General situation of marine remote sensing development

General situation of remote sensing development

The term "remote sensing" was first put forward by E.L. Pruitt of the United States Naval Science Research Department. In the early 1960s, it was formally adopted at the environmental science seminar sponsored by the University of Michigan and other organizations in the United States. Since then, the term "remote sensing" has been widely recognized and accepted by scientific and technological circles, and has been widely used. The origin of remote sensing can be traced back a long time, and its development can be roughly divided into two periods.

(A) the germination of remote sensing and its initial development period

If the earliest remote sensing consciousness of human beings is to know how to perceive the shape, sound, taste and other information of the surrounding environment with the help of human eyes, ears, nose and other sensory organs, so as to identify the attributes and location distribution of the surrounding objects, then human beings have been trying to continuously expand their perception ability and scope since ancient times. The "clairvoyance" and "clairvoyance" in ancient mythology are the expression and revelation of human consciousness, which embodies the beautiful fantasy that people dream of. The telescope developed by Italian scientist Galileo in 16 10 and his first observation of the moon, as well as the first balloon launch reconnaissance in 1794, can be regarded as the initial attempt and practice of remote sensing. 1839 The publication of the first photo of Daguerre and Nipps is the first display of remote sensing achievements.

With the birth of photography and the use of cameras, as well as the application of simple platforms such as homing pigeons, kites and balloons, the prototype of the initial remote sensing technology system was formed. The charm of aerial photos has won recognition and praise from more people. 1903 The invention of the airplane and 1909 Wilbur Wright's first aerial photograph from the airplane opened the prelude to the early development of aerial photogrammetry-remote sensing.

After the first aerial photography, in 19 13, Captain Tardivo published a paper, which described the problem of mapping by aerial photography for the first time. With the outbreak of World War I, aerial photography developed rapidly for military needs and gradually developed into an independent aerial photogrammetry discipline system. Its application is further extended to forest, land use survey and geological exploration.

With the development of aerial photogrammetry and the expansion of its application fields, especially the military needs of the outbreak of World War II, and the continuous progress of science and technology, color photography, infrared photography, radar technology and multi-spectral photography scanning technology have come out one after another, sensors have developed rapidly, and remote sensing detection methods have made remarkable progress. Thus, it goes beyond the limitation that aerial photogrammetry only records visible spectrum, and extends to ultraviolet and infrared, and extends to microwave. At the same time, vehicles and interpretation and drawing equipment have also been improved and developed accordingly. With the rapid development of science and technology, remote sensing has ushered in a brand-new period of modern remote sensing development.

(B) the development period of modern remote sensing

1On October 4th, the former Soviet Union launched the first artificial earth satellite, marking the beginning of a new era of remote sensing. 1959, the former Soviet spacecraft Luna 3 took the first photos of the moon. In the early 1960s, mankind achieved the feat of observing the Earth from space for the first time and obtained the first batch of satellite images of the Earth taken from space. These images have greatly broadened people's horizons and attracted widespread attention. With the successful development and application of new sensors and the development of information transmission and processing technology, the United States launched the earth resources technology satellite "ERTS-/KOOC-0/"(namely, Landsat-/KOOC-0/) in the early 1970s (/KOOC-0/) to detect the earth's resources and environment. It has created a new situation for the development and wide application of space remote sensing.

So far, the world has launched more than 3,000 artificial earth satellites, most of which are military reconnaissance satellites (about 60%). Meteorological satellites, ground satellites, marine satellites, geodesic satellites, astronomical observation satellites and communication satellites are used for scientific research, earth resource exploration and environmental monitoring. Through satellites with different heights and different types of sensors, all kinds of information on the earth can be obtained continuously. Modern remote sensing gives full play to the respective advantages of aerial remote sensing and space remote sensing, and integrates them to form a modern remote sensing technology system. It provides a powerful modern means for further understanding and studying the earth and rationally developing its resources and environment.

The development of modern remote sensing technology has attracted worldwide attention. The field and depth of remote sensing application have been continuously expanded and extended, and fruitful results and remarkable economic benefits have been achieved. International academic exchanges are increasingly frequent, and the development of remote sensing is in the ascendant, with broad prospects.

At present, as far as the overall development of remote sensing is concerned, the United States is in a leading position in various fields of remote sensing (including quantity, quality and scale) such as vehicle, sensor development, image processing, basic theory and application, which reflects the development level of remote sensing technology today. The former Soviet Union was once a superpower of remote sensing, especially in the launching capacity of its vehicles and the quantity and application of remote sensing data. In addition, western Europe, Canada, Japan and other developed countries are also actively developing their own space technologies and developing and launching their own satellite systems, such as France's SPOT satellite series, Japan's JERS and MOS satellite series (territory 2). Many third world countries also attach great importance to the development of remote sensing technology and incorporate it into their national development plans, and vigorously develop their own basic research and application of remote sensing, such as China, Brazil, Thailand, India, Egypt and Mexico. And established a professional research and application center and management organization, formed a certain scale of professional remote sensing technology team, and achieved a number of high-level achievements, showing the strength and great potential of the third world countries in remote sensing development and application.

Looking at the development of remote sensing in recent 30 years, generally speaking, remote sensing is still in the transition stage from experimental stage to production and commercialization. No matter the real-time monitoring and processing ability, observation accuracy and quantification level, or the establishment of remote sensing information mechanism and application model, it still can't or can't fully meet the practical application requirements. Therefore, the development of remote sensing in the future will enter a more arduous development process, which requires the cooperation of Qi Xin, a scientific and technical personnel from various disciplines, to conduct in-depth research and practice and jointly promote the greater development of remote sensing.

Since the beginning of 2 1 century, remote sensing technology has increasingly become the focus of international scientific and technological circles. From the application field, scientists have concluded that there are three main aspects of remote sensing technology through the investigation of the present situation: first, land remote sensing; The second is ocean remote sensing; The third is meteorological remote sensing. Among them, ocean remote sensing is the most difficult factor in science and technology.

"At present, there is still a big gap between China's marine remote sensing technology and the international advanced level, but some of them have already taken the lead." 10On June 5438+02, Academician Tong Qingxi, Director of Peking University Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, introduced and analyzed the reasons to our reporter at the 3rd International Symposium on Ocean Remote Sensing in the Northwest Pacific. First, start late. China launched its first ocean satellite in 2002, and developed countries completed this task decades ago. Second, there is a gap between China's overall ocean remote sensing technology and advanced countries. Firstly, the research foundation of marine remote sensing technology in China is very weak and the technical team is immature; Third, the depth and breadth of ocean remote sensing and its mechanism research have not yet formed a system. Academician Tong said that because the ocean is a global system, scientific research should be carried out on a global scale. However, China is mainly limited to offshore research and observation, and the monitoring range is very small; Fourth, the comprehensive analysis ability of marine remote sensing spatial data is obviously insufficient, mainly because there is a gap between the research team and the actual demand. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously expand the construction of scientific research teams.

Facing the gap, how to examine China's marine remote sensing technology? Academician Tong Qingxi believes that China attaches great importance to the development of marine remote sensing technology, especially China has its own characteristics in marine satellite research. At present, preparations are being made to launch the second marine satellite, and a series of marine satellites will be developed and launched in the future, which will greatly shorten the distance with advanced countries in marine remote sensing technology. At present, China marine satellite remote sensing technology and newly equipped marine monitoring aircraft have played an important role in marine environmental monitoring and many other aspects. At the same time, through the research of remote sensing technology, China's unique remote sensing marine science will be established to reach the advanced level in the world.

It is understood that some developed countries bordering on the ocean attach great importance to the research and development of marine remote sensing. The United States launched an ocean satellite in 1978; Japan also launched an ocean satellite in the early 1990s. Russia has a series of satellites, among which "Cosmos" series of satellites include ocean remote sensing observation technology; The European resources satellite is mainly aimed at the ocean, represented by France; The representatives of Nordic ocean remote sensing observation technology are Norway and Sweden.

So, how to find a way to adapt to the rapid development of marine remote sensing technology in China? "Expanding the cooperation between China and the international community is the only way." Academician Delu Pan of the Second Institute of Oceanography of the State Oceanic Administration believes that although China's marine remote sensing started late and its application level is insufficient, its development prospect is very broad. Only by strengthening international cooperation can we promote the continuous progress of marine remote sensing in China. At present, China is cooperating with Japan and South Korea to study marine remote sensing monitoring and quick reporting technology. If successful, China's marine satellite monitoring technology will be in the leading position in the world. By then, we can get information about the marine environment, just as it is convenient for us to listen to the weather forecast now.

Professor Tang, doctoral supervisor of China Nanhai Institute of Oceanography, has been engaged in remote sensing technology research for ten years. As a "returnee" who has just returned from Japan to work in the motherland, she believes that although China's remote sensing technology is far from advanced foreign countries, its overall strength has made rapid progress, basically approaching the advanced level in the world. However, the research of marine remote sensing technology in China still needs to further strengthen international cooperation. Because of the characteristics of marine remote sensing technology itself, it is also required to be an international cooperative discipline. After returning to China, she quickly established the key laboratory of tropical marine environmental dynamics, hoping to use the existing domestic conditions to "introduce" advanced marine remote sensing technology from abroad and bring out a strong marine remote sensing science and technology team to make contributions to the national marine remote sensing science.

International cooperation has undoubtedly become the only way for the development of marine remote sensing in China. However, what is lacking in the development of marine remote sensing science in China is only international cooperation and some technical gaps? Dr. Tang of National Satellite Ocean Application Center analyzed the problems existing in the research of marine remote sensing technology in China. He believes that the research and development of marine remote sensing technology abroad is rapid and in-depth, and the concept of regional cooperation is very strong, especially the concept of global ocean. What we lack is not only the distance in hardware technology, such as remote sensors, but also the main contradiction is that the division of disciplines in China is too serious, which leads to the ineffective integration of disciplines. Only from this point, we have a considerable conceptual distance from Japan. Japan's marine remote sensing science is based on a large discipline and comprehensive background. As long as it is helpful to marine remote sensing research, it can be "brought" to the cross-integration of various disciplines to avoid repeated research and scientific research investment. What we have done is far from enough.

"To expand international cooperation, it is important to conduct scientific exchanges in a down-to-earth manner, but at present our concept is still relatively conservative." Associate Professor of Peking University Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System once told reporters the pain of "bottleneck". He believes that under the condition of keeping the core technology confidential, some laboratories should be properly opened to foreign experts, which is conducive to international cooperation and academic exchanges, and is also conducive to learning and absorbing some new technologies from abroad. This is actually a matter of concept. Scientific Outlook on Development's theoretical support can not be separated from the change of traditional ideas. Marine remote sensing science is no exception.

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