What are the basic methods of research?

What are the basic methods of research?

What are the basic methods of research? There are many methods of research. Mastering these basic methods can achieve twice the result with half the effort, so let's follow me to see what the basic methods of research are. I hope it can help you. What are the basic methods of research? 1

1. Observation < P > A scientific research method in which researchers use their own senses and auxiliary tools to directly, systematically, purposefully and systematically investigate and describe natural phenomena and social discourses under the conditions of natural occurrence, so as to obtain empirical facts. (Suhomlinski observed 3,7 students and made detailed records; Chen Heqin recorded the children's psychology of 88 days with words and photographs)

2. Investigation method < P > A method of collecting data through on-the-spot investigation, observation, investigation, questionnaire, interview and measurement, so as to make a scientific analysis of the present situation, get a regular understanding and put forward specific work suggestions.

3. Experience summary method

The experience of oneself and others is selected, analyzed, verified and verified scientifically, so that people's understanding of related things rises from perceptual to rational research methods. Suhomlinski once said that "only teachers who are good at analyzing their own work can become excellent and experienced teachers".

4. Literature method

A research method to query, identify, sort out and analyze literature, so as to find out the essential attributes of things. Literature is all the carriers that record knowledge ―― words, graphics, symbols, audio, video and so on.

5. Comparative Method

According to certain standards, a comparative study is made on a certain kind of educational phenomenon. By revealing their similarities and differences, the general laws of educational phenomena and the special laws of the main objects are found out, and conclusions or specific practices that are in line with the actual situation are put forward.

6. Case method

Taking individuals as the research object, we can understand some clue characteristics of their development and change through direct or indirect investigation, and design and implement corresponding measures accordingly to promote their development and change, and then extend the understanding and conclusion of the relationship between these conditions, measures and results to the general level.

7. Statistical method

The principles and methods of sorting, calculating, analyzing and interpreting the collected data and materials through observation, investigation and experiment.

8. Action research method

Participants in social situations conduct reflective research in order to improve their rational understanding of social practice and deepen their understanding of practical activities and the background of a certain dependence. What are the basic methods of subject research? 2

The basic methods of subject research are: decomposing the research objectives, grasping the research breakthrough point, clarifying the research ideas, determining the research methods, developing theoretical thinking, putting forward research assumptions, and doing a good job in research design according to the subject type. Specifically,

(1) decompose the research objectives of the subject and grasp the breakthrough point of the research.

1. Determine the research objectives. Determine the research direction or research theme and overall goal. Research objectives can be divided into parallel objectives, hierarchical objectives and comprehensive objectives.

2. Select the research breakthrough point: First, select from the basic, easy and key issues; The second is to look for it from the successful experience; The third is to find out from the practical problems faced by school education; The fourth is to look for it from the trend of educational development; The fifth is to find it from the theory of educational science.

(2) Clear research ideas and determine research methods.

1. clarify the research ideas. Through the methods of forward analysis, reverse analysis and reduction analysis, the research ideas are clarified and formed.

2. Basic methods of research. Educational research methods include primary method and secondary method. The main methods are observation, investigation, literature, educational experiment, experience summary, comparative research, case study, action research, reflective research and qualitative research, etc. Auxiliary methods include statistics, measurement, questionnaire and so on.

3. Use and selection of research methods. Different types (contents and conditions) of research topics have different research methods, and research methods can be selected from different angles and according to different standards.

take the stage of the research process as the standard, determine the method according to the stage of the research task, the nature of the research object as the standard, determine the method according to the research object, determine the method according to the continuity of the research, and determine the method according to the continuation direction. According to the technical means adopted by the research institute, different research methods are selected.

(3) develop theoretical thinking and put forward research hypotheses.

research hypothesis is the research result (also known as "semi-finished product") that researchers predict when they think about changing the concepts in research problems into variables that can be measured through observation.

1. Actively develop rational thinking.

2. Master the basic standards of research hypothesis. There should be four criteria for the research hypothesis: first, it can explain the expected relationship between two or more variables; Second, researchers should have clear reasons for whether this hypothesis is worth testing; Third, the hypothesis should be testable; Fourth, the hypothesis should be as concise and clear as possible.

3. Make clear the basic steps of forming research hypothesis. The basic steps to form the research hypothesis are: (1) refining the problem; (2) Seeking theoretical support and forming a preliminary hypothesis; (3) Deduct theoretical statements to make assumptions structured; (4) form basic views; 5] Refining the basic ideas to form the core of the hypothesis.

4. Make clear the basic conditions for the formation of research hypothesis. The basic conditions for the formation of research hypothesis: based on scientific observation and empirical induction; Guided by scientific thinking methods, we should make a logical proposition by analogy, induction and deduction. Researchers should have rich knowledge and experience.

5. Make clear the way of hypothesis expression. The expression of research hypothesis should be biased, which can be positive or negative, and the relationship between variables cited should be operable, observable and verified. Research hypothesis can be divided into descriptive hypothesis and explanatory hypothesis.

(4) do a good job in research and design according to the subject type.

1. Design of applied research topics.

this kind of topic focuses on how to transform the basic theoretical knowledge of educational science into educational skills, educational methods and means, so as to link the knowledge of educational science with the actual education and teaching, and achieve a predetermined practical goal.

characteristics of the project: applicability, times, efficiency and flexibility.

project design: emphasize "application".

2. Design of empirical research topics.

experience research summary is divided into two levels: general experience summary and scientific experience summary.

characteristics of the project: educational research carried out in educational practice; It has a pre-proposed and very clear scientific research purpose, and the work purpose is consistent with the scientific research purpose; Consciously use the relevant methods of educational research; According to the idea of scientific research, it is carried out in a planned and step-by-step manner; Use certain methods to collect information consciously and purposefully, and the collected information is comprehensive and complete.

project design: we should highlight the theme of rational understanding and revealing laws through experience summary.

3. Experimental project design.

An experimental subject is an activity to explore the relationship between variables and reveal the laws of education under the guidance of certain educational theories or assumptions.

subject requirements: researchers must have an idea or a preliminary characteristic theory to solve this problem; Organize research with strict research procedures to facilitate repeated verification; Preset experimental conditions, clearly distinguish variables and control them; Define the operation of the measured things.

project design: it is necessary to highlight the characteristics of "experiment" and fully reflect the experimental requirements.

Expand the data:

Carry out the research

1. Collect the data carefully. How to collect data: firstly, collect data according to the research needs around the guiding ideology of the research theme; The second is to design a scientific and clear tool for collecting information; Third, adopt appropriate scientific methods to collect information extensively; The fourth is to collect and collect basic materials and original data as planned; Fifth, pay attention to the objectivity of information and data.

2. Make an investigation plan. To collect data by means of investigation, we must do a good job in designing the investigation plan. The design of the investigation plan includes defining the investigation topic, clarifying the investigation purpose, selecting the investigation unit, specifying the investigation scale, researching the investigation object, explaining the investigation method, compiling the investigation outline, drawing up the investigation order and time arrangement, etc.