What is Jan Van Eyck's occupation?

Janvaneyck (translated by Janvaneyck) (1385-144 1 year) is a Dutch painter, one of the greatest painters of the early Dutch painting school, the founder of Nordic post-Gothic painting in the15th century, the founder of Dutch Renaissance art and a key figure in the formation of oil painting.

Chinese name: Yang Van Eyck.

Gianvanni ke

Nationality: Netherlands

Place of birth: Massek, Netherlands.

Date of birth: 1385

Date of death: 144 1 year.

Occupation: painter

Major achievements: Great painters of the Renaissance in Europe.

The founder of post-Goethe painting art

Key figures in the formation period of modern oil painting

Representative works: Ghent altar painting and portrait of Arnold Fini.

Collection of works: National Gallery of London (UK)

Character experience

1385 was born in Massek near Maastricht, the Netherlands. At the same time as Hubert Van Ike (also translated as Hubert Van Ike), they were collectively called Van Ike Brothers (also translated as Van Ike Brothers). They are all great painters of the Dutch Renaissance and the founders of the Dutch Renaissance.

1425, Jan van eyck was a court painter of Duke Philip Lu Peng, and once served as an envoy to Portugal and other places. He is famous for his meticulous description and subtle light and shadow performance. He introduced sacred content into the real world and focused on depicting the richness of real life and secular life.

1422, he became the court painter of "cruel" Count John, decorating his court building in The Hague, the Netherlands.

Count John died in 1424. He moved to Flanders and was favored by duke of burgundy because of his outstanding talent, and settled in Bruges. The famous Ghent altar painting was successively completed by the Van Ike brothers, but which parts of the whole altar painting were created by Hubert Van Ike (1370- 1426) and which parts were created by Yang Can can only be identified by speculation.

When the altar painting was completed in 1432, the reputation of Jan van eyck was greatly improved. Amid all the praise, people seem to have forgotten the contribution made by Hubert, who died long ago. However, Yang Van Eyck, who has noble virtues, recorded his love for his brother in the inscription of his works.

Young Van Ike's early representative work is The Virgin in the Church (Hieronymus in the study was first recorded in 1529, which was once considered as the work of Young Van Ike, and it can be confirmed that it was written by Misino). Later works include The Portrait of Mr. and Mrs. Anofini (1434) and Our Lady Rowling (1435).

These works show his superb grasp of space, light, details and texture. Panofsky, a famous art historian, said that Jan Van Eyck was both a telescope and a microscope.

In the last 10 year of his life, he mainly devoted himself to the creation of portraits, focusing on depicting the surface details and inner feelings of characters, and became the pioneer of modern portraits. His main followers are Cristos and others.

Time background

The geographical and political environment of the Netherlands

The Renaissance in the Netherlands was later than that in Italy and developed more slowly, which was determined by the geographical and political environment in the Netherlands.

Feudalism in the Netherlands is deeply rooted, and old customs and religious concepts are deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. The Netherlands is ruled by the French principality of Bugandi and controlled by the Spanish armed forces. The people's struggle against feudalism and foreign oppression is often brutally suppressed. The opposition between old and new forces and the complexity of the situation make this struggle more lasting, which determines the faltering of Dutch art and culture development from 15 to 16 century.

/kloc-In the 5th century, the Netherlands was also impacted by the progressive culture of Italy, and the capitalist relations of production came into effect. However, the development of art is still bound by the medieval worldview, which forms a sharp contradiction with the emerging humanistic worldview.

Western painting

Western painting emphasizes the use of color, such as Raphael's Academy of Athens. This is also the most essential difference between western painting and Chinese painting. In the eyes of modernist painters who are committed to pursuing pure art, traditional painting is mixed with too many "non-artistic impurities". In fact, western traditional painting is not about art, but about many non-artistic aspects while paying attention to artistry. This is probably an important sign that traditional painting is different from modernist painting. The impurity of traditional painting in art is mainly manifested in utility and description.

Another feature of western traditional painting is that it attaches importance to description. For a long time, painters have always regarded it as their task to effectively express stories and legends and describe specific plots to express certain meanings or symbols. This description is also fully reflected in the portrait of Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Fini by Jan Van Eyck.

The difference between western traditional painting and modern painting is also reflected in the different attitudes towards so-called reproduction. For traditional painting, representation is fundamental, and it can also be said that it is the basic goal of western traditional painting. Although, compared with modern painting, the main feature of western traditional painting is "reappearance", this reappearance is by no means a constant description of nature, and this realism has strong style characteristics: the times, nationality and the artist's personal style characteristics.

Classical and anti-classical are the two main streams of western traditional painting art. Classical interest emphasizes rationality, and its formal characteristics are especially manifested in attaching importance to sketch and ignoring color. Anti-classicism is keen on emotion. Different from classicism, it does not pursue the classical meaning of solemnity, tranquility, simplicity and harmony, but emphasizes the spirit of free indulgence and grandeur, which is fully manifested in baroque and romantic art. The former shows the reaction to the classical taste of the Renaissance, while the latter shows the incompatibility with neoclassicism.

works appreciation

Ghent altar painting

/kloc-the symbol of Dutch art in the 0/5th century is the Ghent altar painting by the Van Eyck brothers. This masterpiece, which appeared in the early stage of the Renaissance in the Netherlands, is of milestone significance.

Why do you say that? We will know the truth after reading the portrait of Arnold Fini by Jan Van Eyck.

Ghent altar painting is a church screen painting ordered by Ghent Mayor Jodokus Wade from Van Ike Brothers in 14 15. Hubert van eyck (1370-1426; The historical data about his date of birth has always been controversial) and his brother Yang Van Ike (1385/90-1441) began to cooperate in this year, and it was not until his brother Hubert Van Ike died in 1426 that this painting was owned by him.

After the altar painting was completed, there were 20, which was the most famous church art at that time. Good men and women want to go to St. Pavel's church in Ghent to have a look. It is the epitome of fine traditional Dutch painting. Now, all the pictures of this 343×440 cm whole altar painting are analyzed and introduced one by one. The so-called altar painting is placed in front of the altar of the church. It looks like a screen, but it's actually bigger than the screen. It is made up of wooden boards and consists of 20 pictures inside and outside, forming a folded painting barrier. In normal times, because the two wings of the altar are closed, only the outer side can be seen, and the painting on the outer side is divided into three layers: upper, middle and lower. The picture above shows four male and female prophets who predicted the birth of Jesus. They are separated at the arc top of the screen. The middle floor is painted with the traditional theme of "informing of pregnancy". On this floor, the space is relatively spacious, and the angel who gives good news and the enthusiastic Mary are arranged at the two ends of the four paintings respectively. The middle depicts an empty room with no furniture except windowsill and niche. The light enters from the window, and the environment is extremely simple, with a strong sense of perspective. As if to emphasize Mary's holiness, the details are simple. The window sill in the middle reveals the scenery of the city and gives people the impression of contemporary people's daily life. Washballs and hanging towels are described in detail, and even the highlights of an object in the niche are described in detail. Behind the picture of angel and Mary, there are some details such as lattice windows and books. The shadow behind the angel is very realistic, showing a genre painting style. The two statues in the middle are John the Baptist and johanna. The supporters of both sides are Jodokus Wade and his wife Elizabeth Buljut, who form the whole picture. The donor knelt down as the donor of the altar painting to show his piety to Christ. These two kneeling figures have portrait characteristics. The painter's skill is very high, the image is realistic and the structure is tight. The paintings of the two statues in the middle use highly skilled sketching skills and can be confused with the statues in the shrine. We can see the attainments of these two painters in modeling realism, which is also an important symbol of the painting level of the Dutch Renaissance. When the altar picture unfolds slowly in the solemn and sacred music of the organ, the whole picture inside is even more dazzling and fascinating. A dazzling array of colorful paintings suddenly dazzled people like shiny gold. When these 12 paintings suddenly appear with the melodious rhythm of hymns, they will sublimate the feelings of believers to a deified state and gain a strong aesthetic feeling from them. The center edge of this 12 diagram is divided into upper and lower layers; The top three pictures are God, the Virgin and John the Baptist. The god in the middle is the core of these three paintings. He is bigger than others around him: God is sitting in danger, looking straight at him without expression. This is a formula for drawing gods, and people are used to the wooden feeling of this highest image. He held a scepter in his left hand and raised it slightly in his right hand as a blessing ceremony. However, the scarlet robe inlaid with gold on God's body is vividly painted, and the painter seems to deliberately put artistic sense on the folds of this robe instead of depicting his face. On this floor, with this idol as the center, the ranks of saints are solemnly arranged. The images of the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist on the left and right sides are more chic and full of colors. Although the characters sit opposite each other, the posture is not awkward at all. The one in the center below is Praise for the Lamb, which is also the core of the whole group painting and the most dramatic religious legend scene with banners. This theme is taken from the ninth and twelfth verses of the seventh chapter of Revelation: After that, I watched and saw many people. No one can count it. They came from all countries, nationalities and places, stood in front of the throne and the lamb, dressed in white and holding palm branches, shouting loudly: Salvation belongs to our God and the lamb sitting on the throne. Revelation is the last article in the New Testament, and it is said that it was written by johanna. Its words are full of metaphors. The so-called innocent lamb here refers to Christians, Israelis and the oppressed. The Bible says that only they can get the greatest grace from God. In this "Praise for the Lamb", the painter made a general treatment according to the scene described by religion. The Bible says: When John ascended to heaven, he saw a throne with a holy book and seven seals on it. John wants to read it, but he can't open the seven seals. Just as he was worried, an elder around the throne advised John not to worry, and the seal could be opened. At this time, a wounded lamb appeared on the throne (symbolizing Israel's suffering in the world). The lamb has seven horns and seven eyes (symbolizing the seven spirits of the Lord). The lamb picked up the holy book, and when the four living creatures and the twenty-four elders around him saw it, they knelt down and worshipped. An elder told John that only it could open seven seals. This is a mysterious scene, but the painter can compress the abstract meaning of religion as much as possible and give content to praise nature and beautiful creatures. In this painting, many images of elders, clergy, angels, men and women believers are carefully depicted one by one by using fine painting techniques, and the composition is equally divided by the central axis. The scene is solemn and plain, and the natural scenery is well painted, which shows the painter's deep feelings for nature. Left and right sides: on the upper left are two paintings of Adam, the ancestor of mankind, and the choir; The lower classes are just judges and the armies of Christ. On the upper right are two photos of Eve and the other half of the choir. The lower classes are ascetics and pilgrims. The top row of close-up figures, especially the angels in the choir, are very lyrical and affectionate. Together with the "Praise Lamb" in the middle, the lower row is a unified landscape composition, which shows the vast natural scenery in the wild. This kind of treatment is quite amazing. When the altar drawing board is fully unfolded, these five horizontal paintings become a unity, giving people a sense of excitement of natural beauty and life beauty. This is rare in Nederland's early religious paintings. In addition to the charming images of choir angels in close-ups, the nudity of Adam and Eve reflects the painter's study of human anatomy. Stylistically, they are very much like their younger brother, Jan Van Eyck. We can get inspiration from the painting "The Portrait of Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Fini". Miniature painting is very popular in the folk life of eastern nationalities and northern Europe. As the inheritors of national art, Brother Wen Aike further developed his realistic skills. Because of its subtle differences, more experiments must be done on color. Van Eyck's contribution in this respect is beyond doubt, and this set of altar paintings is one of the important artistic relics to be studied. It has always been a controversial issue among art archaeologists about which paintings of Ghent Altar were painted by Hubert and which were painted by Jan Van Ecker. Some scholars have analyzed that if the completion time of each painting is verified, it is not difficult to distinguish their authors. From the beginning of cooperation to 1426, almost every painting was completed by two people, but the whole painting was finally completed by Yang Van Eyck at 1432. Therefore, it can be judged that his brother's paintings should be outside the altar and inside the wings, but even the paintings of two people working together can be distinguished by his brother's handwriting. Hubert played a leading role in the whole cooperation between the two brothers. From the perspective of painting skills, Yang Van Eyck's paintings are more skillful, especially in the depiction of characters. Yang Van Eyck has made outstanding contributions to portrait painting, genre painting and landscape painting all his life, and the improvement of his oil painting techniques has always been concerned by the history of oil painting. Ghent altar painting, as a milestone in the development of Netherlands painting, is of great significance. This painting is now in St. Baff's Cathedral in Ghent.

Like Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife.

Giovanni Arnolfini's portrait is extraordinary in the history of art. However, such a masterpiece was not originally a portrait or genre painting as many of us thought when trying to define it. Arnold Fini is a real person. He was knighted by Duke Philip in 1420. The painter truly portrayed the typical bourgeois image, which not only reproduced the appearance and personality characteristics of the couple, but also described the indoor environment very realistically, showing the painter's special modeling talent. The gestures and environmental props in the Portrait of Giovanni Anofini have folk meanings, which are very interesting: the gestures of the Anofini couple show mutual loyalty, and holding their wives' hands means that their husbands will always support their wives; And the wife's palm is up, indicating that she will always be loyal to her husband. Luxury clothes show the wealth of the characters; The chandelier hanging above the screen lights up the candles, which symbolizes the light leading to heaven; A pair of slippers is placed in the lower corner of the painting to show marriage, the puppy at the foot shows loyalty, the white headscarf of the woman shows chastity and virginity, green represents fertility, and the red on the bed symbolizes harmony. Oranges on the windowsill symbolize wealth. These oranges are Spanish products. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, the Netherlands can buy fresh Spanish oranges, and the freight rate is extremely high, which symbolizes the wealth of the characters. The rosary on the wall represents piety, and brushing the broom represents purity; A round mirror with a corner in the middle of the picture represents the meaning of heaven. All these symbols have both Christian beliefs and secular ideas, and the painter has included them in his paintings and described them in great detail. There is a mirror hanging on the wall in the middle of the figure. The frame has 10 protruding flower-shaped squares, and a small circle is placed in each square. Draw a story of Jesus in each circle. The image is too small to be recognized. The circular mirror in the center reflects the scenery of the whole room. This delicate oil painting is rare in the world and can only be seen in Nederland's fine paintings. It is said that even modern photographers are amazed at this exquisite description. Using specular reflection to expand the space of the picture is another feature of this masterpiece. These artistic features have great influence and enlightenment on later Dutch genre painting.

Minister Lorraine's Madonna.

66×62 cm portrait of Margaret, painted around 1435.

In order to reflect all the facts of reality like a mirror, Van Eyck not only improved his painting skills, but also invented oil painting pigments, which were mixed with oil to paint on the drawing board. In the past, most of the pigments used by painters were made of colored plants or minerals. First, the colored plants or minerals are ground into powder, and some liquid is added before use to make a paste. The liquid was originally made of egg white, but it dried too fast, and the colors were not easy to transform into each other slowly to achieve softness. Van Eyck was dissatisfied with the formula and began to use oil instead of egg white, so that he could paint more leisurely. He made bright pigments, which can be used in transparent color layers. He can draw high-brightness strips on the screen with a sharp pen to achieve a more realistic effect.