Information about simulated portraits

Temperament is an ancient psychological problem. As early as the fifth century BC, Hippocrates, a famous ancient Greek doctor, suggested that human body has four kinds of body fluids: blood, mucus, yellow bile and black bile. The different combinations of these four body fluids in the human body constitute the characteristics of the human body. Centuries later, the Roman doctor Galen expressed this concept in Latin "temperametnum", which is the origin of the concept of temperament.

Confucius, an ancient thinker in China, divided people into three categories: "crazy", "stubborn" and "moderate" from the perspective of similar temperament. He believes that "crazy people are enterprising, and stubborn people make a difference." This means that people like "lunatics" have a positive attitude towards objective things. They are "ambitious and boastful", and their words and deeds are strongly expressed; People like "stubborn people" are cautious, so they "dare not do something"; People like "Bank of China" are in between, so-called "people who follow the golden mean".

In real life, temperament seems to be a well-known and elusive concept, that is, it can only be understood but not expressed. Temperament is actually one of the psychological characteristics of human personality, which refers to the stable dynamic characteristics such as intensity, speed of change and balance when psychological activities such as cognition, emotion, language and action occur. It is mainly manifested in the speed and intensity of emotional experience and the sensitivity or dullness of action, so it has a strong color for all human psychological activities. It is similar to what people call "temper", "character" and "temperament" in daily life.

When people observe and evaluate a person's temperament, it is often "from the outside to the inside". Only through each other's eyes, expressions and conversations can we observe a person's temperament. As the saying goes, "eyes are the windows of the soul", "expressions are the exposure of feelings" and "words are the direct expression of the soul". -people's temperament is generally divided into four types:

1, optimistic

Features: quick and flexible response, easy to divert attention, wide and changeable interests, like to associate with people, expressive and infectious language, changeable feelings, lack of perseverance and endurance, impetuous and reckless, often called lively and active type, such as the Monkey King, Guo Moruo, herzen, etc.

2. Bile quality

Features: energetic, enthusiastic, straightforward, exposed inside, impulsive, short-tempered, irritable and lacking in self-control. People often say that they are impatient people, such as Zhang Fei, Li Bai and Pushkin.

3. Mucus

Features: Steady, down-to-earth, calm, quiet, slow-moving, less exposed, slow and persistent, tenacious and stubborn. People often say that they are slow-witted, such as Lin Chong, Mao Dun and krylov.

4. Depression

Features: Slow and dull response, profound and unexposed emotional experience, withdrawn and quiet, rich in imagination, good at detecting details that others are not easy to find, sentimental, timid, and people often say that they are caring people, such as Lin Daiyu, Du Fu and Nikolai Gogol.

Modern psychology understands temperament as a typical and stable psychological characteristic of human beings, which is expressed in the motivation of psychological activities in the same way in various activities, regardless of the content, purpose and motivation of the activities.

This typical psychological feature was revealed in childhood games, homework and communication activities very early. According to N-B- strakhov's research, among the 39 primary school students as the research object, 33 obviously showed the described temperament type. The early revelation of temperament types shows that temperament is more restricted by individual biological tissues. Because of this, although temperament has changed under the influence of environment and education, compared with other psychological characteristics, the change is much slower and has the characteristics of stability.

The motivation of psychological activities refers to the speed and stability of psychological process (such as the speed of perception, the flexibility of thinking and the length of attention), the intensity of psychological process (such as the strength of emotions and the willingness to work hard) and the directional characteristics of psychological activities (some people tend to external things and gain new impressions from the outside world, while others tend to internal things, often experience their emotions and analyze their thoughts and impressions). , have temperament as if.

Of course, the motivation of psychological activities is not entirely determined by temperament characteristics, but also related to the content, purpose and motivation of the activities. Anyone, no matter what kind of temperament, will always be refreshed, energetic and full of energy when encountering pleasant things; On the contrary, if you encounter unfortunate things, you will be depressed and depressed. However, people's temperament characteristics will have a certain impact on activities with different purposes and contents. In other words, people with a certain type of temperament often show the same dynamic characteristics in activities with completely different contents. For example, some people will show emotional excitement during exams, fidget when waiting to meet friends, and always lose their temper before participating in sports competitions. In other words, this person's emotional excitability will be shown on various occasions and has a fairly fixed nature. Only in this case can we say that emotional excitability is the temperament of this person.

There is no difference between good and bad temperament types. Every temperament has positive and negative aspects, which may have positive significance in this case and negative significance in another case. For example, a choleric person may become a positive and enthusiastic person, or he may develop into a willful, rude and easily angry person; A sanguine person is rich in emotion, strong in work ability and easy to adapt to the new environment, but his attention is not concentrated enough, his interest is easily transferred and he has no perseverance. Depressed people have poor endurance and are prone to fatigue at work, but they are emotionally more delicate, cautious, observant and good at detecting small things that others are not easy to detect.

Temperament cannot determine people's behavior, because people can consciously adjust and control it. Although people's behavior is not determined by temperament, but by the motivation and attitude formed under the influence of social environment and education, temperament also has certain significance in people's practical activities. Although temperament is only in a subordinate position compared with attitude, it is a foundation of people's various personality qualities. Therefore, it is also an important factor that must be analyzed and considered in criminology.

Generally speaking, criminals belong to the high-risk group of mental health. They are antisocial, prone to depression, depression, poor self-control, poor physical health and personality deviation. Take violent criminals as an example. They have the following characteristics:

1. The behavioral motive violates social morality and legal norms and has a sense of compulsion. Most violent criminals have low education and little legal education, and because of their own physical and temperament advantages, they often show a state of doing whatever they want in society. In particular, you can't treat problems calmly and are not good at expressing them in words. I mistakenly thought that "fist can solve the problem better";

2. Poor social adaptability, strong demonstration and high induction rate in conflict environment. Most violent criminals are vain, face-saving and competitive. In some interpersonal conflict environments, because he has a bad temper and is impulsive, especially with the encouragement of others, he is often reckless and prone to take violent actions;

3. Lack of emotional self-regulation. Violent criminals, because of their own personality and temperament, have poor endurance, so they can't effectively shift the focus of contradictions and consciously carry out psychological adjustment. In the past 30 years, the psychological support group of the FBI has developed a set of facial reading techniques. Through practical experiments, attempts, mistakes and summaries, after analyzing the faces of 60 million criminals, a concise face reading method is obtained, that is, the split reading method. Every time a certain part of the face is analyzed, the reading components include facial epidermis, muscles and bone contours, and the analysis and reading are summarized.

The function of this method:

1. helps to fully understand the temperament and character of criminals;

2. It is helpful to discover the hidden psychological characteristics and behavior patterns of criminals;

3. It is helpful to speculate the possible next action of criminals;

4. It is helpful to judge some hobbies of criminals and find clues.

Almost all the research results of behavioral psychology support this technology.

I. Steps

Examine the criminal's face and divide it into several areas. Draw two lines lightly on the photo to separate the face and divide it into four areas, namely, right face, left face, upper half and lower half.

1. Draw a vertical line in the middle of the face to separate the left and right faces;

2. Draw a line from the horizontal direction to separate the top of the head and eyes from the nose, mouth and chin;

3. Look at the right face. The right face is the social face of criminals, which is likely to expose their living conditions and habitual behavior, and is a positive personality;

4. Look at the left face, which contains the essence and is covered by the right face. It is likely to expose the temperament, personality and subconscious motivation of criminals, which is a relatively negative emotional view;

5. Seeing the upper part of the face mainly depends on the eyes. The left eye is not as sensitive as the two eyes, and the criminal may hide more basic emotions in it;

6. Looking at the lower part of the face, mainly looking at the outline of the chin, may expose the temperament of the criminal;

7. Implement comprehensive judgment.

Second, 10 1 personality characteristics to judge the face:

Vigilance, distrust and immaturity; Cold, lonely and domineering;

Unreliable, contemptuous and ambitious; Eager, wise and carefree;

Angry, lascivious and serious; Charming, anxious and irritable;

Joy, selfishness, arrogance; Fear, kindness, resentment;

Abstinence, femininity, listlessness; Self-pity, authority and ferocity;

Lonely, sexy, shy; Frivolous, affectionate and shy;

Painful, frank and energetic; Doubt, cruelty and friendliness;

Malicious, dull, and indifferent; Decent, complacent and kind-hearted;

Compassionate, secretive and motherly; Lack of sexy, boyish and naughty;

Powerful, conceited and evasive; Good-natured, earnest and soft-hearted;

Self-confidence, gloom, narcissism; Strong, bad-tempered, cooperative;

Excitement, consolidation and cunning; Happy, cheerful and angry;

Cynicism, contempt and optimism; Suspicious, deceitful and willful;

Overconfident, nervous and defensive; Ruthless, panic, thoughtful;

Depression, loyalty, pain; Trustworthy, decisive and excitable;

Gentle, selfless and depressed; Modest, enterprising and cautious;

Dissatisfaction, hysteria, hooliganism; Anxiety and desire.

Third, the application method

1. First, focus on observing the whole face of criminals, browse the glossary, select the words that best describe criminals, and write them down, and finally select three target words;

2. Then, after analyzing the right half of the criminal's face, choose the three words that best describe the criminal's face;

3. Third, analyze the left side of the criminal's face and choose three words as well;

4. As far as personality and character are concerned, the left face and the right face may be completely different people;

5. Analyze the first half of the criminal and choose three words;

6. Analyze the second half of the criminal and choose three words as well;

7. Overall conclusion. Case 1

Chuyou News Network 2004-05-1315: 05: 26

In the process of detecting criminal cases, there is an important auxiliary means, which is to complete the portrait according to the witness's description of the suspect's physical characteristics. Another "psychological portrait" method, which is widely used in the west, has been partially used in China since the 1990s, but it only provides reference for early detection. In fact, it could have done more in research and crime prevention.

With Ma Jiajue's criminal psychology questionnaire, Li Meijin was lost in thought.

Photo reporter Chai Chunya □ Our reporter in Shanghai Shen Ying

On April 24th, Ma Jiajue was sentenced to death by Kunming Intermediate People's Court for intentional homicide. This serious case, which caused a sensation in the whole country, has now entered the procedure of death penalty review, and it seems that the last step at the legal level is about to be completed.

Even the people's grievances, feelings or arguments that have been raging have gradually calmed down without combing.

In the judgment of Kunming Intermediate People's Court, there are only four words about the criminal motive of this amazing case-"trivial grievances".

However, the analysis conclusion given by criminal psychologist Li Meijin is endless, which actually constitutes an accurate portrait of Ma Jiajue's criminal psychology.

As a special "painter", Li Meijin pays more attention to this face. In the face of typical malignant cases, she tried to give answers in her own way and give back valuable information to the society through "portraits".

Deciphering the psychological code of crime

There were three consecutive murders in a certain place in Hebei, one of which happened in a small hotel, and the whole family was killed and an old lady was raped. The murderer left almost no clues at the scene, and the local police were at a loss.

Li Meijin, a professor of criminal psychology at the People's Public Security University of China, was invited to attend. After listening to the introduction of the case, she determined the general characteristics of the murderer through analysis: a migrant worker whose residence is not nearby; Have a criminal record; A person with strong sexual desire has no normal marriage life and no female partner. Finally, according to the locations of the three cases, Li Meijin drew a rough road map of the suspects.

According to this, the police narrowed down the scope and launched an investigation. Soon, the suspect was arrested, and all kinds of situations coincided with Li Meijin's analysis.

"My analysis is to describe criminal psychology." Li Meijin, who has studied in this field for many years, said that using criminal psychological portraits can quickly and accurately determine the direction of investigation. "But the significance of criminal psychological portrait goes far beyond these."

"Give antipyretics if you have a fever. If you have an infectious disease, you will be quarantined. This is obviously not enough. " As a professor of criminal psychology at the People's Public Security University of China, Li Meijin believes that there are some similarities between the research of criminal psychology and clinical medicine, and it is necessary to find the specific causes to really play a preventive role.

Crime is a complex social problem, and the psychological problems that drive crime are also complex and diverse. It is impossible to explain different criminal behaviors with a fixed model.

The most incomprehensible thing about Huang Yong, a criminal who was tried in Pingyu, Henan Province more than five months ago, is that he designed a wooden horse bed for killing people and killed 17 teenagers in succession.

Huang Yong's criminal motive is equally shocking, and it is difficult for people to give an answer according to common sense of life.

Li Meijin also made his own in-depth analysis of Huang Yong's murder. Huang Yong's series of murders first reminded her of a case studied by foreign peers-

A child who grew up alone, feeling that no one looked down on him, would cut down the dolls at home to show his courage. When he grows up, seeing a blonde like a doll will arouse his childhood impulse and show his heroic temperament by killing people. Actually, this is a distorted expression of my frustration.

According to the conclusion of psychological research on serial killers abroad, Li Meijin's judgment is that Huang Yong must have some imagination when he carries out the murder plan. He should have a family that lacks affection and should be single.

Later, a reporter asked Huang Yong: Why kill people? He said that because he saw a movie when he was a child, he thought it was cool to be a killer and always wanted to be a killer.

This is the imagination of childhood at work.

However, knowing that letting the other person go would definitely lead to his arrest, he was finally moved by the affection of 18' s killer-rather than being moved, he was accidentally hit by the other person's most sensitive point in his heart. This plot also confirmed Li Meijin's judgment on lack of emotion.

This is obviously a successful psychological portrait. By summarizing some common characteristics in some typical cases, this paper analyzes the criminal characteristics of the new series of murderers and quickly finds out his psychological background.

However, some cases are explained by the environment, which is not enough to objectively and comprehensively see the motive of committing crimes.

After the murder in Zhejiang, Li Meijin met Liu Chao, the suspect who was arrested and brought to justice. In five years, he wandered in Hangzhou, Kunming, Guangzhou, Changchun and other places, raped, murdered, committed dozens of crimes, and even provoked the public security department, writing letters to the police from time to time to expose his killing process. Liu Chao's description of the killing process is like telling a very common thing, and he hasn't felt anything wrong until now.

Li Meijin found through conversation that Liu Chao's family environment is normal. He is the seventh child in the family, and his brother and sister are completely normal. In the eyes of people around him, this child has been particularly bad since he was a child. The reason for his crime is murder.

Li Meijin's judgment is that Liu Chao is a typical antisocial personality.

"One of the core characteristics of antisocial personality is no emotion, followed by extreme willfulness. The EEG of this kind of people has been tested abroad, and the result is always around 10 years old. "

Li Meijin said that even if some crimes seem to be caused by external factors, they should be analyzed through his family background, growth process and the genetic characteristics of the criminals themselves. For example, Jin Ruchao, who made the Shijiazhuang bombing, committed crimes related to his own psychological problems. Because of his poor hearing, it is easy to cause some psychological obstacles.

Our society needs "risk personality assessment"

Deciphering the psychological code of crime is to better prevent crime.

"In the analysis of specific psychological processes, we must find effective solutions after discovering problems. For example, in some countries, if it is found that there is something wrong with the family, the father takes drugs, the mother remarries, and the children are left unattended, then the society will start the family intervention mechanism. The intervention in the family is not only to help one child, but for the safety of the whole society. "

In view of the Liu Chao case, Li Meijin believes that our society urgently needs to establish an evaluation system about dangerous personality. There are many indicators of "risk personality assessment", including the balance of intellectual development and personality tendency. More importantly, the psychological content, which cannot be measured by psychological measurement, needs to be observed in a consistent behavior pattern, which is an evaluation system.

"If in primary school or middle school, you see a child's family is normal, but very capricious, and no one can control him, it will attract attention. You can make a personality assessment, and symptomatic education may correct his personality problems. " Li Meijin said.

Yang Xinhai's murder that shocked the whole country was committed by the whole family for more than 20 times in a row. For such a typical case similar to "natural born killers", Li Meijin thinks that the case is a tragedy caused by dangerous personality out of control.

People were shocked by the sensational murder case of Ma Jiajue at first, and then deduced his criminal inducement according to conventional logic: Ma Jiajue's poverty led to inferiority complex, and inferiority complex led to extreme self-esteem. When his fragile self-esteem is hurt, of course, he will take revenge crazily.

The independent investigation started on March 26th enabled Li Meijin to draw his own judgment gradually. She found that Ma Jiajue's tragedy was more caused by his personality defect.

Ma Jiajue is not good at dealing with people. He can only associate with a few classmates with high natural frequency contact. Even with his closest classmates and fellow villagers, he quarrels at least twice a month 1, which is the high frequency of interpersonal conflicts, indicating that Ma Jiajue's ability to deal with interpersonal conflicts is very poor. "This problem is obviously not caused by his poverty. Most of his classmates who are in conflict with him live in the same poor dormitory as him. "

Ma Jiajue is so emotional, he often reacts strongly for a little thing. When I was a teenager, I heard my parents quarreling and even had the desire to kill my father. It is not difficult to find out the psychological background that led him to kill his classmates later. He is extremely sensitive and angry about quarreling, and his indifference to life is easy to cause his "killing" impulse.

Another remarkable feature of Ma Jiajue's way of thinking is that almost everything is based on "I". Psychological research points out that one of the most prominent manifestations of many people with serious mental illness is that when talking about anything, they all take "I" as the subject word, and the frequency of "I" is extremely high. They never put themselves in others' shoes. This personality characteristic is also one of the psychological characteristics shared by many criminals.

Li Meijin believes that Ma Jiajue's personality and human characteristics are typical "dangerous personality" and need to be guided and controlled in daily life.

Puzzlement of criminal psychology research

"The in-depth study of this case (Yang Xinhai) is of great value to the investigation work of the public security." Li Meijin regrets that there is no in-depth study of the Yang Xinhai case from the perspective of criminal psychology.

"I really want to know what happened after he left home, what was hidden in his heart, and why did he become so cruel? I really want to hear his answers to some questions, such as the real motive of his first crime. "

Li Meijin often suffers from the lack of face-to-face opportunities to deeply understand the psychology of criminals.

"It's like suddenly receiving a very strange disease in the hospital. It may be that some undiscovered virus is at work, or it may be a concentrated representative of a certain disease, but the doctor who really wants to ask the truth gets the answer-no need to study. "

The problem is that the research of criminal psychology is still difficult to succeed, and the cooperation at the grassroots level is not enough. "If you go to law, you can't stand it. If you go to psychology, you can't stand it. If you go to politics, you can't."

Few experts in China are engaged in this research like Li Meijin. Obviously, this field has not received due attention. "In some countries, some prisoners on death row will be suspended for a period of time according to their needs, so that criminal psychologists can study him."

Criminals sum up themselves at the last minute. For example, Huang Yong once said a valuable sentence-"Tell children not to trust strangers". Of course, it is necessary for our society to conduct more objective and comprehensive psychological analysis and put it on record.

Li Meijin suggested that all major cases in China should be accompanied by criminal psychology reports.

"When receiving the report, the behavior indicators should be registered. After solving the case, it is necessary to establish a registration of personality indicators through interrogation and accumulate to form a criminal psychological index system. " Click here to add a picture description.

This index system is also helpful to speed up the detection of serial and parallel cases. If there are several indicators attached to each case, if the indicators of three cases are the same, it can generally be judged that one person did it. "People's psychological laws are expressed through dynamic behavior." Li Meijin stressed.

Ma Jiajue's case opens a door for a more systematic analysis of criminal psychology. Li Meijin believes that as long as we pay full attention to this work and persist in it for five years, we can establish a criminal psychological index system suitable for China people.

Case 2:

Police in Anyang, Henan released a simulated portrait of the suspect in the bus murder case.

People's Daily Online, Beijing, August 20 According to the police report of Anyang City, Henan Province, Anyang police announced today the video screenshots and simulated portraits of the suspects in the "8. 19" bus robbery and murder case in Anyang City. The public can actively provide clues and reports according to the physical characteristics of suspects. The reward for directly arresting the criminal suspect was 654.38 million yuan.

It is reported that on August 9, 20 13, when bus A 1 of Anyang coach station was driving to Shang Gang Village, Bai Bi Town, Anchu Road, a knife-wielding murder occurred on the bus, resulting in three deaths and 12 injuries.