The main content of the Battle of Hefei

The Battle of Hefei was a battle between the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period between Sun Jun and Cao Jun with Hefei as the goal. Hefei is an important and prosperous city in the southeast that Cao Cao ordered Liu Fu to build (it was later added to the city and named Hefei New City), and its main function is to resist the enemy's stronghold, so its defensive ability is extremely important to Cao Jun; and Soochow For the Northern Expedition, Hefei was one of the obstacles and supply points, so the two sides broke out five large-scale conflicts here from 208 to 253, but there was no victory or defeat even several times.

The First Battle

In November 208, Cao Cao was defeated in the Battle of Chibi, but his army was still stationed in the north of Jingzhou. In December, Sun's general Zhou Yu was attacking Cao Ren in Jiangling, while Sun Quan personally attacked Hefei, hoping to open up the western and northern fronts. At that time, the governor of Hefei was Liu Fu, the governor of Yangzhou (nothing to do with today's Yangzhou City). Sun Quan surrounded Hefei with his army and sent Zhang Zhao to attack Dangtu in Jiujiang, but failed.

After receiving the news, Cao Cao sent General Zhang Xi to lead troops to relieve the siege. By next year, the city of Hefei will not be captured for a long time. Sun Quan wanted to lead his light cavalry to attack the enemy in person, but Zhang Hong came forward and admonished him: "Soldiers are dangerous weapons, and those who fight are dangerous. Now that my subordinates are relying on their vigour, they suddenly rape the captives, and everyone in the three armies is chilled. Even though I beheaded the generals and lifted the flags. , to overwhelm the enemy, this is the responsibility of a partial general, not a leader. He is willing to suppress his talents and cultivate his courage, and to have the plan of overlord. (The use of troops is a dangerous thing, and war is a dangerous thing. Today Our troops relied on their majestic momentum and suddenly fought with violence. The soldiers of the three armies were all chilled. Although it was possible to kill the enemy generals, capture the enemy flags, and intimidate the enemy field, this was the task of the partial generals, not the main general. What is advisable to do. I hope you can restrain Ben and Yu Zhiyong and have the overlord's plan.)" Sun Quan no longer wanted to attack.

After several months of attacks and continuous rains, the city wall of Hefei City was about to collapse, so Liu Fu patched the city wall with grass and palm leaves, and lit fires outside the city at night to observe the enemy's actions. Be on guard. On the other hand, Zhang Xi's reinforcements had not yet arrived, so Jiang Ji proposed a plan to Liu Fu. He pretended that 40,000 reinforcements had arrived at Hulou, and sent the chief secretary to pretend to greet Zhang Xi, and ordered three guards to take the letter out of the city and prepare for the attack. To sneak into the city. Among them, one successfully returned to the city, but two were captured by Sun Jun. After Sun Quan received the letter, he believed that Cao's army would have 40,000 people coming to rescue him, so he set fire to the formation and retreated, and the siege of Hefei was lifted.

Characters participating in the battle

Sun Jun: Sun Quan, Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong

Cao Jun: Liu Fu and Jiang Ji

The Second Battle

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In 214, Cao Cao's southern campaign against Sun Quan failed, leaving Zhang Liao, Li Dian, Le Jin and more than 7,000 people to defend Hefei. Next year, when Cao Cao went on an expedition against Zhang Lu, he sent his guard Xue Ti to deliver a letter to Hefei, writing that "the thieves will be sent out when they arrive (the thieves will not be opened until they arrive)." At the same time, Sun Quan and Liu Bei competed for Jingzhou, and the two armies retreated on the condition that Jingzhou be divided equally. However, Sun Quan saw that Cao Cao was in Hanzhong and was unable to return to the east in time. In August, he led 100,000 people north to Lukou and set off for Hefei.

Zhang Liao and others opened Cao Cao's letter and wrote: "If Sun Quan arrives, Generals Zhang and Li will go out to fight, and General Le will guard them; the defenders must not fight. (If Sun Quan's army comes, Zhang, Li The two generals went out to fight, General Le defended the city; Xue Ti, the guard, did not go out to fight.)" Due to the disparity in strength between the enemy and ours, all the generals were confused by this instruction. Zhang Liao said: "The Duke is out on an expedition, and I am trying to rescue him. He will definitely defeat me. I will use my teachings to counterattack him, break his momentum, calm the hearts of the people, and then defend. The chance of success or failure lies here." In the first battle, do you have any doubts? (Cao Zhenggong is leading the army to fight outside. By the time the reinforcements led by him arrive, Sun Quan's army will have defeated us. Therefore, the instruction letter requires us to attack them in turn before the enemy troops are assembled to defeat them first. In order to stabilize the morale of the army, the chance of success or failure lies in this battle. What doubts do you have?"

Li Dian also agreed with Zhang Liao, so he recruited warriors on the eve of the battle. Eight hundred people killed cattle to reward the sergeants and prepare for the battle tomorrow. At daybreak, Zhang Liao, armed with armor and holding a halberd, entered the battle first, killing dozens of people and beheading two generals. Wu general Chen Wu died in battle. Zhang Liao shouted his name, rushed into the military base, and reached Sun Quan's camp. Song Qian and Xu Sheng's army were both defeated, and the soldiers began to disperse. Pan Zhang followed, galloping to catch up, and killed the two deserters in Song Qian's and Xu Sheng's army on horseback. Seeing this, the soldiers turned back to fight again.

Sun Quan was shocked when he saw this situation. At a loss what to do, he had to climb to the top of the mountain and defend himself with a long halberd. Zhang Liao scolded Sun Quan to fight, but Sun Quan did not dare to move. Seeing that Zhang Liao's army was very small, he ordered his sergeants to surround Zhang Liao's army. Zhang Liao rushed out with an assault, and a gap was opened in the siege. Dozens of Zhang Liao's men were able to escape. The remaining sergeants shouted: "General, have you abandoned me! (Has the general abandoned us?)" Zhang Liao therefore rushed into the siege again and broke through again. Rescue others. Sun Quan's army was invincible, and no one could stop Zhang Liao. The battle lasted from sunrise to noon, and the morale of Wu's army was completely lost. They returned to repair their defenses, and everyone in Cao's army felt at peace.

Sun Quan besieged Hefei for more than ten days, but could not capture it. He also encountered an epidemic, so he ordered the army to lead the army. He and more than a thousand tiger soldiers joined Ling Tong, Gan Ning, Lu Meng, Jiang Qin and others. back. Arriving north of Xiaoyaojin, Zhang Liao observed Sun's army retreating and took the opportunity to lead his army in pursuit. Sun's army was suddenly in chaos and Sun Quan was surrounded. Gan Ning preached sternly to boost morale. Ling Tong personally led 300 close troops into the siege, while Gan Ning drew his bow and fired. Lu Meng and Jiang Qin fought to the death to resist the enemy.

Ling Tong rescued Sun Quan and turned back to fight again. However, the bridge on the retreat road had been destroyed by the enemy, and there was no board for more than ten feet. At that time, Sun Quan was close to the prison and Gu Li was behind the horse. He asked Sun Quan to hold the saddle and loosen the rope. Gu Li whipped him behind to help. With the horse's momentum, Sun Quan successfully crossed the river with his horse, and joined He Qi, who was leading 3,000 men to guard in Jinnan, and Sun Quan successfully escaped. Ling Tong, Gan Ning and others continued to hold off the enemy troops. The people on their left and right were dead, and he himself was wounded. He killed dozens of people. Knowing that Sun Quan was safe, he put on his armor and sneaked away.

Characters participating in the war

Sun Jun: Sun Quan, Pan Zhang, Song Qian, Xu Sheng, Chen Wu (died in battle) Ling Tong, Gan Ning, Lü Meng, Jiang Qinhe Qi Guli

Cao Jun: Zhang Liao and Li Dianlejin

The Third and Fourth Battles

In 230, the Wei State built a new city in Hefei to defend against the Wu State. The third Battle of Hefei broke out in December 233. Sun Quan sent troops to besiege the new city of Hefei. Because the city was far away from the water, he did not dare to disembark for more than 20 days. Man Chong then sent 6,000 infantry and cavalry to wait in ambush in a hidden place in Feishui. Later, when Sun Quan came ashore, the Man Chong ambush army suddenly attacked and beheaded hundreds of people. Some of them fled to the river and drowned. Lord Wu also sent Quanzong to attack Liu'an, but they were also unable to win.

In February 234, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, launched the fifth Northern Expedition, and his envoy asked Soochow to send troops together. Sun Quan agreed. Immediately triggered the Fourth Battle of Hefei. In May of the same year, Sun Quan stationed at the mouth of Chaohu, claiming to have 100,000 people, and personally led troops to attack the new city of Hefei. On the other hand, he sent Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin to lead more than 10,000 people to station in Jiangxia, Jiangxia, and Hefei. Miangou, attack Xiangyang; generals Sun Shao and Zhang Cheng stationed in Huai, advancing towards Guangling and Huaiyin, forming a three-pronged Northern Expedition.

In June, Man Chong wanted to lead all the troops to rescue Zhang Ying, the defender of the new city. However, Tian Yu, the general who killed the Yi, believed that the new city was more than capable of defending itself. If reinforcements arrived, he was afraid that Sun Quan would annex the reinforcements. At that time, many officials and officials asked for leave, so Man Chong went to the table to summon the Chinese army and recall all the officers and soldiers who asked for leave to assemble to resist. However, Guangping Liu Shao, the regular servant of the scattered cavalry, believed that Man Chong should defend himself and not attack to avoid his aggressiveness; while the Chinese army first sent out 5,000 infantry and 3,000 elite cavalry, arranged and dispersed the troops, and added more flags and drums to defeat the enemy. Knowing that the army is coming, it will definitely move on its own and can be defeated without a fight. Cao Rui followed his plan and sent the front team out first.

Cao Rui also did not accept Manchu's opinion of reinforcements. He believed that Hefei, Xiangyang, and Qishan were the three important defensive points in the east, south, and west of Cao Wei. They had more than enough to defend the city. Cao Rui could easily attack on Renyin in July. , personally led the navy eastward. Man Chong recruited dozens of strong men, broke pine branches into torches, filled them with sesame oil, set fire to the wind, burned the enemy's siege equipment, and shot Sun Quan's nephew Sun Tai. In addition, many of the Wu army's sergeants were sick, and they heard that Cao Rui's army was approaching, so Sun Quan retreated. Sun Shao's army also returned at the same time. Only Lu Xun's army continued to fight, but soon retreated.

Characters participating in the war

Wu Jun: Sun Quan and Sun Tai (died in battle) Full Comprehensive

Wei Jun: Cao Ruiman favored Tian Yu and Zhang Ying

Part Five Battles

Not long after Wu Taifu Zhuge Ke returned from Dongxing in 253, he personally led 200,000 troops to the north again in March, despite the dissuasion of his ministers. In April, we arrived in Huainan. In May, he laid siege to the new city of Hefei. Zhuge Ke built a mountain of earth and made a hasty attack. Wei General Zhang Te and 3,000 men defended the new city for more than a month. There were many casualties and the city was about to be destroyed.

Zhang Te said to the Wu people: "Now I have no intention of fighting again. However, if Wei Fa is attacked for a hundred days and cannot be saved, even if he surrenders, he will not be able to sit down at home. Since he was attacked, nine It has been more than ten days. There are more than 4,000 people in this city. More than half of them have died in the battle. Although the city has fallen, there are still half of them who do not want to surrender. I will return the favor and tell the good and evil. I will send my names tomorrow morning. (I have no intention of fighting anymore. But according to the laws of Wei, if you are attacked for more than a hundred days and cannot be rescued, your family will be exempted from punishment even if you surrender; since you resisted the enemy, you will be exempted from punishment. It has been more than ninety days. There were originally more than 4,000 people in this city, and more than half of them have been killed in the battle. Although the city is trapped, if even half of the people do not want to surrender, I will talk to them and tell them what is good and what is evil. "Take the seal and ribbon as a trust."

Zhang Te threw the seal and ribbon to them, but Zhuge Ke believed in him and refused to take the seal and ribbon. At night, Zhang Te removed the wood and fences of the houses and repaired the collapsed areas of the city wall with a second layer. Tomorrow, Zhang Te said to the Wu people: "I only have the fighting skills to die! (I can only fight to the death!)" The Wu army refused to surrender, and the Wu army was furious. They attacked but could not conquer it. The weather was very hot at that time, Wu soldiers were tired, and diseases were rampant. Most of the people got sick, and there were serious casualties.

Zhuge Ke failed to attack the city and turned his anger on the generals. The soldiers continued to complain. Later, Wei Taiwei Sima Fu led 200,000 reinforcements to Xincheng. Knowing that the Wu soldiers were exhausted after fleeing, he marched in and defeated the Wu army. In July, Zhuge Ke had no choice but to lead his army back.

Characters participating in the war

Wu Jun: Zhuge Ke

Wei Jun: Zhang Te Sima Fu

The biography of Zhang Liao records:

< p> After Taizu conquered Sun Quan and returned, he sent more than 7,000 people from Liao, Yue Jin, Li Dian and others to garrison Hefei (Cao Cao sent three generals to guard Hefei). When Taizu was conquering Zhang Lu, he taught (Note: Jiao: a document from princes and princes, here can be understood as a tip bag) and the guard Xue Ti (gave Xue Ti a sealed document), and signed a letter saying, "The thieves will be found even when they arrive." "(Written on the edge: Open only when the enemy arrives). Er (Sun) Quan led a hundred thousand people to surround Hefei, and Cao Cao issued a teaching (see Cao Cao's tips), which said: "If Sun Quan comes, Generals Zhang and Li will go out to fight; General Le will guard, and the army will be rushed to protect them." Fight." All the generals were doubtful (the strength of the troops was very different, how could they win if they went to fight?). Liao said: "The Duke is away on an expedition, and when the reinforcements arrive (when the reinforcements arrive), they (Sun Quan's army) will definitely defeat me. So we use the instructions to counterattack them before they can join forces (this is to allow us to join forces before they can join forces) Attack them), break their momentum to calm the hearts of the people, and then defend. The chance of success or failure in this battle, do you have any doubts?" Li Dian also shared the same views with Liao. So Liao Ye recruited those who dared to follow, and got eight hundred people (eight hundred strong men), and feasted on the soldiers (eating and drinking), and the battle will begin tomorrow. On the first day of Ping Dynasty (early morning), Zhang Liao was led by Jia Zhichao (heavily armed). He captured Chen first, killed dozens of people, beheaded two generals, shouted his name, rushed into the base, and came under Sun Quan's command (taking the lead and rushing straight into the formation). Sun Quan was shocked, and everyone didn't know what he was doing. They climbed up the high tomb and defended themselves with long halberds (Sun Quan was so frightened by this surprise attack that seemed like a divine weapon descending from heaven. Everyone quickly protected Sun Quan and retreated to a mountain, guarding it with long halberds). Liao ordered Quan to fight (Zhang Liao said, "Sun Zhongmou, your son, come down to fight!"), Quan did not dare to move (Sun Quan secretly thought: What can be done about such a fierce general!), and saw that the Liao generals were few (suddenly he found that Zhang Liao's number was not enough). Many), it is to gather together to encircle Liao several heavy forces (encirclement tactics). The left and right sides of the Liao army surrounded them, and they attacked and surrounded them (although they were heavily surrounded, Zhang Liao, a fierce general in the world, just fought his way out). Dozens of the Liao generals came out, and the rest of the people shouted: "General, have you abandoned me?" !" (However, some of the troops were still besieged...) Liao Fu also broke through (only Zhang Liao returned and fought back) and pulled out the rest (all of them escaped!). Quan's men and horses are all invincible, and no one dares to take the lead (although Sun Quan has many people and strength, no one can stop Zhang Liao's edge). From the day of the battle to the middle of the day (the battle from day to noon), the Wu people seized (lost: lost) Qi (the Wu army was demoralized) and repaired the garrison (Zhang Liao led the army back to the city to build garrison fortifications). Everyone felt at ease and the generals were convinced. (The whole army is convinced!). Quan defended Hefei for more than ten days, but the city could not be taken out, so he retreated (Sun Quan could not capture Hefei and retreated). Liao led his troops to pursue him and regained power several times (Zhang Liao, worthy of being a green dragon in troubled times, dared to lead troops to pursue him, and even almost captured Sun Quan several times). Taizu Da Zhuang Liao (Cao Cao then realized that Zhang Liao was no ordinary fierce general!) paid homage to General Zhengdong. In the 21st year of Jian'an, Taizu resumed his campaign against Sun Quan and went to Hefei, where he followed the Liao War. He sighed for a long time (he was still filled with emotion about the battle that day). Then the Liao troops were increased, more troops were left behind, and they moved to settle in the nest.