Similar to Tang Xing's photography.

"The talent of Jiangnan, the general of Shandong, and the emperor of Xianyang are buried." This is a widely circulated sentence in my hometown. Since ancient times, there have been many talents in Jiangnan and generals in Shandong, but why did Xianyang bury so many emperors? It has always been a big mystery in my heart. It was not until I came into contact with urban planning and the protection of historical and cultural cities that I learned a little about Xianyang Ancient Mausoleum.

Mausoleum, big earth mountain also. Later it was extended to the tomb of the ancient emperor, symbolizing the absolute authority of the feudal emperor. Xianyang, as the capital of Qin Dou and ancient Chang 'an, has a long history of ancient mausoleum culture.

When it comes to Xianyang Ancient Mausoleum, we can't help but talk about Xianyang Yuan. In ancient times, Guanzhong area was still a big lake. Due to the paleoclimate change, the lake gradually shrank, and the Weihe River was injected into it. The Weihe River gradually developed and matured, forming the Weibei alluvial platform and Xianyang was born.

Xianyang has high terrain and deep loess, with nine hills in the north and Weishui in the south. It is a treasure trove of geomantic omen favored by emperors of past dynasties. As early as Shang Dynasty, Xianyang was originally a fief of the descendants of Si Tianguan Ng Wui in Di Ku period, which was called Cheng Yi. At the end of Yin Dynasty, Ji Li and Jichang once established their capital here. After King Wu of Zhou cut Zhou, he named this place Bi and called it Bi State. Later generations called it "Biying", and said that Xianyang was originally Biyuan, Bimo or Biying Garden. Because there were five tombs in the Western Han Dynasty, it was also called Wulingyuan.

The superior natural environment around Xianyang determines that it is not only the capital of ancient won country and Qin Dynasty, but also a highly concentrated area of China imperial mausoleum and its ritual architecture. Looking around Xianyang, there are countless tombs of emperors of Zhou, Qin, Han, Qian Qin, Northern Zhou and Tang dynasties and hundreds of tombs buried with them, just like a huge natural mausoleum museum, which is mysteriously and silently displayed in front of people, waiting for us to read and appreciate. Through the distance of time and space, through these desolate ancient tombs on display, people seem to see the original rise and fall of honor and disgrace in Xianyang, hear the screams of the owner of the ancient tomb and read the wonderful chapter of Xianyang ancient tomb culture.

Zhouling is the legendary Zhou Wenwang and Zhou Wuwang Mausoleum, and now it is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shaanxi Province (Zhou Chengwang Mausoleum, Zhou Kangwang Mausoleum and Zhougong Mausoleum are nearby), located in Zhouling Town, Weicheng District. Which dynasty's tomb is "Zhouling"? For a long time, there have been different opinions. Officially, it is believed to be the tomb of the Zhou Dynasty, but academically, it is believed to be the tomb of the Qin Dynasty. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, successive governments have had the custom of offering sacrifices to Duke Zhou in Zhouling. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, Bi Yuan, the governor of Shaanxi Province, wrote the "Zhou Wenwang Mausoleum" stone tablet in calligraphy; During the Republic of China, Chiang Kai-shek and Song Meiling came to pay homage to Zhou Ling and set up an altar to plant trees. The Preparatory Committee for Xijing has planted a large number of cypress trees here. Zhou Ling seems to be a conclusion, worthy of the name. However, archaeologists and historians believe that according to the Western Zhou Dynasty tomb system, royal tombs are very concentrated, without seals or trees, without any ground signs, and have never been stolen in history. The original tomb in Xianyang is "full of mountains and beams, full of remnants, salty dew, very sad", so it is analyzed that Zhouling should be located in Joo Won? site or Chang 'an and Huxian. I think these tombs, whether Zhouling or Qin Mausoleum, are the oldest tombs in Xianyang, and they are earlier than Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, so they are the earliest earth-sealed tombs in China, which are unmatched by any other tombs.

In the 12th year of Qin Xiaogong (the first 350 years), Qin people moved to Xianyang and built a palace and capital. After ten years of war, Qin Shihuang annexed six countries, established the first unified multi-ethnic feudal dynasty in China history in Xianyang, and created splendid Qin Dou culture. However, "the Chu people are on fire, poor and burnt." After the capital Chang 'an was established by the grave digger of Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty, the site of Qin Dou was turned into a royal mausoleum area and became a place to bury the dead. This is the common psychology of feudal dynasties to prevent the restoration of the previous dynasty.

All the tombs in the Western Han Dynasty, except Fuling of Wendi and Ling Du of Xuan Di, are located in the original site of Xianyang. Among them, the Mausoleum of Emperor Gaozu, the Mausoleum of Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, Ping Ling of Zhao Di, the Mausoleum of Huidi and the Mausoleum of Jingdi all set up Lingyi, which became the satellite cities of Chang 'an in Han Dynasty. According to the analysis of relevant data, the name of the original Han tomb in Xianyang has its origin. For example, Changling and Anling take Chang 'an, Yangling takes Qin Geyang County, Ping Ling takes Pingyuan Township, Weicheng, Yanling Township, Maoling Township and Duxian County, and Baling is named after Bashui. Although Yiling and Kangling are not documented, they may also be related to place names. Cemetery construction is a national project of feudal dynasties in past dynasties. "The son of heaven will be a great craftsman next year, with seven hectares of land and one hectare of Zhong Fang; Thirteen feet deep; The altar is three feet high and the tomb is twelve feet high. " The plane layout of the Han Tomb is centered on the magnificent body rammed by hand, surrounded by mausoleum walls and doors, forming a cross-shaped symmetrical layout, which is consistent with other ritual buildings left over from the Western Han Dynasty-ancestral temple, Tang Ming or Biyong. Above the mausoleum, the system of the Warring States period was inherited and sacrificial buildings were arranged. Looking at Xianyang Yuan from a distance, the location is very high and the mausoleum is magnificent, which is extremely impressive. There is a poem in Zhao Jinbing: "No one is seen by the Weishui Bridge, and my mother-in-law is lying on the unicorn, which will be famous for thousands of years and become the dust of Xianyang."

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was brilliant. During his reign, he adopted a series of strategic measures, which had a far-reaching impact not only on the Western Han Dynasty, but also on the feudal society in China for two thousand years. During his reign, it was the heyday of the Western Han Dynasty and the golden age of the early feudal society in China, and Maoling was the product of this era. In the fifty-fourth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Maoling was built in the fifty-third year. When he buried Maoling, the trees on the ground had been broken. Because Maoling was built for a long time, there were too many funerary objects in it. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the peasant rebels opened the door of admiration in Maoling, and a large number of rebels moved the funerary objects in the mausoleum for almost a few days, but "the objects in the mausoleum cannot be halved." Maoling is also the largest one in the Western Han Dynasty. According to Guan Zhong's record quoted in Chang 'an Annals (Volume 14), "The tombs in the Han Dynasty were twelve feet high, but the tombs were fourteen feet high, that is, one hundred and forty steps." The measured bottom and top of the enclosure in Maoling are square, with the bottom side being 230 meters long, the top side being 40 meters long and the enclosure height being 46.5 meters ... Located in front of the tomb of Han Jiang Huo Qubing on the east side of Maoling, the stone carvings in Maoling are carved according to the natural boulder shape, paying attention to the internal expression, and only carving in key parts, with natural outline and romantic style. It is the earliest and most complete stone carving art treasure of large tombs in China.

Setting a mausoleum near the emperor's mausoleum is a great innovation of the mausoleum system in Han Dynasty. According to Guan Zhongji, there are seven tombs of the people in the Western Han Dynasty. Except for Baling and Ling Du, which are in Chang 'an, the five cities of Changling, Anling, Maoling, Ping Ling and Yangling are all in the original site of Xianyang. Due to political reasons, the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty were all located in counties, where rich people from all over the world moved, and immigrants built cities and became prosperous and rich places. For example, at that time, a large number of people moved to Maoling, where there were "more than three million heroes in counties and capitals". Except Changling and Maoling, there are 5000 households in each mausoleum. At that time, there were 270 thousand people in Maoling, and the total population of Wuling exceeded one million, accounting for one twentieth of the country and four times that of Chang 'an. According to relevant records, many famous people in Chang 'an of Han Dynasty once lived in Wuling City. For example, historian and writer Ban Gu lived in Anling City. Sima Qian, a great historian, and Sima Xiangru, a romantic genius, moved to Maoling, where husband and wife respected each other. For example, Qi Mei's Hongliang and Meng Guang are from Ping Ling. As an important measure to defend, consecrate and manage the cemetery, the mausoleum system in the Western Han Dynasty was inherited by later generations, which still has reference significance for the protection of ancient tombs today.

In the west of Jiutian Village, Shuikou Township, Binxian County, an ancient national site, there is a tomb that is not too high. According to legend, it was the burial place of Fu Jian, the former king of Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Fu Jian (338 ~ 385) was born in Tianshui City, Gansu Province. The former Qin emperor was born in Shouguang for three years (357 years). Fu Jian killed him to stand on his own feet and lost his name, calling him "the king of Daqin". During his reign, he tried to unify the Yellow River basin and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and conquered the western regions in an attempt to unify China. Unexpectedly, the battle of Feishui was defeated. After the disintegration of the former Qin Dynasty, he hanged himself in Xinping County (now Binxian County) and was buried in the first year of Tai 'an (385). Fu Jian's tomb sits south to north, not stick to one pattern, 3 meters high and in the shape of a pyramid. Locals call it "the tomb with long horns". The existing tombstones all bear the title of "Tomb of Fu Jian, the former King of Qin".

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were frequent regime changes, more wars than peace, insufficient national strength and poor people. As the last dynasty of this era, the Northern Zhou Dynasty lasted only 25 years, with three generations and five emperors. Due to the restriction of the social environment at that time, most emperors in the Northern Dynasties advocated frugality, and advocated that funeral expenses should be used, so as to combine frugality with ceremony and replace graves with funerals. Because the tombs of the Northern Zhou Dynasty are not sealed and trees are not sacrificed after burial, the location of the tombs of the Northern Zhou Dynasty has never been recorded in the history books, which has become an eternal mystery. According to Northern History, the five northern emperors were buried in Jingling, Ming Di Yuwenyu was buried in Zhaoling, Xiaoling Yuwenyong, Dingling Xuandi Yuwen and Gong Ling Yuwen Chan, but their burial places are not recorded. 1August, 993, a group of grave robbers robbed an ancient tomb near Dingjiabao, Zhangdi Town, Weicheng District. Later, archaeologists carried out a rescue cleaning of the tomb, and unearthed the epitaph of "Xiao Ling of Emperor Gaozu of Zhou Dynasty" and some pottery figurines and pottery. 1June, 1996, public security personnel cracked the case and seized the epitaph, Ashner's "Tianyuan Empress Dowager Seal" and other precious cultural relics. The location of Xiaoling Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty was revealed to the world. At present, it is known that the west of Liang Wudi is the burial place of important officials of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, so the other four emperors of the Northern Zhou Dynasty should also be located in the Jang Jin area at the end of Weicheng District.

Xingning Mausoleum is the tomb of Li in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Li's father, one of the eight pillar countries in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, was named Tang Gong. In the seventh year of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Li Yuan attacked his father. In the first year of Tang Wude, Li Yuan proclaimed himself emperor and worshipped his father as Yuan Di and Tong Bono. Xingning Mausoleum was buried in the north of Houpai Village, Weicheng District, Xianyang. There are stone carvings such as Shishi, Shi Hu and Shima in front of Xingning Mausoleum, which are simple and magnificent. It is an original stone carving in the early Tang Dynasty, and was announced as a key cultural relic protection unit in Shaanxi Province on August 1956.

Sui Dynasty was a period of great turmoil in China feudal society. In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty destroyed the Northern Dynasties and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and in 589, he destroyed the Southern Dynasties and the Chen Dynasty, unifying the whole country, with the name Sui and its capital Daxing (Jin 'an). After three generations of emperors, they were buried in Xianyang. Emperor Wendi, the founding emperor, was the son of Yang Zhong, a general of the Western Wei Dynasty. During his reign, he carried out a series of reforms in economy, society and military affairs, and was an excellent politician and strategist. However, in his later years, he built large-scale buildings, created unjust cases and slaughtered heroes, which aggravated social contradictions. In 604 AD, he was killed by his second son Yang Guang and buried in Tailing (formerly Yangling District of Xianyang City). The locals call it Yang Jialing. In 20 years (AD 600), he became a prince, and in 604, Guangjian succeeded him. During his reign, he was keen on civil engineering, spending money like water, being dissolute and tyrannical. In the 14th year of Daye (6 18), he was killed by general Yu Wenhua. Emperor Yang Di, commonly known as Emperor Yang Di. After the death of Emperor Yang-ti, Sanyi Cemetery was finally hastily buried in Yangling on the Xiyuan in Wugong County. In the seventh year of the Great Cause (6 1 1), peasant uprisings surged everywhere, and the Sui Dynasty was in jeopardy. In the 13th year of the Great Cause, Li Yuan rose to Taiyuan, occupied Chang 'an, and made Yang-ti's grandson, You Yang, as the puppet emperor, at the age of 13, and respected Yang-ti as the emperor's father. In the second year of Yining (6 18), You Yang was forced to step down and died the following year. You Yangling Mausoleum of Emperor Yangdi is located in the south of Rutai Village, Yang Hong, Ganxian County, and it is the most humble imperial mausoleum.

The Tang Mausoleum occupies a very important position in China Mausoleum. Among the eighteen tombs of Tang Dynasty in Guanzhong, nine emperors were buried in Ganxian, Liquan, Jingyang and Sanyuan, while Tang Xingning Mausoleum and Tang Shunling Mausoleum were located in the original site of Xianyang. Except Tang Gaozu's Mausoleum, Jing Zong's Mausoleum in Tang Gaozu and Wudong's Mausoleum in Tang Dynasty, all the other mausoleums in Xianyang are built on natural hills, because the mountains are all caves, and there is no need to tamp and seal the soil manually. Most of the tombs in the Tang Dynasty are centered on the mausoleum, surrounded by square or nearly square sacred walls and surrounded by holy doors. The difference is that there is an entrance to the south of the Tang Mausoleum, which is guided by Shinto and the South Shenmen of Que and Stone Statues. The stone carvings of Tang tombs are famous at home and abroad, especially the six horses in Zhaoling are lifelike, the sixty-one king in Ganling has different looks, and the stone lions in Shunling are tall, all of which have high artistic value.

Tang Zhaoling is located on the main peak of Jiuzhang Mountain in the north of Xianyang. Jiuzhangfeng is tall and straight, with ravines criss-crossing, surrounded by mountains and water, with Wei water in front and water mirror behind. The main peak is 1 188 meters above sea level, which is connected with the distant sky, with magnificent momentum and excellent terrain. Zhaoling Project was designed by Yan, a famous craftsman and artist in Tang Dynasty. Its plane layout is different from sitting west to east since Qin and Han dynasties, and it is not the "hidden burial" system in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but is designed according to the organizational system of Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty. According to "History of the Five Dynasties, Tao Wenchuan", "the palace system is beautiful but not different from the world". Gorgeous palaces are built on the ground, with towering pines and cypresses and giant poplars. Du Fu said in the poem "Re-discussion on Zhaoling": "The soul sleeps in the cave, and the bear is black and green. Look at Baisong Road again and see Wu Yunfei. "

Ganling is the husband and wife burial tomb of Li Zhi and Wu Zetian in Tang Gaozong, and it is an outstanding representative of the tombs in the Tang Dynasty. Ganling is located in Liangshan, north of Ganxian County, with an inner city area of 2.4 million square meters. There are three natural peaks in Liangshan, with the North Peak in the middle, which is the highest in height and volume. The two peaks in front face each other like natural gates. There are turrets at the four corners of the sacred wall of the cemetery, and the place for the temple is at the South Sacred Gate. There are 124 stone statues outside the gate, including a pair of huabiao, a pair of flying horses, a pair of suzaku, five pairs of stone horses and ten pairs of stone men. From south to north, there are 6 1 statue of Fan Wang. There are a pair of stone lions outside the four gates and three pairs of stone horses outside the north gate. Ganling was built in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, and Wu Zetian was overjoyed. This is a famous great project in history, and the quality of the project is strict. The entrance to the tunnel tomb is built with stone bars, and cultural relics are flourishing. It was a great achievement project of feudal dynasty.

Shunling is the mausoleum of Wu Zetian's mother Yang. Yang, a descendant of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, died in the first year of Xianheng in Tang Dynasty (AD 670). At that time, it was buried in a royal ceremony, saying that the tomb was not a mausoleum. After Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor, in the first year of Yongchang, his father was honored as the Emperor of Loyalty and Filial Piety, his mother was the Empress Dowager of Loyalty and Filial Piety, and the mausoleum was changed to ming tomb. In the first year of God's grant, she chased her father as Emperor Mao Xiaoming Gao, while Yang called her Queen Xiaoming Gao and changed the Ming Yiling to Shunling. The original area of Shunling Cemetery is 165438+ 10,000 square meters, which is rectangular and divided into inner city and outer city. The inner city (imperial city) is surrounded by gates, leaving only ruins. The mausoleum is about 13 meters high and 49 meters long, covering an area of 0.2 hectares. There are more than 30 stone carvings in Shunling, such as Stone Man, Shiyang, Shima and Shishi, especially Shishi and Qilin, which are magnificent stone carvings in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and were announced as national key cultural relics protection units in March 196 1.

After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the eastward movement of the national political center, Xianyang lost its capital status, thus ending the history of building the imperial mausoleum in 2000. Prior to this, the imperial mausoleum has been fixed on the land of Xianyang, becoming a unique landscape.