Why does the motion of cosmic objects always remain relatively flat?

2065438+On September 26th, 2006, Zhang Zhao of Gansu published the paper "The Nature of the Universe", and a brand-new view of the universe was born. This paper reveals the mystery of the universe from the basic composition point of cosmic matter. As soon as the paper came out, it was reprinted by the Internet. Subsequently, Zhang Zhao published three sequels: Behavior of Light in Cosmic Space, Geometric Principles of Cosmic Space and.

The nature of the universe

universal gravitation

Inference of F=GM 1M2/R2

Zhang

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As a physics lover, I like to study physics. When I was at school, I worshipped scientists like Newton and Einstein. In society, I often like to read books on physics. Later, I found that the great discoveries in physics were all verified by thinking. Some laws of physics are deduced by feeling and phenomenon, which can't reflect the essential characteristics of matter. The law of universal gravitation shows people the formula of phenomena between objects, but it doesn't tell people the nature of the law (why it comes into being). Later, after years of thinking, I came to some of my own views, but how can a farmer with only a middle school level do something disrespectful to great scientists with a negative view? I think it's ridiculous. But when I changed my point of view, I found that it was my great admiration for them, my affirmation to them, and their way of thinking that guided us forward, so I simply characterized my point of view as absurd and introduced my way of thinking, instead of stating that my point of view must be correct. In my opinion, everyone can have fun after dinner (the following contents only represent personal opinions).

First, the formation of thinking.

I studied Newton's formula of universal gravitation in middle school physics class, F=GM 1M2/R2. I'm confused about this formula. Why is the gravitational force between objects inversely proportional to the square of distance? If gravity is straight, there are only two possibilities, which have nothing to do with the distance between two objects and are inversely proportional to the distance between two objects. How can it be inversely proportional to the square of the distance? What is the principle of force composition? At that time, I asked the teacher and discussed it with my classmates. They said I was drilling horns. "The satellites are all in the sky, and the questions I asked are very strange." I can't say much, but this problem has been bothering me. In high school, I always thought R2 was the inverse ratio of area, force and distance. There must be a big secret in this formula. I often think about this problem when I have leisure time. Then I thought I should find this face first. It doesn't seem appropriate. The area of the circle S=πR2, π is a constant. If the area of the circle is brought into the formula, we can regard G/π as a formula that is replaced by G, and it holds in the formula. When I find this phenomenon, I will understand that gravity is actually related to the area of a circle, and my reasoning begins with searching.

M 1 and M2 physical middle circle. Through continuous thinking, I finally understand the meaning of circular area in the formula, that is, we regard M 1 and M2 as two points, and let these two points radiate concentric spheres around. The circle is a circular area where the radiation circle at the intersection of M 1 and M2 is tangent to the opposite radiation line. This discovery aroused my great interest and made me spend a lot of time seriously thinking about the problem that gravity contains circular area. When we observe the form of gravity as a graph, we will find that no matter how the distance between the object M 1 and M2 changes, the included angle of the intersection surface that produces gravity is always 90, and the curvature is great. As can be seen from the figure (attached), it is said that M 1 and M2 attract each other, rather, the intersecting surface (circular surface) sends the same tension to both sides, because the force follows such a curve? From the analysis of mechanical principles, it is obviously not. Through thinking, I realized that the concept of "gravitational field" must be abandoned first. If an object releases "attractive particles" to generate force, then all the objects around it must be released forever. "Attractive particles" have the nature of taking a big arc, which obviously contradicts the essence of matter. It seems that the theory of "attracting particles" must be abandoned. Without "gravitational field" and "attracting particles", how is the force transmitted? There is only one possibility, that is, M 1 and M2 exert traction outward at the same time, and feel each other's stress on the intersection surface, which is the reason of gravity phenomenon. Objects have external traction and have nothing to do with each other's existence. Traction is always there. At this point, I am even more confused: how did the traction of the object come from? My reasoning didn't work out. I appreciate Einstein's theory of relativity very much. When my reasoning is unreasonable, I consider that the problem behind me needs to be changed. None of the solutions are based on habitual phenomena, which makes me affirm the existence of "ether" and my reasoning can be pushed forward again. But when I fully understood the definition of "ether" (scientific definition), my reasoning was completely untenable. First, matter can absorb "ether". How to store after absorption? Why can't ether ever be absorbed? It seems that "ether" can't exist. I realized that in order to generate traction, we must break the conventional thinking and meet the following conditions:

(1) Space must have substances;

② The matter in space is necessary for physics (all);

(3) things in space must be supplemented by another method;

(4) Things in space can exert force.

At this point, my reasoning is even more difficult, which makes me think hard for many years and put forward countless ideas, all of which cannot be justified. I began to look for answers in other physical phenomena and trusted my previous reasoning. In thinking, a phenomenon also puzzles me? Stars have been shining for billions of years. Why is the universe still black? A match will make the big square bright. Is light eternal? Where is the light? Later, I focused on the problem of light. After a long time of thinking, I am sure that light will decay and light energy will decay into other substances, which are related to gravity. I have a new understanding. The universe is full of light, matter wave and particle flow decaying matter, resulting in spatial density, which can be absorbed by objects. If there are two objects in a space at the same time, the density between the two objects after they absorb this substance.

Objects release matter waves and light, and the released matter waves, light and particles decay in space and become invisible substances, which are absorbed by objects. Invisible substances form a certain density, and massive objects absorb invisible substances, reducing the surrounding density. In the middle of the two objects, a space with lower density than the periphery of the two objects is formed, and the role of gravity appears. The absorbed substances will be released in the form of matter waves.

I finally understood the mystery of gravity instead of making it up out of thin air. My heart was so excited that my initial view of the world was formed:

1. Space is full of invisible matter, which is the product of matter wave, light and high-speed particle decay.

2. Space matter has density, and the change of density leads to the phenomenon of universal gravitation.

3. Space materials are absorbed by objects and transformed into new materials, such as waves, light, high-speed particles, etc., and the conservation of mass and energy is realized in constant exchange.

4. There can be no non-contact force between matter and matter, and there is no "field" in the universe.

I use my own understanding of the universe to explain the physical phenomena in nature, and most of them can be satisfactorily explained, but when I explain electromagnetic phenomena, I can't explain it because my reasoning denies the existence of "field". The explanation of some phenomena of celestial bodies has great limitations. The characteristics of matter should be universal and can satisfy its phenomena, but only have limited characteristics, which shows that we have not found the essence of matter yet. I deeply realize that my thoughts should be promoted from a narrow sense to a broad sense like the theory of relativity. Under such a thinking conception, I have my own brand-new world view.

Second, the nature of matter.

To discuss the essence of matter, we must first analyze the necessary conditions for the formation of matter. Now, we tend to accept the view that matter is composed of mass, energy is the transformation form of matter, and mass and energy are the basic contents of matter, so the essence of matter is:

The relationship between mass and energy

In my opinion, this is a narrow interpretation. Mass and energy are just two aspects of matter. In addition to the basic composition of matter, the form of matter also has four necessary conditions: quality, energy, time and space. Space is three-dimensional, so we should formally describe the essence of matter, that is, mass, energy, time and space (three-dimensional) and have six-dimensional objects.

Matter has six dimensions, which are inseparable and indispensable. We want to express the essence of matter, and the form is:

Relationship among mass, energy, time and three-dimensional space

The composition of matter, four basic elements are indispensable.

Quality: There are three states of quality. The first is the visible state. Everything we see is solid and liquid. The second is the invisible state, such as electromagnetic waves, light and microscopic particles; The third is the invisible state, which is what we call cosmic space. It is unacceptable for most people to say that the vacuum in the universe is a substance with mass and energy. People's view is that there is nothing in a vacuum, nothing, nothing. How can it be said that there is quality and energy? This is because people have different views on what a vacuum is made of. In my opinion, space (vacuum) is made up of the basic unit of matter.

The basic unit of matter, I first use an easy-to-understand name "energy molecule" to name it. The universe is made up of energy molecules, which are the basic units of mass, energy and space. In terms of energy molecules, there is mass, energy, space and a given time. No energy molecules, nothing. We can't say that space is full of energy molecules (I thought so before), but energy molecules form space under the unit shape, so that the quality, energy and time of energy molecules have the concept of matter and the existence of space. The unit state of energy molecules is also dark energy and dark matter that science is struggling to find. Vast space is a collection of energy molecular units. What we can't see is the compression bond of energy molecules. So space has mass and energy.

Human beings have expounded a lot about energy and time. The essence of energy, in my opinion, is the phenomenon that energy molecules themselves are compressed and expanded. Energy molecules need peripheral kinetic energy to absorb energy when compressed, and kinetic energy to release energy when released and expanded.

Space: My definition of space is the whole universe, not the space that people understand. The whole universe is made up of energy molecules with different densities. What we can see is the high-density space, but what we can't see is the low-density space of the minimum energy molecular unit. Everything that happens in the universe is the change of spatial density and the change of energy molecular morphology.

Range is used to describe the parameters of space, that is, the size of space, while the properties of describing space are the density and state of energy molecules, which are determined by three parameters: mass, energy and time.

Space: Energy molecules are free units with low density, low mass, low energy, long time and large space.

Matter wave, light and particle: the compressed viscous body of energy molecules, with medium density, medium mass, medium energy and medium time (energy molecules increase momentum or temperature).

Visible matter: Energy molecules are highly compressed polymers with high density, high quality, high energy, short time and small space.

Space (free energy molecules) gains energy, which is compressed into a viscous body and converted into matter waves, light and particles. At this time, the mass increases, the energy increases and the time is shortened. With the increase of spatial density, the space decreases. Material waves, light and particles increase energy, shorten time, further increase spatial density and reduce space, and are visible objects. On the other hand, visible objects release matter waves, light and particles, with reduced mass and energy, longer time, larger space, smaller density and less energy released; Material waves, light and particles decay, further releasing energy and reducing mass, energy, space and density. In mutual change, mass and energy (time, space and six dimensions) are always conserved. (,,,,,Baidu read the full text)

The nature of the universe 1 Zhang's behavior in the universe.

1, relativity has two basic settings when discussing material physics; The speed of light is constant (in vacuum), and the inertial mass and gravitational mass are equal. These two basic postulates are convenient for people to use mathematical formulas when discussing the size of physical items of moving objects. Through mathematical formulas, people also intuitively see that the physical terms of moving objects are covariant. When we use Galileo coordinate system and Lorentz transformation, it is obvious that the moving speed and mass of objects will increase. At the same time, the length of the object will be shortened and the time will be slowed down, that is, the space will be smaller and the time will be shorter. This phenomenon is a physical phenomenon relative to the reference system. We use a moving object as the reference system, and the moving object is unchanged (at rest) but the original reference system. When light propagates in space, people use the light source as a reference system, which facilitates the basic setting for human beings to explore the universe. However, human observation of the universe is to catch the light in the universe and explore backwards. Instead, we use light itself as a frame of reference and space as a postulate (distance length). We will deduce that the behavior of light in the universe is constantly changing.

2. Beam A is emitted from point M 1 to point M2. Regardless of other factors, M 1 has a pull-back effect on A, and the beam A slows down first after starting. After flying over the M 1 control area to the M2 control area, M2 will accelerate the beam A, and we observe that the beam A comes from the M65438+ point from the M2 point. This tells us that light is constantly changing in space, but the speed of light is huge relative to the current scientific and technological level of human beings, and this change cannot be accurately measured at present. Relativity regards the speed of light as a constant, and discusses the physics of matter with the covariation of time and space, which accords with the current research form of human beings and is based on the optical horizon. In other words, we study light independently and regard space or time as a postulate. The velocity and kinetic energy of light in space are constantly changing, and the light moves along the direction of motion, and at the same time tends to move in an energy-conserving path (the massive celestial body deflects the light), and the energy-conserving path attenuates the light and gains energy supplement. It is this characteristic of light that makes the decay of light not intuitive and can spread in the universe for a long time.

3. In this way, we have a new view of black holes. The real space of a black hole is much larger than we think now. This is because the light is deflected at the edge of the black hole. A black hole does not absorb the light in gravity, but the light moves in the black hole with negative acceleration. When it fails to reach the positive acceleration to replenish energy, the energy consumption causes light to decay into the free state of energy molecules. We come to the conclusion that the behavior of light in space is constantly changing, and the physical dimension of light moving in space is related to the postulate of academic circles, just as we require the quality of an object to set the standard code first.

Please refer to the copy of my paper Nature of the Universe (1) published on September 26th.

Zhang Zhao 2065438+16 released on February 30th.

I wish netizens all their wishes on 20 17.

The essence of the universe: sequel 2 Zhang Zhao

Geometric principle of space: Our explanation of the range of things can be described abstractly and accurately by mathematics because of geometry, which is more convenient and accurate than intuition in human communication. Geometry comes from ancient concepts such as plane, straight line, Fiona Fang, length, short, width, thickness and thinness. Later, mathematicians developed such as Taylor, Pythagoras, Ibrahimovic, Plato, Euclid and Riemann. How to make a good fake sickle has become a relatively strict theoretical discipline. Descartes' analytic geometry, gaspard monge's descriptive geometry, Poncelet's photographic geometry, and later developed differential geometry, surface geometry, Riemann geometry, topological geometry, analytic geometry and so on. , greatly expanding people's cognitive ability. Now the mainstream scientific community thinks that the structure of the universe is Riemannian space, which is the most authentic expression of the universe. Einstein's theory of relativity uses Riemann geometry as a mathematical tool. Relativity has two basic postulates: the principle that the speed of light is constant, and the inertial mass and gravitational mass are equal. Now this view has been recognized in the scientific community, which has established a good bridge for human beings to study the universe. However, as we will know later, this is not satisfactory.

In my theory of "the essence of the universe", I juxtapose space and time as the dimensions of cosmic things. Space and time are the basic dimensions of cosmic things, and cosmic things are the great cycle of transformation, transformation and movement of four (mass, energy, space and time) and six (mass, energy, time and three-dimensional space). The composition of the universe is a single-energy molecular unit. How to define the dimensions of things in the universe? We call the basic dimension of things in the universe dimension. Energy molecules endow everything in the universe with mass, energy, space and time, and they are also composed of energy molecules. Space is not a place where simple things exist, and time is not a simple process. Space and time are the constituent dimensions of things.

The geometric structure of the universe and the expression of Riemannian geometry must satisfy the principle that the speed of light is constant. At the beginning of the establishment of the theory of relativity, the academic community also knew this. However, no matter how to answer why massive celestial bodies can bend space-time, the principle of constant light speed and the equality of inertial mass and gravitational mass are artificially set as postulates, rather than the basic principle of the universe, which cannot satisfy readers.

Relying on my Nature of the Universe, our understanding will change greatly. Of course, we don't want to deny relativity. The special theory of relativity develops Newton's law of motion, which is a high approximation of the low-speed motion of the universe. Special relativity is the law of motion of the universe, which, like the development of geometry, is the progress of human understanding. The geometric principle of Riemannian space is the expression form (high approximation) of cosmic space under the hypothesis of relativity. We give up the postulate, and then attach importance to the bending term of celestial bodies to time and space. Then the geometric principle of space must break through the current framework, and the expression of space-time continuum is effective for small mass celestial bodies under high approximation. In order to describe accurately, we need to express the space-time continuum together with the mass and energy terms of celestial bodies. The expressions of the original coordinate parameters x, y, z, t and the spatio-temporal continuum are expressed by six-dimensional coordinate parameters x, y, z, t, m (mass) and e (energy).

Space is a six-dimensional transformation, transformation, movement and cycle, so that we can better understand the real structure of space. The universe itself is curved, the universe is shrinking, and massive celestial bodies are compressing space. The universe is expanding, and after the particles released by massive celestial bodies decay in space, the generated energy molecular units expand the space, and the original energy molecular units also expand.

As the theory of relativity describes, the geometric properties of space are not independent, they are determined by matter. Euclidean geometry, non-Euclidean geometry and Riemannian geometry cannot be described strictly and effectively, but the distribution of our universe and matter has limited influence on the surrounding space, and small celestial bodies are extremely small. As far as our current scientific and technological capabilities are concerned, it is effective to explore the universe and space with the principle of constant light speed, but it is effective for super-giant celestial bodies. Just like the low-speed motion and high-speed motion of an object, its properties will change greatly. The mass and energy in a region are decisive to space, so geometric properties must be introduced. To put it simply, the geometric nature of space is six-dimensional, transformed, moving and cyclic.

Please refer to my paper "The Nature of the Universe" published on September 26th, 2006+2065438, and put forward your valuable opinions.

Analysis of the phenomenon of accelerated expansion of the universe

We know the refraction principle of light in middle school physics class. Einstein's theory of relativity tells us that light can be bent, that is, refracted, by massive celestial bodies in space. We also know that refracted light will produce amplification effect like a convex lens. Now, let's discuss the influence of light deflection on our observation space.

When light moves in space, the deflection of a massive celestial body shows that the celestial body exerts a force on light. According to Newtonian mechanics, there is acceleration when there is strength. In the control area of a large celestial body, light will accelerate when it is close to the gravitational center of the celestial body and slow down when it is far away. This phenomenon is explained in The Behavior of Light in Space. We observe the space of the universe and the observation point is on the earth. If the earth itself and the surrounding space environment are in a constant state in the process of time change, we will observe the distant space in the light-year unit system, assuming that the universe is in regional motion and there is no expansion or contraction on a large scale, we will come to the conclusion that the universe is normal. But our observation is that distant galaxies are moving away from each other and accelerating, so we come to the conclusion that the universe is accelerating? This conclusion may be correct, but there will be other reasons for the illusion. Let's list these reasons.

According to my theory of "the essence of the universe", people can intuitively know that with the decrease of spatial density, the refraction angle of light will increase and the red shift of light will expand. On a small scale, this phenomenon is extremely weak. However, if the weak change occurs at the observation point, it will have the effect of a magnifying glass convex lens, which will be displayed as a macro on the scale of hundreds of millions of light years. When we observe the universe, we set the earth's environment as a "constant" state. If the environment of our observation position changes slightly, the measurement data of celestial motion in the universe will have an illusion.

We continue to assume that the universe is normal, that is, it does not expand or contract. If the spatial density of the earth's region decreases in a very small amount, the refraction angle of light entering our observation network in the distant universe will increase, and the magnifying glass effect will extend the distance by 1 100 million light years. The distance between galaxies will increase with time, the spatial density of the region where the earth is located will decrease, and the red shift of light will also increase. It is the observation data that makes us speculate that galaxies are accelerating away, the universe is expanding, and we

If the change of the earth's environment is observed in the universe, which is the fundamental reason for the accelerated expansion of the universe, how to explain it? Several possible reasons;

1, I explained in the Nature of the Universe that massive celestial bodies can make the space around them form a layer with decreasing spatial density to the core, and the spatial density is uneven. The solar system moves with the earth in the Milky Way and will be influenced by the surrounding celestial bodies. There will be a period of moving towards the center of the Milky Way, and there will be a period when we observe the universe. The solar system is moving towards the center of the Milky Way. The spatial density of the solar system will decrease slightly over time. In the environment of decreasing spatial density, the observed light refraction angle increases and the red shift of light increases with time.

The solar system is undergoing subtle changes. The sun's force on the surrounding space is increasing. The increasing force of the sun increases the angle deflection and red shift of light entering the solar system, which changes our observation data.

3. Environmental changes of the Earth itself. When we observe distant cosmic objects from the earth, the small changes in the earth's environment will be magnified at a distance of hundreds of millions of light years. The material temperature of the earth will rise by 1% every year. According to the mass-energy relationship, the light we receive will also be deflected in the control area of the earth. Beyond the astronomical distance, there will be displacement data that cannot be ignored. When we ignore the change of the earth, the inevitable phenomenon of the universe is the accelerated expansion.

All the above three examples have produced the illusion of the expansion of the universe. Our universe is infinite, moving, expanding and contracting in a limited range. How the whole universe moves, we can't simply state it with existing observation data, we need scientific progress and technological development.

Zhang Zhao 2065438+March 2007

Happy Year of the Rooster.