the art of photography, only by understanding the meaning of photographic composition can we correctly grasp the basic principles of photographic composition to lay out photographic images. The meaning of photographic composition: Photographic composition is a process of organically organizing the objects and various modeling factors in the picture through the photographic lens in order to express a certain content and aesthetic effect. Composition is a complex process, an observation process, a thinking process, an organizing process, and a reflection process. The characteristics of photographic composition are on-site organization, instant decision, real and eternal, great opportunity, and influenced by equipment. The basic requirements for photographic composition are to have formal beauty, capture typical moments, be creative, and have perfect unity of content and form. The visual elements of photographic composition refer to the visual components that make up the form of the picture and are the vocabulary for conveying visual information. Including color, light, tone, line, shape. To analyze a work, you can first completely restore or analyze it to the "elements" and then synthesize them. The basic principles of photographic composition are the basic internal rules and methods for organizing and structuring visual images in photography. The basic principles of photographic composition include ① there should be a single visual center; ② the arrangement of the subject should be highlighted; ③ the principle of contrast (the principle of contrast means that in an overall picture, by emphasizing the differences between parts, the inherent characteristics of distinct.

The methods of contrast can include: size, light and shade, shape, direction, emotion, texture, movement, reality and reality, ideological content); ④ Principle of balance (balance refers to the balance of visual weight formed by various compositional structural factors with the center of the picture as the fulcrum) ; ⑤ Principle of Rhythm and Rhythm (Rhythm is the regular repetition of things in time, intensity, and form; Rhythm is a vivid rhythm that can continuously change and is full of emotion); ⑥ Principle of Unity of Diversity (Diversity refers to the pictures formed in the composition And the differences and changes between the various parts of the picture. Unity refers to the coordination and overall connection reflected by such differences and changes).

In the art of photography, only by mastering the layout of the photographic screen can we correctly select and arrange the scenery to be photographed. The layout of the photographic screen is the selection and arrangement of the scenery to be photographed. The layout of the photographic screen mainly involves two aspects: (1) the subject. ①Subject. The subject is the main object that expresses the theme in the photographic picture. It is the interesting center and visual center of the picture. The role of the subject is the direct embodiment of the expression of the theme and ideological content, the basis for the photographer to express his emotions, and the core of the photographic composition. The method of highlighting the subject is to use the geometric center or visual center, use the convergence of lines to be more prominent, and the concentration of spiritual intentions to be more prominent. Contrast and novelty can make the subject stand out, such as size contrast, light and dark contrast, shape contrast, and direction contrast. ② Accompanying body, the accompanying body is a photographic object that is closely related to the subject, and is a scene in the picture that complements and explains the subject. The function of the accompanying body is to supplement the description of the main body, enhance the main image, balance and beautify the picture, and enhance the atmosphere. The companion should be handled in such a way as not to weaken the main body. ⑵ Surrounding environment. ① Foreground, the foreground is the subject in front of the main body of the picture and close to the lens. The foreground is characterized by its large image size and deep tones, which can significantly enhance the sense of space and depth in the picture. The function of the foreground is to highlight the main subject, strengthen the subjective color of the picture, express the seasonal characteristics and local colors of the picture, help compose the picture, beautify the picture and balance the picture. ②Background, the background refers to the subject behind the subject and away from the lens. The background is characterized by indivisibility, with small images, shallow tones, and converging and shrinking shapes. The function of the background is to express the characteristics of the time and space environment, reflect the character traits, and set off the atmosphere of the environment. ③Blank, blank refers to the gap in the photographic frame that constitutes the spatial relationship between the physical scenes. The function of the blank space in the picture is an effective means to highlight the subject, a link to communicate the relationship between the scenery, and a media to create the artistic conception of the picture. The arrangement of the blank space on the screen should be appropriate and consistent with people's life experience and visual habits. Pay attention to the proportion of the blank space and the physical objects.

⒊"Degree" means depth of field and difference of field. The word "degree" has many interpretations, among which in philosophy it is explained that "equal degree" is the unity of quality and quantity, and it is the limit, amplitude and scope of things that maintain their quality and quantity. Degree is the highest limit and the lowest limit of the activity range of quantity that a certain quality can accommodate. In the process of photography practice, it is very important to master the principles of moderation, that is, depth of field and field of view, and to learn to grasp proportion.

Depth of field is very important for photography. Every photographer does not want the photos he takes to have no three-dimensional effect and look like a flat surface. Therefore, when shooting, it is necessary to appropriately add some objects to show relativity to increase the depth of field. For example, if you want to take a picture of distant mountains, you can add a character or a tree in the foreground of the picture. Using a wide-angle lens can exaggerate the normal spatial and depth perspective of the subject. Choose the shooting location. The impact of the shooting location on the image modeling effect, and master the method of selecting the shooting location.

⑴Select the shooting distance. Scenery refers to the range in which the subject appears in the picture. The division of scenes is based on the number of adult body parts captured by the frame and the proportion of the subject in the frame. Scenery is divided into long shots (far shots are photographic images that show distant and vast scenes. The characteristic of long shots is that the vision provided by the distant view is broad and can include a large space. It mainly expresses the environmental atmosphere, and the characters appear smaller in it; it uses nature Prominent lines and tones in the environment form the macro scale of the picture; use natural landscapes such as clouds, fog, clouds, and mist to organize the picture; use the foreground to express the profound sense of the picture), panorama (panorama is to express the whole body of an adult or the entire scene) Picture. The characteristic of panorama is that the picture has a clear content center, allowing the audience to see the complete image of the subject and a certain environment; keeping the outline of the subject intact; paying attention to the relationship and response between the subject and the surrounding environment), center Scene (Mid shot is a picture that shows an adult above the knees or a part of an object. The characteristic of the middle shot is that the medium shot can express the object more comprehensively and show the body movements of most of the character's body; making the picture fully display the representative part of the object; When photographing people, you should pay attention to capturing the characters' plot movements with special meaning), close shots (close shots are pictures that show the upper part of an adult's chest or part of an object. The characteristic of close shots is that close shots are good for expressing the expressions of characters and the texture of objects; choose the appropriate The light and angle can express the texture of the object and the demeanor of the character well), close-up (a close-up is a picture that shows the headshot of an adult above the shoulders or the local details of the subject. The characteristic of a close-up is that it can show the details of the character's demeanor in a subtle way. Change; carve small objects to achieve the purpose of "using objects as metaphors"). The method of scene change is to use the same lens and obtain different scene views by changing the actual distance between the shooting position and the subject; the shooting position remains unchanged and use lenses of different focal lengths to obtain different scene views.

⑵Select the shooting direction.

Choose the shooting direction: frontal direction (frontal direction refers to the shooting direction when the shooting position is in front of the subject. The characteristic of the frontal direction is that it is easy to produce a symmetrical effect, making the picture appear balanced and stable; the complete face of the person being photographed can be seen Characteristics and expressions of characters are conducive to communication between characters and the audience; it is not conducive to expressing the three-dimensional and spatial sense of the scenery, and the photographed characters tend to look dull), side direction (the side direction refers to the shooting position at a 90-degree angle with the front of the subject) The characteristics of the shooting direction are that it is conducive to expressing the side characteristics of the subject and outlining the outline shape of the side of the subject; it is conducive to showing the movement of objects and has distinct directionality; it is conducive to expressing the emotional communication between characters) , Back direction (Back direction refers to the shooting direction formed when the shooting position is behind the subject. The characteristic of the back direction is that the back direction can show the subject and the object they are paying attention to on the same screen; when shooting from the back, it is often Using posture as an important image language), oblique direction (oblique direction refers to the shooting direction when the shooting position is between the front and side of the subject, or between the back and side of the subject. The oblique direction The characteristics are that it is helpful to express the three-dimensional and spatial sense of the scenery; it is easy to distinguish the primary and secondary relationships of things; it improves the flat plane of the frontal composition).

⑶Select the shooting height. Choosing the shooting height is the perspective angle, which can be divided into flat shooting (flat shooting refers to the shooting method in which the visual axis of the lens is consistent with the eye level. The characteristic of flat shooting is that flat shooting of scenery can form a normal perspective effect, and flat shooting of people can produce Psychological closeness; when shooting scenery from a flat position, it is easy to form a picture with the horizon centered, which is not conducive to expressing the sense of depth of the scene), and when shooting from above (a shooting from above refers to a shooting method in which the visual axis of the lens is tilted above the eye level. The characteristic of shooting from above is that it is tilted above the horizon) Shooting is good for expressing tall and vertical scenery; shooting people from above is helpful to show the high-spirited and uplifting spirit of the characters; shooting scenery from above has a freehand charm), overhead shooting (overhead shooting refers to the shooting method in which the visual axis of the lens is tilted below the eye level) The characteristic of an overhead shot is that it allows the audience to see the overview of things, which is good for expressing geographical location, gathering scenes and huge formations; an overhead shot is good for showing the beauty of patterns on the ground; it is not good for expressing the expressions and expressions of characters. communication between characters).

2. Understanding "true feelings, simplicity and nature" is the highest state of appreciating photographic works