What best embodies the comprehensive characteristics of painting and sculpture in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties?

During this period, the art of cave temples created by unknown craftsmen in northern China-Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Grottoes-was the combination of sculpture and painting, which was the highest artistic achievement of this period. With the spread of Buddhism to the east, the art of cave temples in northern China also developed from west to east. It reflects the Buddhist art of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in China and has several characteristics: 1, the fusion of divinity and humanity: sculpture is between man and god; 2, the combination of environment and artistic conception: choose a beautiful place far away from downtown, the environment itself gives people a feeling of paradise; 3. The hierarchy of Buddhism and the layout of statues: dealing with images in an unequal way; 4. Grottoes are originally colored. The eyes of the statue are relatively fixed. 5. Symbolism and artistic treatment: the image of Buddhism and the prototype of life are obviously different from the art (painting, calligraphy, sculpture) of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The book "Ode to Luoshen" is a romantic masterpiece of Cao Zhi (played by Cao Zijian) and Gu Kaizhi (about 348 ~ 409), a famous Wei literature expert in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Luo Shenfu was originally named Gan Zhenfu. His works involve the complex relationship between Cao Zhi and Wei Wendi's Cao Pi's wife Zhen Shi. "Luoshen Fu" Original: In the year of Huang San, it was the capital of Yu and returned to Luochuan. The ancients said that the name of water god was Fu Fei. Feeling Song Yu's concern for the goddess Chu, he wrote a poem. His exact words were: I'm from Beijing, and my exact words were to return to Dong Fan. Back to yique, cross the shaft, pass through Tonggu and Lingjingshan. The sun sets in the west and the car is in danger. Second, taxes have promoted Gao, Zhitian, Luochuan. Therefore, the essence is dynamic and suddenly comes to mind. Looking down at the end, looking up at the special scenery, I saw a beautiful woman on the bank of the rock. But he helped the protector of the empire and told him, "Do you trust him? Who is he? If so, it will be gorgeous! " The coachman said to him, "I have heard of the God of Heluo, whose name is Fu Fei. However, what the king saw was only one day? What is its shape? I am willing to listen. " I told him, "It's as beautiful as Youlong. Glory Qiuju, Song Chun, Hua Mao. Like a light Yun Zheyue, like the wind flowing back to the snow. Looking from a distance, if the sunrise rises; If you are forced to check it, it will burn like a wave. If you are satisfied with the fiber, you will shorten the fit. If the shoulders are cut, the waist is as good as the elements. Neck stretching looks good, and its quality is exposed. If you don't add Fang Ze, you will get rich in lead. The clouds are towering and the eyebrows are repaired. Red lips are bright outside, white teeth are fresh inside, bright eyes are good at looking, and cymbals help. Elegant, elegant and quiet. Tender as water, charming language. Stunning clothes are outstanding, and the bone image should be mapped. The glory of wearing a sweater is the glory of Yao and Bi. Wear jade jewelry and embellish pearls to show off your figure. To practice a long journey of writing is to drag the fog lightly. The fragrance of small orchids lingers in the corner of the mountain. So how can you suddenly jump and travel and play? Leaning on the left, leaning on the laurel flag on the right. Filled Hao's wrist with gods, he adopted the mysterious wisdom of turbulent wrasse. I am happy for my beauty, but my heart is shaking and unhappy. The unscrupulous media greeted Huan and made a speech with the help of microwaves. I hope to be sincere first, and Yu Pei will be understood. The letter of beauty is cultivated, and Qiang people are polite and understand poetry. Anti-Joan is a kind of harmony, that is, diving into the abyss for a period of time. Pay close attention to your family's money, you are afraid of being bullied by me. I feel that I just gave up my words, but I am hesitant and suspicious. Be calm and calm, and be self-sustaining when cashing. So Luo was inspired, wandering around, the lights flickering. To stand out, it is not enough to have a body. The practice of pepper coating is very fierce, and the steps are fine and fragrant. Super-long songs are always praised by people, and their voices are sad and long. I am a wandering soul, a lonely soul, or clean, or flying, or picking pearls, or picking jade feathers. From nanxiang's second concubine, I took Hanbin's wandering daughter. Sigh that the melon has no horse, and sing the morning glory alone. Young people are arrogant and arrogant, and they are waiting to repair their sleeves. Hugh Xun flies, wandering like a god, walking on the waves, and the bottom of socks is dusty. Unstable is dangerous, and dangerous is safe. Enter a difficult period, if you go, if you return. Into liquid sperm, smooth and beautiful. If you don't spit, you will be angry. Huarong is graceful, which makes me forget my meal. So the screen will collect wind, and the waves will calm the river. Feng Yi sings drums and Nu Wa sings. Teng Wenyu took the police to ride, and Luan died together. Six dragons go hand in hand, carrying the capacity of a cloud car, whales fly to the hub, and waterfowl fly as a precaution. So he went to the north. After Nangang, I returned to Qingyang and moved my lips to the handover outline with Chen. There are different ways to hate people and God, and it is not appropriate to hate the prime of life. Resist Luo Mei's tears, and the tears flow. Always mourn for a beautiful society. Mourn for the death and leave a foreign land. Love each other mercilessly and offer wisdom from the south of the Yangtze River. Although I am a grandson, my heart grows in the king. Suddenly I didn't realize what I had given up, and I was disappointed that God hid the light at night. So, I carried the mausoleum high on my back, leaving my mind to God, imagining my feelings and longing for my sadness. The complex shape of the dead body can be traced back to the royal canoe. Floating in the long river and forgetting to return, thinking about the governor. Sleepless at night, stained with countless frost. I'll go east when the servant drives. I hate to leave, but I can't. "A Woman's History" was painted on Gu Kaizhi, with a length of 24.8 cm and a width of 348.2 cm. This painting is kept in the British Museum. It was painted by the author according to Zhang Hua's A Picture of a Woman's History in the Western Jin Dynasty, and it is one of the earliest works of professional painters that can be seen in China. The picture mainly describes the ritual behavior of ancient ladies-in-waiting, and promotes the female morality in feudal society. The whole picture is divided into 12 paragraphs according to the theme, and there are 9 existing paragraphs, all of which have their own proverbs. Each paragraph is relatively independent, but through the methods of withdrawing money and dealing with characters' costumes, there is an internal connection between the paragraphs, forming an organic whole that is scattered but not chaotic and appropriate in density. The figures in the picture are graceful, and the ladies painted are dignified and demure, which conforms to the content of feudal proverbs. The lines are even and smooth, such as "spring silkworm spinning silk", full of rhythmic beauty and gorgeous colors. The whole painting presents a dynamic and elegant atmosphere of "spring clouds floating in the air and running water on the ground". This painting is a copy of the painting of the Song Dynasty. 1860, British and French forces invaded Beijing, and British captain Ji Yong stole it from Yuanmingyuan and took it abroad. Gu Kaizhi (about 345 ~ 406) was a painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Long Kang, Little Tiger Head, was born in Wuxi, Jinling (now Jiangsu). Master Gong, calligraphy, especially painting. Sometimes it's called "gifted scholar and painting idiot". Together with Cao Buxing, Lu Tanwei and Zhang Sengyou, they are also called "Four Masters in Six Dynasties". Proficient in painting theory, his arguments such as "moving the mind" and "writing the spirit with form" have a great influence on the development of traditional painting in China. Handed down works include Luo Shen and A History of Women. The murals of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are the world treasures of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, with a length of 60cm and a width of 50cm. The murals of Dunhuang Cave 290, Kunse Niutian, www.shwbbs.c, and the murals of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes 285, with Lanting Preface. Wang Xizhi was a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He changed the simple style of Han and Wei calligraphy, opened up a beautiful and vigorous style after Jin, and created a model of writing, walking and cursive. Copybook for calligraphy's Preface to the Orchid Pavilion is his masterpiece, which has been praised as "the best book in the world" by calligraphy circles and has fascinated countless learners for thousands of years. Therefore, Wang Xizhi was honored as a "book saint" by later generations. Wang Xizhi's "Funeral Post" cursive script is now posted by the Japanese royal family: the sudden beginning of Xi: the extreme of funeral, poisoning after leaving the tomb first, refreshing after chasing it, sad after admiring it, helpless! Although it has not been repaired, it is sad and beneficial. What can we do? I feel choked on paper and don't know what to say! Xi first nodded and laughed. "Burial" has cursive letters, 28.7 cm long and 63 cm wide, with eight lines and 59 words. Fill in the copy for the Tang Dynasty, and the copy is well filled. " Mourning Post is a letter written by Wang Xizhi to a friend. From "Mourning Post", I can understand that his writing mood at that time was "pain, pain and helplessness" and "feeling choked up when facing the paper, I don't know what to say". This letter reflects Wang Xizhi's anger and sadness at the destruction of ancestral graves in his hometown in the north. After "Xi nods", there are four words: extremely chaotic. It means that the turmoil in the world has reached the extreme. After the first tomb, there is the word poison. This post is a work to express the author's grief, so it is dripping and carefree, which is different from the fluency and seamless integration of Lanting Preface. When I wrote Preface to Lanting, my mood was mainly relaxed and pleasant, and the handwriting in the funeral post was scrawled and there were traces of stagnation. From this, we can see Wang Xizhi's grief and depression when writing this work. This makes us realize that calligraphy is the expression of mind and character. The Monument to Cao Zhen is one of the famous steles in the Northern Wei Dynasty. It is a transitional style from official script to regular script. Kang Youwei's evaluation of this tablet book is that "both pens and pens are Fiona Fang. "Because it was born out of the official script of Wei and Jin Dynasties, the official script was rigorous; Because it is an immature regular script, it is free to form a structure and use a pen freely. This monument is cherished by the world because of its unique style. Art, calligraphy, painting, design, collection, auction, photography, art college entrance examination, seal 2f &；; C6 # J6CD8L (Juan) Steamed Bun Monument is located in Qujing No.1 Middle School, Yunnan Province. In the forty-third year of Qing Qianlong (1778), the monument was unearthed in Yangqitian Village, Qujing, and moved to Wuhou Temple in Qujing City in the second year of Xianfeng (1852), and 1937 moved to Qujing No.1 Middle School. Yanbaozi Monument, commonly known as "Xiao Yan Monument", was established in the fourth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (404). The tablet body is rectangular, with a height of1.83m, a width of 0.68m and a thickness of 0.2 1 m, and the tablet head is semicircular. The inscription reads "Tomb of Governor Wei Zhen Jianning, General of Jin Dynasty", with 5 lines 15 characters. 400 words, 13 lines, 7-30 words per line. There are 13 lines at the end of the tablet, each with 4 words, all of which are authentic. Except for the last word defect, everything else is legible. The main content of the monument is to describe the life, family background and political achievements of Xian Baozi, the leader of troubled times and the hereditary satrap of Jianning County. Cuan clan was one of the most famous "southern middle surnames" from the late Han Dynasty to the middle Tang Dynasty. Jianning (now Qujing area) and Jinning (now Dianchi area) are the central areas under the jurisdiction of cuan clan. The official title at the end of the tablet records the names of the subordinate officials of Jianning House at that time, which has high historical value. On the lower left of the tablet is an inscription by Deng Erheng of Nanning Prefecture in July of the second year of Xianfeng (1852), which records the excavation and spread of this tablet. The inscriptions are vigorous and simple, and the strokes are folded in half, which reflects the signs of the transition of Chinese characters from official script to regular script, and is an important physical example to study the evolution of China's calligraphy. In the history of calligraphy, this tablet is often referred to as "small tablet", and it is also called "two tablets" with the tablet of the Southern Dynasties. China, a statue of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang and a stone beast of ZSZSZSZ Mausoleum in Liang Wudi, has been in a state of division and chaos for a long time, with frequent wars and people's livelihood suffering for 369 years. However, the paintings here occupy a particularly important position in the whole development of China's paintings. In the history of painting in China, well-known painters with reliable records emerged one after another, starting from the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Buxing of Wu was famous for his good painting. At that time, he and the emperor's good books were listed as one of the eight wonders of Wu. The epoch-making painter in the Western Jin Dynasty was Wei Xie, followed by Zhang Mo and Xun Xu. Wei Xie and Zhang Mo were praised as "painting saints" by Ge Hong at that time. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a more important painter, Gu Kaizhi, appeared. Gu Kaizhi has a far-reaching influence on the development of China's painting. He has high attainments in Buddhism, realism and figure painting, and is also the earliest critic of painting theory in China. Dai Kui's paintings of Buddha statues are as famous as his sculptures of Buddha statues, and he has made important contributions to the creation of Buddha statues. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Lu Tanwei was the most successful painter in the Southern Dynasties. His figure painting has created a model with beautiful bones and clear images, which has great influence on that time and later generations. It is comparable to Gu Kaizhi, so later generations often compare him to "Lu Gu". Lu Tanwei's son Lu Sui was also called a painter at that time. China's earliest landscape painters, Zong Bing and Wang Wei, also appeared in Liu and Song Dynasties. In addition, Gu Jun began to paint cicadas, and Gu and Liu Yinzu were also famous for their good painting of cicadas. Wu Chang and Zhang Ze were also quite famous at that time. Famous painters in Southern Qi Dynasty include Liu Tang who is good at drawing women, Mao Huiyuan who is good at drawing horses, Yao Tandu who is good at drawing ghosts and gods, Sheikh who is good at drawing horses and people, and Sheikh who is good at drawing portraits and dressing up ladies in time. Zhang Sengyou is the most accomplished painter in the Liang Dynasty, and he is famous for his "good painting of temple walls". His original painting style and techniques had a great influence on Yan and Wu Daozi in Tang Dynasty. During the Northern Qi Dynasty, some people were canonized as painting saints at that time, and some were Cao, who was famous for his "Cao Jia Xiang" Buddha statue (Brahma). During the Northern Zhou Dynasty, there were Tian Sangliang, who was famous for painting firewood and wild clothes, and Feng Tijia, who was famous for painting the customs of Saibei. Fa and Zhan Ziqian are painters who entered Sui Dynasty from Northern Zhou Dynasty, and they play a connecting role. The suffering times of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties provided the soil for the spread and development of Buddhism, and Buddhist art flourished in the north and south of the country. On the basis of the development of painting in Han dynasty, people have a further understanding of the characteristics and functions of painting in this period, and works on painting history and painting theory have begun to appear. Although the paintings with popular themes such as classics and historical stories still account for a certain proportion, the works reflecting the life and character of gentry and celebrities have increased rapidly, and the painting creation with literature as the theme has become increasingly active. Landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting began to sprout. The painting in this period pursues the depiction of mental state and the expression of shaping character temperament, which reflects the level of painting in this period. During this period, theoretical and historical works about painting emerged in an endless stream and developed continuously. Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty has three works: On Painting, Wei Jinsheng's Praise for Painting and Painting Yuntai Mountain. Zong Bing's Preface to Painting Landscape and Wang Wei's Painting Spectrum are the earliest aesthetic monographs of landscape painting in China and even in the world. Painting by Sheikh of Qi Liang is a monograph to evaluate the painting skills of ancient and modern painters, but the significance of this book goes far beyond its evaluation of specific painters. In fact, it is an important work that summarizes the artistic standards of ancient painting in China. Sheikh's six-method theory had an indelible and far-reaching influence on China's painting theory and creation in later generations. The most famous "Continued Painting" by Yao between Liang and Sui Dynasties is another monograph to evaluate the painter's painting skills after Sheikh. Generally speaking, pen and ink painting before the Han Dynasty was relatively simple and the composition was relatively simple, and it was not until the Western Jin Dynasty that it began to mature. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Gu Kaizhi, Zhang Sengyou and Cao appeared. At this time, figure painting and animal painting have reached a mature stage, while landscapes and flowers and birds are far from mature and need to be developed. Scenery is only used as the background of character story painting, and the description method still has the characteristics of "there are more people than mountains, and water can't be flooded" Painting a mountain is like a rhinoceros, and painting a tree and stone is like spreading your arms and fingers. Another feature of painting in this period is that most of the works before the Han Dynasty served politics and religion. Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, although there are occasional works promoting politics and religion, the mainstream is story painting or realistic painting with excellent literary works. Besides, Buddhist paintings are mostly painted on the walls of temples, and scroll paintings have begun to appear, thus making collection and appreciation a reality.