Inventors and time of five great inventions

The inventor of the abacus, Xu Yue, a mathematician in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, came from Laizhou.

Abacus is a common calculation tool. Who is the inventor of abacus? What is the exact year of invention? We first saw the word "abacus" in Xu Yue's book Numerology Legacy in the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, the note says that only addition and subtraction can be done. Today, it seems that this theory is the embryonic form of an abacus. From the analysis of available reliable data, abacus was invented in Song and Yuan Dynasties. Cheng Dawei's "Directing at Arithmetic, Unifying Clan" (1592) in Ming Dynasty is the most widely circulated and influential book on abacus calculation.

People have consulted a large number of historical documents, and from the Song and Yuan Dynasties to the Cheng Dawei era (1553 ~ 1606), they can't find the name of the inventor of the abacus. In fact, the same is true of the above calculation and financing. On the one hand, it shows that feudal rulers did not pay enough attention to scientific and technological inventions, on the other hand, it also shows that their inventions are a gradual process, which is gradually improved and perfected, and it is difficult to say which party is responsible.

The abacus evolved from calculation. Due to the development of society, the speed and accuracy of calculation are increasingly demanding, so people have reformed the calculation and created various songs. For example, the melody of 14+7 is "seven divided by three is one". Similarly, the melody of 14-7 is "seven retreats, one returns three" and so on. All addition, subtraction, multiplication and division have a set of songs. In fact, before the abacus appeared, almost all the abacus rhymes were ready except for a few division rhymes.

After the appearance of rhyme, the calculation speed has increased, and it will be overwhelming to continue to fool around with calculation. Due to the limitation of the objective environment, many business people who do calculations outdoors are particularly prone to make mistakes. In this way, abacus instead of calculation has become an inevitable development trend, not only the conditions have been met, but also a very urgent matter. It was in this situation that craftsmen, calculators and businessmen at that time worked together to develop a sophisticated abacus.

The similarity between abacus and calculation is obvious. Among the calculated figures, one is raised to five and the other is raised to one; In the abacus plate, one bead in the file is five, and the next bead is one. There is an agreement in the calculation called "five", which means that five can't be represented by a single chip, which is why there are five beads in the middle of the abacus. Experts in the history of mathematics can also find the calculation basis that there are two beads in the middle of the abacus. The above facts are enough to prove that the abacus evolved from calculation.

The abacus is one of China's great scientific achievements in ancient times. It has the advantages of simple structure, simple operation and convenient carrying, so it is widely used and lasts for a long time. Until today, abacus calculation is still a compulsory course for primary school students in China. Although all kinds of electronic computers and calculators are quite popular in the market, their operation speed can't keep up with the abacus in the hands of skilled abacus operators when adding and subtracting.

After abacus was brought into full play in China, it spread to Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia and Arabia, and made important contributions to world civilization. In A.D. 1838, Daguerre, a French physicist, was studying the method of preserving images on objects, but it still didn't help for a long time. One day, he suddenly found an image left on the object, so he removed the nearby chemicals one by one to see what caused this phenomenon. As a result, he found that the "great hero" was actually the mercury left after a thermometer broke-photography was born. In Daguerre, the silver plate photography method is to expose the steel plate coated with silver iodide in a black box, then develop it with mercury vapor and fix it with salt. This method is actually a negative metal image, but it is very clear and can be preserved forever. Because the exposure time takes about 20 to 30 minutes, early photography often takes pictures of still lives, landscapes and portraits. 1839 On August 9, 2009/kloc-0, at the joint gathering of the French Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Fine Arts, the French government announced that it would give up the invention patent of silver plate photography and make it public. People usually take this day as the beginning of photography. As early as 1838, Daguerre wanted to publish and sell his photographic works. After several efforts, Daguerre finally turned to arago, the permanent secretary, astronomer and member of the French Academy of Sciences, and gained his appreciation. Arago was the first person to see that "the invention of photography will make the greatest contribution to the progress of art and science", and he was also the first person to suggest and urge the French government to purchase the right to invent photography. Frenchman Neil Pace is also a collaborator of Daguerre. He was four years older than Daguerre and died six years before the publication of Daguerre's Silver Photography. Carl Porter, an English inventor, was the pioneer of negative film from negative film to positive film. 1835, he began to try out drawings coated with silver chloride or silver nitrate as photosensitive materials, took negative photos in the camera, and then printed them by sunlight. He named his method "Carol Photography". After the news of Daguerre's invention of silver plate photography was announced, he raised the issue of invention priority, but it was too late. Daguerre's silver disc photography absorbed the achievements of people's long-term exploration in this field. As early as 13 years before the invention of silver photography, Nilpus took the world's first permanent photo-Goldsworth. Nilps painted a white asphalt that hardens under light on Minch alloy plate and exposed it for 8 hours. Because of the long exposure time and blurred image, his invention could not be popularized. Legend has it that Lu Ban's wife, Yunshi, is also a skillful craftsman. Jade chip also described that she was the inventor of the umbrella, and the first umbrella was given to her husband when he went out to build a house for others. The word "umbrella" appeared a long time ago. She probably made an umbrella that can be put together. Who invented the umbrella? There are many different opinions on this issue. Some people say that the Egyptians first used umbrellas. As early as BC 1200, Egyptian nobles often asked slaves for parasols when they went out to travel. The Romans used umbrellas to keep out the sun in the Mediterranean. In China, the umbrella was invented by Luban's wife in BC 1000. Umbrellas are called "movable houses". In Britain, umbrellas began to be used in the18th century. Bainasi umbrella used to be a special product for women, which showed women's attitude towards love. Hold up your umbrella to show your loyalty to love; Holding an open umbrella in his left hand means "I have no free time now". Shake the umbrella slowly to show no confidence or distrust; Put an umbrella on your right shoulder to show that you don't want to see you again. /kloc-in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, men began to use umbrellas. Because many umbrellas in Britain are an indispensable part of British life, they have become symbols of the traditional British way of life, and they are necessary for businessmen and officials in London. As a symbol of the British, John Niu is holding an umbrella in his hand. Bicycles were invented by western Europeans. In A.D. 1790, the Frenchman Sifrak developed a wooden bicycle without handlebars, pedals and chains. The car is shaped like a wooden horse, with two wheels nailed to its feet and fixed on a line. Because this bicycle has no driving device and steering device, and the seat cushion is low, Sifrak rides on the bicycle by himself, with his feet on the ground and pushing back hard to make the bicycle move straight forward. 18 17, the German baron von delaisse invented a handlebar that can move freely, making his bicycle easier to replace. Delaisse applied for a patent in Britain. 1839, K. Macmillan, a British worker, pioneered a pedal bicycle with a crankshaft mechanism to drive the rear wheels, so that people can leave their feet off the ground when riding a bicycle. 186 1 year, one day, Michelson, a Parisian carriage and stroller manufacturer, repaired delaisse's bicycle. After the repair, they found it difficult to put their feet on the ramp, so they improved it, and installed a pedal crankshaft on the front wheel of the car, thus inventing Michelle's bicycle, which soon began mass production. In about 1870, Ma Zhi, a Frenchman, made a bicycle with a big front driving wheel and a small rear driven wheel, and the effect was very good. 1890, the British Humber company produced a chain-driven bicycle and a diamond-shaped bicycle. This kind of bicycle has been in use ever since. The invention of telescope enables people to see distant objects through optical imaging. It is a large and close instrument. With the development of modern science and technology, in addition to traditional optical telescopes, electronic telescopes based on the principle of induced infrared intensity have been widely used in more and more fields with high precision requirements. Post-processing technology based on modern computer graphics and image technology provides technical support for human beings to satisfy their desire for farsightedness. ]/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the Dutch first invented the telescope. It is no accident that the telescope was invented by the Dutch, because the technology of grinding glass and gems in the Netherlands was very developed at that time, and there were many workers making glasses. On this day, the sun is shining and birds are singing and flying in the air. In the Dutch town of Mitterberg, the cameraman Libisher looked at the weather vane on the top of the church with his glasses in order to check the quality of the ground lenses. He had a convex lens and a concave lens. When he arranged the two shots in a line, far away, he was surprised to find that the weather vane in the distance was big and close. He was very excited and immediately thought of making a device that could see farther and clearer. 1in the autumn of 608, Justus von Liebig made this device, which was later called the Dutch telescope. That is, convex lens and concave lens are installed at both ends of the tube, and the concave lens is installed at the eye end. In February 65438, he made binoculars. From 65438 to 0609, Italian physicist and astronomer galileo galilei made a telescope to observe celestial bodies and observed four moons of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. Galileo's telescope consists of a convex lens and a concave lens. This kind of telescope is called galileo telescope. 16 1 1 year, German astronomer johannes kepler published Astronomical Optics, and expounded the principle of the telescope. He also changed galileo telescope's concave eyepiece into a convex eyepiece, which was called Kepler telescope. There are: * reflecting telescope * Refractive telescope * Folding reflecting telescope * Multi-mirror telescope * Binoculars * Radio telescope. Therefore, we can say that the invention of photography is actually a process of finding the most ideal method to record images.