What are the manifestations of modernism culture? Urgent! !

There are expressionism, futurism, symbolism, imagism, stream of consciousness, black humor, existentialism, absurd drama, new novels and magical realism.

Expressionism is that artists pay attention to expressing their inner feelings through their works, but ignore the imitation of the form of the object described, so it is often manifested as distortion and abstraction of reality. This practice is especially used to express the feeling of fear-cheerful expressionist works are rare. From this definition, the works of Matisse Grunewald and greco can also be said to be expressionism, but generally speaking, expressionism is limited to the works of the 20th century.

Symbolism/KLOC-At the end of 0/9, some European intellectuals were dissatisfied with social life and official salon culture. They dare not face up to reality and are unwilling to express themselves directly. They often use symbolism and moral skills to make up another world in their fantasies and express their wishes, thus producing modern symbolic art. 1886, the poet Jean Morais first put forward this name in the Symbolism Declaration.

Symbolism is influenced by the subjective idealism of English pre-Raphael and symbolic poets Malamei and Porter, musicians Wagner and Nietzsche. Symbolism advocates emphasizing subjectivity and individuality, and creating a magical picture with hints and symbolic significance with the imagination of the mind. They no longer show what they see at the moment, but express their thoughts and inner spiritual world through the synthesis of concrete images. In form, the pursuit of gorgeous stacking and decorative effects.

Imagism is one of the thoughts of modern literature and art. 1909 initiated by marinetti. 19 1 1 zhuan 19 15 is very popular in Italy. It spread to European countries during the First World War. Based on the philosophy of Nietzsche and Bergson, the author thinks that the future art should have a "modern sense" and advocates that artists express the so-called "concurrency of mood" when creating.

Marinetti, an Italian poet, writer and literary critic, published the article "Founding and Manifesto of Futurism" in le figaro on February 1909, which marked the birth of Futurism. He emphasized that modern science and technology and industrial transportation have changed people's material life style, and human spiritual life must also be changed accordingly. He believes that the development of science and technology has changed people's concept of time and space, the old culture has lost its value, and the aesthetic concept has also changed greatly. ...

Like many schools in western literary and art circles at the beginning of this century, Imagism was abandoned in a short time. Instead, vortex theory came into being, but as an idea, vortex theory has little sympathy and weak influence. The creation of vortex school focuses on expressing strength rather than displaying image. Pound and the supporters of vortex theory ran a magazine Elast during the period of1914-1915. In his creation, he also followed some viewpoints of the Vortex School. The aim of Imagism is to ask poets to express things vividly with vivid, accurate, implicit and highly concentrated images, and to integrate the poet's instantaneous thoughts and feelings into poetry. It opposes comments and sighs. During his stay in London, Pound established a salon with HildaDoolittle and RichardAldington, which was supported by many people, including D.H.Law-renoe and WilliamCarlosWilliams. Imagism was founded in 1902. Pound once edited TheEgoist, an imagist publication, and in 19 13 he edited the first collection of imagist poems. Imagism has no specific theory, but it has its own aesthetic thought, which can be roughly summarized as follows: using ordinary language, but using accurate words; Avoid poems and idioms that have sounds or are inadvertently used for decoration; Free choice of materials; Create new rhythms to express new emotions; Use images to present concrete, firm and affirmative pictures; Implied meaning, not directly expressed. Modern schools of British and American poetry. Image is an objective image with subjective feelings and an inherent concept in China's classical literary theory.

Stream-of-consciousness literature generally refers to literary works that focus on describing the flowing state of characters' consciousness. The word "stream of consciousness" is a psychological vocabulary, which was introduced into the literary world in 19 18 when May Sinclair commented on Dorothy Richardson's novel Journey. Stream-of-consciousness literature is an important branch of modernist literature, and its main achievements are limited to the field of novels, but also in drama and poetry.

The school of "black humor" is a very important school in western modernist literature, which has a wide and profound influence on modern world literature. His works such as Catch-22, Gravitational Rainbow, Tobacco Agent and Slaughterhouse Five are the most influential and representative works of black humor school. Novelists with "black humor" highlight the absurdity of the world around the characters and the oppression of individuals by society, express the disharmony between the environment and individuals (that is, "self") with helpless irony, and amplify and distort this disharmony, making it more absurd and ridiculous, and at the same time making people feel heavy and depressed. Therefore, some critics refer to "black humor" as "humor under the gallows" or "humor before disaster". "Black humor" writers often create some eccentric "anti-heroes", and use their ridiculous words and deeds to insinuate social reality and express their views on social problems. In terms of description techniques, "black humor" writers also break the tradition, and the plot of the novel lacks logical connection. They often mix narrative real life with fantasy and memory, and mix serious philosophy with gag. For example, Heller's Catch-22, Pinchin's Gravitational Rainbow, and Wernig's First-class Breakfast. Some "black humor" novels laugh at the spiritual crisis of human beings, such as the tobacco agent in Bath and cabot Wright in Bodie. As an aesthetic form, "black humor" belongs to the category of comedy, but it is also a kind of abnormal comedy with tragic color. The appearance of "black humor" is related to the turmoil in the United States in the 1960s. Absurd things and "comic" contradictions in contemporary capitalist society are not created by writers' subjective will, but reflect that kind of social life. Although this reflection has certain social significance and cognitive value, writers also attack all authorities, including the ruling class, but they emphasize that the social environment is difficult to change, so their works often reveal pessimism and despair.

The fundamental view of existentialism is to regard the irrational consciousness activities of isolated individuals as the most real existence, and take this as the starting point of all its philosophy. Existentialism claims to be a people-oriented philosophy, which respects human personality and freedom. Existentialism transcends the category of pure philosophy and affects all aspects of spiritual life in western society, especially in literature and art. Existentialism takes people as the center, respects people's individuality and freedom, and holds that people live in a meaningless universe, and their existence is meaningless, but people can create themselves and live a wonderful life on the basis of existence. The most famous and clear initiative of existentialism is Jean-Paul Sartre's motto: "l'existence précède l'essence". It means that there is no moral or external soul except human existence; Morality and soul are created by human beings in existence; People have no obligation to abide by certain moral standards or religious beliefs, and they have freedom of choice; Judge a person by what he has done, not by who he is. Existentialism denies the existence of God or any other predetermined rule. Jean Paul Sartre opposes any "resistance" factors in life, because they narrow the space for people to choose freely. If there is no such resistance, then the only problem a person has to solve is which way he chooses to take. But man is free; Even if he is deceiving himself, there is still potential and possibility. Jean Paul Sartre also put forward: "Others are hell". This view seems to contradict the view that "people have the freedom to choose". In fact, everyone has the freedom to choose, but everyone has an unshirkable responsibility for the result after choosing. In the process of choosing, the biggest problem people face is the choice of others, because everyone has the freedom to choose, but everyone's freedom may affect others' freedom, so it is called "others are hell".

Absurd drama is one of the schools of modern drama. Absurdity, which evolved from Latin sardus (deafness), philosophically means that an individual is out of touch with his living environment. The term "Theatre of the Absurd" first appeared in the book Theatre of the Absurd published by British drama critic Martin Esslin. It is the author's summary of the works of playwrights such as S Beckett, E Younescu, A adamov, J Genet and H Pinter who appeared in Europe in 1950s. The philosophical basis of absurd drama is existentialism, which denies the significance of human existence and thinks that people can't communicate at all and the world is cold and incomprehensible to human beings. They lost confidence in human society, which is the ideological reflection of the reality of western capitalist society after the Second World War. Absurd playwrights refuse to reflect absurd life in a traditional and rational way like existential playwrights, but directly express absurd existence in an absurd way. The absurd drama has the following artistic characteristics: ① it opposes the drama tradition and abandons the logic and coherence of structure, language and plot; ② Symbols and metaphors are usually used to express the theme; ③ Express the serious tragic theme in a relaxed comedy form. Among the absurd plays, Waiting for Godot by Beckett (1952) is the first and the most typical one. The most extreme thing is his breath (1970), which doesn't even have a line. Other famous absurd plays include The Bald Singer and Chair by Yunescu, Maid and Balcony by Genette, A Room by Pinter and Birthday Party. Absurd drama enjoys a high reputation in western drama, but its heyday actually passed when Eslin's absurd drama was published. Most absurd playwrights have to compromise to win the audience. Younescu's plays are becoming more and more allegorical, Beckett's plays are becoming shorter and shorter. adamov simply gave up the absurd drama and turned to B. Brecht's epic drama. Pinter's new drama is more comic than absurd. Absurd drama, as a powerful drama trend, has become a thing of the past, but this drama school has far-reaching influence on the western drama world.

The word magic realism first appeared in Europe in the 1930s. 1925, German literary critic Franz? Luo published a monograph on Expressionism painting in his later period, entitled "Magic Realism, Later Expressionism, Some Problems in Current European Painting", and thought that magic realism was a kind of expressionism. 1938, Italian literary critic massimo? Bontempelli also used this term in his art criticism works (he called it "fantasy realism"), which is regarded as a new school of contemporary art after surrealism. Since then, Cuban writer Alejo? Carpentier further elaborated magical realism from the perspective of novel creation. In the preface of his novel Kingdom of the World (1949), he pointed out: "Magic is an inevitable product (miracle) of the sudden change of reality, a special manifestation of reality, an extraordinary and ingenious revelation of enriching reality, and an exaggeration of the state and scale of reality. The discovery of this reality (magical reality) is strongly felt when a mental state reaches its peak and excitement! " He believes that magic realism literature is a "special expression" of real life with rich imagination and artistic exaggeration, which turns reality into "magic reality". Colombian writer Gabriel first applied it to Latin American literary criticism? Garcia. Marquez's novel One Hundred Years of Solitude was published in 1967. This novel reflects the changes of the fictional town living in Macondo and the Buendia family during the period of 100. It is full of bizarre plots and characters, with strong mythical color and symbolic significance. This unique style has aroused great interest from readers and critics, and it is regarded as the representative of a new genre in modern novel creation. Therefore, it is called magic realism by borrowing the terms of a new genre similar to this in art, and magic realism literature is mainly novel in genre. Most of these works reflect the real life of Latin American countries in a magical and magical way. "Magical and grotesque characters and plots, as well as various supernatural phenomena, are inserted into the narrative and description that reflects reality, making the real political society in Latin America a modern myth, with both fantastic artistic conception and realistic plots and scenes. People and ghosts are inseparable, and illusion and reality are mixed. " So as to create a unique style that combines magic with reality, which is both "magic" and true. Therefore, people call this technique "magic realism". Magic realism is not magic in essence, but reality. "Magic" is just a technique, and reflecting "truth" is the purpose. Like Andersen, a famous Argentine literary critic? Ambert pointed out: "in magical realism, the author's fundamental purpose is to express reality with the help of magic, not to express magic as reality."