Edison and Newton's information

Edison was born in1February, 847 1 1, Milan, Ohio, in the midwest of the United States. My father is descended from Dutch, and my mother is a primary school teacher, descended from Scots. When Edison was 7 years old, his father lost money in the tile business, so his family moved to Otterborg, a suburb north of Huron, Michigan. Shortly after moving here, Edison suffered from scarlet fever and was ill for a long time. It is believed that this disease is the cause of his deafness. Edison went to school at the age of eight, but after only three months of study, he was dismissed as an "imbecile" by his teacher and expelled from school (he was ordered to drop out of school for being "stupid"). From then on, his mother was his "mentor" and decided to teach his son to read and write, and to educate him to be honest, love his motherland and love mankind. Because of his mother's good educational methods, he took a keen interest in reading. He not only reads widely, but also reads all kinds of books. At the age of eight, he read the works of Shakespeare and Dickens, the most important playwrights in the English Renaissance, and many important historical books. By the age of nine, he could quickly read difficult books, such as Parker's philosophy of nature and experiment.

Edison's earliest interest in natural science was in chemistry. 10 years old, he loved chemistry. He collected about 200 bottles and saved every penny to buy chemicals and put them in bottles. At the age of 1 1, he experimented with his first telegram. In order to make money to buy chemicals and equipment, he began to work. At the age of 12, he got a job selling newspapers on the train and traveled between Portron, Michigan and Detroit. While selling newspapers, he also deals in fruits and vegetables. Whenever he is free, he goes to the library to read books. 186 1 year, the American civil war broke out. Edison, who just turned 14 years old, bought an old money printing machine and used the convenience of taking the train to run a tabloid (weekly) Herald to convey the war situation and news along the way. The first weekly was printed on the train. He is also a journalist, editor, typesetter, proofreader, printer and publisher. The tabloids are very popular, and he also gained talent, knowledge and experience from his intense work, and earned a lot of money to continue his chemical experiments. With the money he earned, he set up a chemistry laboratory on the baggage car. Unfortunately, when he was doing an experiment on the train, the train suddenly bumped, causing a piece of phosphorus to fall on the board and cause burning. The conductor came to put out the fire and gave him a heavy slap, which made his left ear deaf. He was kicked off the train when Edison was 16 years old. Another way of saying it is: Unfortunately, once a chemical caught fire, he was thrown out of the car with his equipment. Another time, when Edison tried to board a freight train, a conductor grabbed him by the ear and helped him get on the train. This action led to Edison's lifelong deafness. )

Reference:/kloc-At the age of 0/2, little Edison began to sell newspapers on the train. He takes the early train to Detroit every day, and then takes the late train back to Port Huron at 9 o'clock in the evening. Edison, when he was young, got on the train to sell newspapers. On the one hand, he is tired of studying at school; On the other hand, he can accumulate a sum of research and experimental funds for his own control. During the afternoon break in Detroit, he can also read many science books in the city library. Edison, 12 years old, built his own small laboratory in the corner of the luggage compartment with the help of the train conductor. It was not until an experiment caught fire that Edison finished his original scientific experiment in the train laboratory.

Frustration did not discourage Edison. He fell in love with the telegraph again. After repeated research, he invented the automatic power recorder at 1868, which was his first invention. Later, he invented two new types of telegrams. 1877, he invented the carbon telephone transmitter to make the original telephone sound clearer. In addition, he invented the phonograph. People call him a magician.

1878 In September, Edison began to study electric lights when he was 3 1 year old. At that time, the gas lamp had replaced the kerosene lamp, but the flame flickered and when it was extinguished, it would produce harmful gas; Arc lamp has also been invented and used in public places, but it is not suitable for indoor use because it hisses when burning and is too bright. At that time, many European and American scientists were already exploring to make a new and stable luminous body.

Edison studied the arc lamp and announced that he could invent a satisfactory lamp, but he needed money. At that time, he was a man with 170 invention patents, and his inventions brought huge profits to capitalists, so a consortium was willing to provide him with financial assistance. After thousands of failures, in April of 1879, he improved the rod-shaped and tubular lamps of his predecessors and made a glass ball. 1879 65438+1Oct. 2 1 He fixed a carbon-treated cotton thread in a glass bulb, pumped out air, sealed the mouth, applied current to make it glow, and a new lighting object appeared.

From 1880 to 1882, Edison designed light sockets, buttons, fuses, current breakers, electric meters, chandeliers, and also designed main line and branch line systems, making the world's largest generator at that time, establishing the first power plant in new york and opening up the first civil lighting system. Later, he and george eastman invented the movie camera together. Edison's three great inventions: the phonograph, the electric light and power system and the movie camera enriched and improved the civilized life of mankind.

Edison died in 65438 at the age of 82. However, so far no one can break his record of holding 1093 invention patents, and people call him the king of invention.

newton

I. Life Introduction Newton (1643-1727) was a famous British physicist, mathematician and astronomer, and was the greatest scientific master in17th century.

1643 65438+1October 4th (julian calendar1642 65438+February 25th) Newton was born in a farmer's family in Thorpe, urs, Lincolnshire, England. /kloc-at the age of 0/2, he entered Grantham Middle School not far from home. Newton entered Trinity College of Cambridge University as a fee-reducing student on 166 1, became a scholarship winner on 1664, and received his bachelor's degree on 1665.

1665 ~ 1666 London plague. Cambridge is not far from London, and the school is closed for fear of infection. Newton returned to his hometown Thorpe in June 1665.

Newton returned to Cambridge University in 1667, and was selected as the companion of Trinity College Middle School in June 1 2007, and was selected as the companion of primary school in March 16 the following year. Barrow had a full understanding of Newton's talent at that time. 1669101On October 27th, Barrow asked Newton, who was only 26 years old, to replace him as the professor of Lucas Lecture.

From 1672, he was admitted as a member of the Royal Society, and from 1703, he was elected as the president of the Royal Society.

Newton got the position of supervisor of Mint on 1696, 1699 was promoted to director, 170 1 resigned from Cambridge University. 1705 was knighted.

Newton suffered from bladder stones, rheumatism and other diseases in his later years. 1727 died in London late at night on March 30th, and was buried in West Abbey at the age of 84. In order to commemorate Newton, people specially named the unit of force after him, referred to as "cow".

Second, scientific achievements.

Newton's lifelong contribution to science covered physics, mathematics and astronomy.

1. Newton's most important achievement in physics is to establish the basic system of classical mechanics, making light the first big synthesis in the history of physics.

2￡? For optics, Newton devoted himself to the study of the color and properties of light and made great contributions.

3￡? Newton summed up and developed the work of predecessors in mathematics, put forward the "flow number method", established binomial theorem and founded calculus.

4￡? In astronomy, Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, made a reflective telescope, and used it to preliminarily observe the laws of planetary motion.

17 telescope designed by Newton in the 1970s. Generally called reflective telescope, its effect is far better than the famous refractive telescope designed by Galileo.

Third, anecdotes

1￡? The story of apple landing

An accidental event can often lead to an epiphany for scientists.

It was a warm evening in the late summer of 1666. In urs Thorpe, Lincolnshire, England, a young man walked into his mother's garden with a book under his arm, sat under a tree and began to bury himself in reading. When he turned the page, something was shaking in the branch above his head. One of the most famous apples in history fell and hit 23-year-old isaac newton on the head.

It happened that Newton was thinking hard about a question that day: What forces make the moon orbit around the earth and the planets orbit around the sun? Why did the apple that hit his head fall to the ground? It was from thinking about this question that he found the answers to these questions-the theory of universal gravitation.

Because Newton's book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy is a rigorous and perfect system, it does not tell the story of apple landing, which leads many people to have reservations about apple landing.

In fact, Newton's relatives and friends have confirmed the story of the apple landing many times. Voltaire, a French writer and scientist, once recalled that one year before Newton's death, that is, 1726, when he went to England, he heard Newton's half-sister say that one day, Newton was lying under an apple tree and suddenly saw an apple fall to the ground, which caused him to think. Newton had a brainwave, and an idea suddenly came into his mind: Will the apple fall to the ground and the planets orbit the sun be governed by the same universal law? I realized the law of gravity.

Stokely, Newton's close friend in his later years, also explicitly mentioned that one day in April, 1726, he and Newton went to Newton's backyard to have tea under the apple tree after lunch. During the conversation, "he told me that the idea of paying attention to gravity came to his mind in the same situation in the past, which happened by accident under an apple tree, when he was meditating."

Pemberton, another friend of Newton's in his later years, also told a story about verifying the inverse square relationship of gravity caused by apple landing.

Newton told the story of Apple again in his later years. It has been 60 years since the apple landed. I think there are two reasons why an old man has such a deep memory: first, because the law of gravity is a brilliant achievement that attracts worldwide attention, the parties concerned are of course deeply excited and nostalgic about the events that inspired him; Secondly, the dispute with Hooke also left a deep memory. Newton clarified the truth from one side, and should think that the fact that the apple fell to the ground was established.

2. infatuation with scientific research

Newton was obsessed with scientific research to the point of obsession. It is said that Newton once boiled an egg. He works while reading. He stupidly threw a pocket watch into the pot. When the water boiled, he lifted the lid and realized that he had cooked his pocket watch as an egg by mistake. On another occasion, a visiting guest asked him to evaluate a prism. Newton was immediately attracted by this prism that can be used for scientific research and replied without hesitation: "This is priceless!" " "The guest saw Newton salivating at the prism and offered to sell it to him, deliberately asking a high price. Newton immediately bought it with joy. When the housekeeper learned that, she said angrily, "Well, you idiot, you just have to fold the price according to the weight of the cup!" " "

3. Like to keep cats

Legend has it that when Newton built a house, he insisted on leaving two cat holes, one big and one small, so that the big cat could pass through the big hole and the little cat could pass through the small hole. Of course, this is just a legend, not enough. But it is true that Newton liked cats. Because Newton never married for life, cats became an indispensable partner in his life, but they also brought him a lot of trouble. Newton's mother died in 1692, which made him extremely miserable. One morning, in order to calm down, he forgot to put out the candle when he went to the church of Cambridge University. It may be the cat's fault. After the candle overturned, the papers such as the manuscript of optical chemistry on the table were reduced to ashes.

4. The mystery of lifelong unmarried

Newton expressed his great ambition in a poem when he was a teenager:

Oh, the worldly crown, I despise it, like the dust under my feet,

It is heavy, and the best is just an emptiness;

But now I'm happy to welcome the crown of thorns,

Although it hurts, the taste is mainly sweet;

I saw the crown of glory in front of me,

It is full of happiness and eternity.

It can be said that every great scientist is a poet full of passion and ideals, but Newton is a special kind of poet, who pursues to explain his ideals with the spectrum in science. He let his thoughts spread their wings and use the whole universe as a barrier. His whole heart is full of nature and the universe. Perhaps this is the most fundamental reason why he has never been married.

However, Newton was not completely insulated from love. He even fell in love twice in his life. When Newton was studying at Cambridge University at the age of 23, the school was closed because of the plague in Cambridge. Newton went back to the country and stayed at his uncle's house. There, he fell in love with his beautiful, intelligent, diligent and considerate cousin for the first time. My cousin also likes this knowledgeable college student. They often walk together. Newton likes to make long speeches extemporaneously, and most of his speeches are issues he is studying and studying. Although my cousin didn't understand, she listened patiently and seemed to find it very interesting. Newton thought to himself, "If such a lovely woman finds what I said so interesting, I must be very good." Of course, she must have a good brain. She is an extraordinary woman. If only I could get her help, solve many of my problems and work with me! "

But Newton was shy and didn't express his love to his cousin in time. When he returned to Cambridge University, he gathered again and was immersed in scientific research. He has long forgotten that there is a beautiful girl waiting for him in a distant country. He has always paid no attention to personal life, but her cousin mistakenly thought Newton was cold to her, so she chose one husband and married another. Newton's obsession with scientific research delayed a great opportunity to fall in love.

Newton was very busy. He dreamed of the universe and the world. He often walks into the university dining room without tie, shoelaces and trousers. Nevertheless, Newton was a young man with a romantic heart. Once, "the impatient passion of youth" urged him to propose to a young girl. He held her hand gently and looked at the beautiful woman affectionately. At this critical moment, his thoughts suddenly slipped to another world. There is only one infinite binomial theorem left in his mind. Like a dream, he subconsciously grabbed a finger of his lover, regarded it as a pipe and forced it into it. Before he woke up, the girl let out a cry of pain. Facing the surprised girl, he quickly apologized softly like a sheep: "Oh, dear, forgive me! I know, I can't. It seems that I will be a bachelor all my life! "

The girl forgave Newton, but she couldn't understand him. Love failed again. Many new problems in science are constantly emerging in Newton's mind, and all his enthusiasm is concentrated on scientific career. Since then, that kind of "youthful enthusiasm" has never seen a "colorful melody"

5. Famous sayings

(1) "I don't know what the world thinks of me, but I feel like a child playing by the sea, complacent about finding a pebble or shell more beautiful than usual from time to time, but I haven't found the vast ocean of truth in front of me."

(2) "If I see farther than Descartes, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants".

6. The spread of Newton's theory in China and its influence.

The spread of Newton's theory in China

Newton lived from one year before the Ming Dynasty to five years before the Qing Dynasty, and the publication of Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy was equivalent to 25 years of Kangxi. From the publication of Newton's Principles 1687 to 1840, Newton's knowledge of physics and astronomy was hardly introduced to China. The basic contents of Principles did not spread in China until after the Opium War.

The Influence of Newton's Theory on China

Copernicus's theory of the sun center, Kepler's elliptical orbit and Newton's universal gravitation were introduced to China one after another, which was quite different from the traditions such as "the sky is moving and the earth is still", "the sky is round" and "the yin and yang feel each other" which China regarded as the standard. This cannot but arouse great repercussions from the people of China.

The spread of Newton's theory in China not only influenced the academic circles, but also awakened people's understanding of scientific truth. More importantly, it also provided public opinion preparation for the Reform Movement of 1898 initiated by the bourgeois reformists in China (1898). The leaders of this movement, such as Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong, all looked for the basis of reform and political reform from Newton's theory without exception. In particular, Newton's innovative spirit in science inspired all people with lofty ideals who wanted to change society in the Qing Dynasty.