What's the difference between vertical structure and horizontal structure?

Vertical structure is a phenomenon of vertical differentiation or stratification of communities in space. All the plants in the community have their own growth types, and their growth ranges and adaptability are different. They occupy a certain space, and their assimilating organs and absorbing organs are located at different heights on the ground and at different depths under the ground, or at different depths under the water. Their vertical arrangement in space forms the hierarchical structure or vertical structure of the community.

Horizontal structure refers to the horizontal distribution of biological communities in different regions under the influence of topographic relief, darkness and humidity. For example, in the forest, at the base of the tree and other places covered by the crown, the light is dark, which is suitable for the survival of bryophytes, while in the gaps under the jurisdiction or other places with sufficient light, there are more shrubs and grasses.

For example: vertical structure: forest pigeons and tea bellies like to live in the canopy, green finches and long-tailed tits like to live in the tree layer, swamp tits like to live in the shrub layer, and partridges like to live in the grass layer or the ground.

Horizontal structure: For example, different animals are distributed in different areas of a grassland. Special attention: in the topic, different trees are often distributed from bottom to top in a mountain, which is a horizontal structure.

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