Basic knowledge of film and television photography lighting

Light consumption can be divided into the following categories:

Front light: smooth light. Refers to the light that illuminates the subject in the same direction as the camera.

Side light: that is, side light. The light shines from the side of the main body at a 90-degree angle to the left and right. The light coming from the side of the subject at an angle of 45 degrees is called front side light; The light coming from the side at a back angle of 45 degrees is called side backlight. The contrast of side light is strong, which is beneficial to express the three-dimensional sense and texture of the object.

Backlight: Also known as backlight and sidelight. The light from the back of the object makes the outline of the object clear.

Top light: the light irradiated from above the main body produces strong projection.

Bottom light: Also called reflected light. The light that shines upward close to the subject will cause the horror of the character.

Second, the types of light.

According to the light source, it can be divided into natural light and artificial light;

According to the nature of light, it can be divided into scattered light (soft light) and direct light (strong light);

According to the light level, it can be divided into smooth light, side light, side backlight, backlight, bottom light, top light and so on.

According to the modeling function, it can be divided into main light, auxiliary light (auxiliary light), background light, vision and effect light.

1, natural light: sunlight and skylight. Natural light is influenced by changes in time, season, climate and geographical conditions. In photography practice, we should not only master the changes of natural light intensity, angle and light properties, but also master the law of color temperature changes.

2. Artificial light: Artificial light is not as good as natural light in light intensity and range and color rendering, but it has more advantages in use. Using artificial light, you can easily shape the scenery; You can create various artistic effects with lights according to your own creative ideas; As a supplement to natural light, it can be used to illuminate the shadow part, forming a rich tone hierarchy.

3. Direct light: also known as "strong light". The characteristics of the light that produces clear projection on the subject are: the projection direction is obvious; A bright part and a shadow part and their projections on an object can be formed; Can show the three-dimensional shape, contour shape and surface structure of the object being photographed; It is easy to produce local light spots; Direct light has good shape and strong light sensitivity, and is generally used as the main light.

4. Scattered light: also known as "soft light". There is no obvious projection light on the subject, which is as follows: there is no obvious projection direction; The light is even, and the three-dimensional shape of the object can be described in light tones, with delicate layers and soft effects. Astigmatism is often used for auxiliary light. In indoor shooting, gauze, soft paper and reflector are often used, or the light is diffused into soft light by mechanical control.

5. Backlight: one of the lighting methods in film and television shooting. This can separate the actors from the background, thus overcoming the two-dimensional spatial nature of the picture and making it three-dimensional.

6. Main light: the main light source in the picture. Use it to create lighting effects and determine the contrast of pictures.

Generally, the way of main light illumination is in a slightly higher position on the front of the subject, which can better show the three-dimensional sense and texture of the subject.

7. Auxiliary light: Also known as "auxiliary light", it refers to the auxiliary light that shines on the shadow part that is not directly illuminated by the main light. It plays a balanced role in the dark relationship of the picture. Auxiliary light usually uses softer light.

The brightness ratio of auxiliary light and main light affects the contrast of the picture, and there is no fixed ratio of light ratio, which depends on the specific situation. The light ratio varies with time, environment and people. Generally speaking, the light ratio should be between 1: 2 and 1: 4.

8. Vision: That is, the reflection of the eyeball on the light source is also an indispensable means for the film and television lighting art to portray the mental outlook of the characters. Generally, the eye lighting effect can be obtained through the auxiliary lighting on the front of the character.

Third, shading.

Use tools and equipment to block unnecessary light. In location shooting, curtains or various yarns are often used to cover the scenery and people before re-lighting, so that the shape of the subject meets the needs of the plot. Sometimes it is to avoid direct sunlight from the sun; Some are in pursuit of softer scattered light effect.

Fourth, the basic lighting methods

Illuminate the object, determine the light level, measure the light intensity, adjust the light ratio, correct the interference, etc. The basic steps are:

1. Determine the light level of the main light, and preliminarily model the main body;

2, cooperate with the auxiliary light to make up for the deficiency of the main light and improve the shape of the part that cannot be irradiated by the main light;

3. In order to distinguish the subject from the background and enhance the sense of space of the subject, contour lighting can be used;

4. In order to explain the environmental background, highlight and contrast the main body, use background light to process the background.

Expanding: Basic knowledge of film and television photography

I. Types of photographers

Generally speaking, we can divide TV news photography into two types: one is technical photography and the other is director photography.

1. Technical camera: According to the traditional practice of TV interview, technical camera refers to simple camera shooting. The main task of this kind of cameraman is to shoot the required materials, but this is not a simple camera (feature film) operator. He should fully understand the director's intention, actively participate in the production of the program, and assist the director to complete the report on the event.

2. Director-oriented photography: The so-called director-oriented photography refers to a reporter who integrates interview, shooting and editing. He is not only a director, but also a photographer, and he has to finish editing. From the perspective of program creation, the director can shoot by himself, and he knows more about what a useful shot is, how to choose the shooting angle and how to express the picture (photography). This way is conducive to directly expressing the creator's intention and reducing the creative links, which is the development direction of TV news work in the future. Of course, it also puts forward higher requirements for the comprehensive quality of creators. Journalists must be versatile in order to be handy in practical work.

Second, the criteria for judging the picture quality.

Technical standards-focus (clarity), exposure, stability, color (white balance)-composition, color, expressiveness (appeal) meet the requirements of the program-program theme and level.

Third, different types of programs have different shooting requirements.

1, due to different program styles

Various programs have different requirements, such as news programs describing events, prose poetry (literature) programs expressing emotions, and different shooting schemes.

2. Due to different shooting priorities.

Generally speaking, shooting requires both sound and photographic pictures. In some cases, there will be a focus: sometimes the sound is the focus, sometimes the picture is the focus, and sometimes the specific details are the focus, which needs attention.