Brief introduction of film

1. Movie

2. Movies

A kind of comprehensive art, in which the photographed images are continuously projected on the screen with strong light to look like real moving images.

From talking about movies to now, it has developed into the era of science and technology, and a large number of movies made by computers are welcomed by friends under middle age.

Foreign movie advertisements There are eight signs in the movie advertisements in the United States and Britain: American X-a movie that is forbidden for minors to watch. G- ordinary audience can watch movies. R- adult audiences can watch movies. PG-Children must be accompanied by their parents when watching movies. British u- decent movie. A- Ordinary audience can watch movies. X-/kloc-Teenagers under 0/8 don't watch movies. Murder movies forbidden to children.

Film origin

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As a product of modern science and technology, the film database "The prehistory of film is almost as long as its history" has indeed experienced a long experimental process by many scientists, inventors and even imitators in European countries. Their scientific exploration and experiment on sports optical illusion can be traced back to the beginning of19th century. However, the understanding and application of "light and shadow theory" can be traced back to China more than 2,000 years ago. According to written records, in the fifth century BC, Mozi put forward the theory that "light dies when it reaches the scene (shadow)", which is the earliest and most scientific contribution of mankind to the "optical theory". The "Lantern Shadow Play", which originated in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and spread widely after Tang and Song Dynasties, is the earliest and simplest application and practice of "Light Theory". /kloc-In the 3rd century, "Lantern Shadow Play" was introduced to the Middle East, Europe, Southeast Asia and other places, which gave birth to vivid and touching video games such as "Slide Show" and "Walking Lights". Movies originated from these visual entertainment games. As for the scientific, technical and physical principles on which the invention of movies is based, there are mainly the following three aspects.

The first sentence in the film history section of the encyclopedia Britannica.

People watched movies like this a hundred years ago.

Let's travel through time and space and go back to the China Cinema a century ago. It is a small teahouse, a thatched pavilion and a piece of tarpaulin. On a simple screen, the image swings like heavy rain. ...

■ When the film came to China, the elegant Xu Yuan was the first to appear.

Soon after the film was born, it crossed the ocean and came to China. The first stop was Shanghai, and it was Xu Yuan who first appeared in Shanghai. From August 1896 to August 10, the newspaper published Xu Yuan's film advertisements continuously: "Guest appearance in the West, customized new exotic electro-optic fireworks ... displaying all kinds of antiques, exotic flowers and exotic grasses and music for the people to enjoy."

What does Xu Yuan look like? Where is the first stop of the film in Shanghai? In the Pictorial Daily published in the year of Tong Yuan (1909), the author found an introduction to Xu Yuan: "Xu Yuan, also known as Shuangqing Villa, is a separate business of Zhejiang silk merchant Xu Di. At the beginning, in Tangjialong, Laomen, although the land was only three acres, the flowers and trees were sparse, and the pavilions and pavilions were tortuous ... Today, I moved to No.5 Kangnaotuo Road, Baijiao, the new gate, and the layout was known to be its old gate. The area of the garden has exceeded five acres. The owner of the garden is the heir of the third gentleman with exquisite calligraphy and painting, Guan Yun and Ling Yun, the second gentleman ... There is such a garden in the ocean field, which is enough to throw away the secular dust. "

Movies can be shown not only in entertainment places like Xu Yuan, but also in temporary thatched houses. At that time, people called this kind of night garden: "Shanghai has night garden, which only started in recent years." It can be traced back to westerners' research on hygiene. At the turn of summer and autumn, tourists are forbidden to travel at night in various gardens, but people who know the advantages and disadvantages have built several Maoting pavilions near the concession boundary to provide a place for summer night tourists to rest. In the name of the garden, they not only sell tea and wine, but also rent spring movies on the beach.

It seems that in the early 20th century, on a midsummer night in Shanghai, there was already an open-air film screening. At that time, the content of the film was "nothing more than a big ship, coming from the vast expanse of smoke and waves, getting closer and closer." Seeing the activities of passengers, bustling, up and down ... there are so-called funny movies, which are nothing more than a troublemaker running away, people chasing after the police, the troublemaker rushing to knock down passers-by, knocking over the stall of vendors and so on. The disaster is getting worse and worse, and pedestrians and vendors are helping to catch up. Finally, the troublemaker was caught and made many faces. The audience laughed and thought it was funny. They left with satisfaction and let the audience come back to watch the second game and enjoy the wonders. "

The film will also be staged in a semi-mobile temporary tent: "The film will be shown in a temporary tent, with several long benches, and the audience will receive several copper coins, which are the guests who enter the stadium. Those benches on the gravel floor are uneven and uncomfortable to sit on. Too much for a long time. Fortunately, they are all short films. It will be over in a minute. "

■ The Qinglian Pavilion, which harbors evil people and practices evil practices, is noisy and lively.

There are also teahouses in the movie screening places, and the most representative one is Qinglian Pavilion in Sima Road. Because this is the place where movie mogul and Spanish remus rented a house to show movies for the first time. This is a well-known place integrating casino, brothel and gang activities.

Qinglian Pavilion, formerly known as the teahouse of the China General Association, is divided into two floors. Upstairs is a place for drinking tea, and downstairs is a place for various entertainment activities, and tickets are not charged. "What slides, peep show, playing marbles, rare birds and animals, height and deformity, and so on. It can be described as varied, for people to visit, and the business is very prosperous. "

This bustling place is where the film projectionist Remus made his fortune. He has a discerning eye and chose this teahouse with lively location, large flow of people and convenient transportation as his business place. However, Cheng's evaluation of Qinglian Pavilion in his memoirs is not noble: "Qinglian Pavilion is a rogue world, a human flesh market, a terrible place, a teahouse and a playground. Actually, it's a place to hide evil people and practices. Nine religions, third-rate, hooligans, gang brothers, patrol spies, sound transmission, fighting for money. "

It is said that in those days, Remus had a set of business strategies for screening movies here: "He rented a small room downstairs in Qinglian Pavilion as a screening room, hung up photos and put up advertisements, hired several Indians, dressed in colorful clothes, and boasted at the door with horns and bronze drums. When the film is shown, the curtain of the projection room is lifted from time to time to attract customers. Each film 15 minutes, one screen, with a pause of several minutes when changing films. It is shown several times a day and really makes a lot of money. "

Film principle

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First, visual retention.

"In ancient times, people found that a burning charcoal turned into a fire belt when it was waved." However, this visual phenomenon was associated with the invention of movies in the19th century. 1829, Joseph Prato, a famous Belgian physicist, stared at the strong sunlight for a long time in order to further investigate the tolerance limit of human eyes to light and the time for objects to stay, resulting in blindness. But he found that the shadow of the sun was deeply imprinted in his eyes. He finally discovered the principle of "visual retention". That is, when the object in front of people is removed, the image reflected by the object on the retina will not disappear immediately, but will remain for a short time. Experiments show that the retention time of images is generally 0. 1-0.4 seconds. At the same time, the principle of "Faraday wheel" and the visual study of the rotation of the picture "magic disk" have been adopted in physics textbooks and physics laboratories in Europe. They showed human beings that the physiological function of human vision can combine a series of independent pictures into a continuous mobile video. 19 In 1930s, visual toys such as stunt wheels, walking wheels, rotating wheels, movable mirrors and stroboscope appeared one after another. Its basic principle is similar, that is, draw a series of images on a rotatable and movable video disc. When the video disc rotates, those unremarkable images move and come alive. Since then, the Austrian combined the slide show with the movable video disc, so that the still picture was projected on the screen, and the movable slide show was made, forming the early animation. However, in the 1960s, film theorists and educators raised new questions about "visual stagnation". They found that all the action phenomena on the screen were actually jumping and incoherent, but the audience realized that it was a unified and complete action sequence. This proves that what really works is not "visual retention" but "psychological recognition".

Second, photography.

Photography also originated in Europe in the19th century. 1839, Daguerre, a Frenchman, fixed the image permanently by chemical method according to the pinhole imaging principle in painting after the Renaissance, and "Daguerre Photography" came into being. In front of consciousness, we can no longer be satisfied with a static, exquisite and single photo, but fantasize that one day they can be interrelated and faithfully copy the image action and the material realization of natural space. 1872, photographer Edward Curtrich was the first to apply "photography" to continuous shooting. In five years, he used many cameras to shoot a running horse continuously, which was successful in 1878. The talented photographer arranged 24 cameras in a row. When the horse ran by, the shutter of the camera opened, and the instantaneous posture of horseshoe and flying was photographed in turn. To this end, Edward? Curtain Ricky obtained the patent of "Method and Device for Shooting Moving Objects". 1882, French men developed a "photographic gun" that can shoot continuously by using the intermittent principle of revolvers. Later, he invented the film continuous camera. Finally, a camera began to use a group of cameras instead of curtains to shoot moving objects. In Europe, scientists and inventors from many countries also developed different types of cameras during this period. Among them, Thomas Edison of the United States and his mechanic Dick invented the traction method of punching holes on both sides of the film in order to make the film move at the same interval in the camera, which solved the technical problem of mechanical transmission. The "photography" of "mobile photography" is completed.

Third, projection

1888, Frenchman emile reynaud invented the "optical film machine", and people began to see moving films for a few minutes on the curtain, such as "Poor Pierre".

1895, when the Lumiere brothers showed the public the picture of the train entering the station, the audience was scared to flee by this almost vivid image. Since then, their cinematography has not only shown epoch-making significance in the development history of human documentary tools, but also the scene of the train entering the station symbolizes the origin of the development of film technology.

Film invention

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If you ask people in the American film industry, they will answer with one voice: "Edison invented it." But if you ask the French, they will say, "Lumiere!" "So who is the real inventor of this film? Answer: Both! According to records, 1888, Edison began to study photos of activities. When Hysmans invented continuous film, Edison immediately bought continuous film and asked William Kennedy and Rory Dixon to start research. The following year 10, Dixon put forward the research results, and he made it into a moving horse, which was the earliest success in the history of movies. After his success, Dixon continued to immerse himself in further research. 1890, he applied for a film patent and could take 40 photos every second. This is the originator of modern movies. 189 1 year, Thomas Alva Edison applied for the patent right of image projection tube and photographic device, and was the originator of the movie "Westernization Scene". The idea of Thomas Alva Edison's invention of "peep show" was that it was once very popular because it could only be seen by one person at a time and people's curiosity could increase their interest. Soon, Thomas Alva Edison established the earliest studio in the world, which greatly promoted the development of movies. At first, in Europe, some people were studying photos of these activities. 1895, two people in London, one named Budka and the other named R.W. Paul, improved the original recording studio and performed in public. At the same time, there are two brothers in France, named Louis Lumiere and August Lumiere. They mapped the photos to the screen, thus attracting a large number of curious viewers. The screening of the film kicked off. The Lumiere brothers then showed a film called "The Factory in Lumiere has Closed" at the Association of the Paris Awards for Industry. In the same year1February, 12 film was officially released in the underground hall of the "Grand Cafe" in Boussineau Street, and tickets were sold. In September of the same year, tickets were also sold at the World Expo held in Atlanta, USA, when the projection film was shown. It can be seen that as early as the beginning of the film, it has already formed an indissoluble bond with profit. Pioneer (Lumiere), a French chemist, invented the film camera and projector together with Yi Bei Road, and was a pioneer of film experiment.

Film projection form

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Super-large screen movie: It adopts 70mm film projection technology and is called super-large because of its huge screen. Its screen height is 2 1 m and its width is 30m, which is equivalent to the height of seven floors. The size of the screen is rare in the world. It has the characteristics of stable and clear picture and normal color restoration. The real and magnificent scenes on the screen give people a feeling of beautiful appreciation and touching. With the push and pull of the near and far lens, it will take you into exotic and beautiful nature.

Dynamic dome film: 70mm projection equipment is used in the hall, and the diameter of hemisphere curtain is 18m. When the audience is watching the movie, whether it is the edge of the screen, the transmission metal screen or the six-channel stereo effect, the whole picture is covered by a sphere, so that the audience can enjoy the changeable and vivid weather. The dynamic platform in the cinema is a high-tech system engineering integrating hydraulic pressure, automatic control of electrical appliances and computer animation. When you sit on the platform carrier, the whole carrier can rise and fall, tilt left and right, pitch back and forth. You can simulate a spaceship inviting you to visit space, or a submersible enjoying the strange sight of the underwater world. With the vivid pictures and the activities of the platform carrier, people can't help but enter the role and produce a very real and thrilling special feeling. Ball-screen action movie.

Water curtain movie: completely different from conventional movies. It uses a high-pressure water pump to spray water from bottom to top through a special nozzle to atomize the water and form a fan-shaped screen. This screen is connected with the night sky in nature, and people go in and out of the screen, up and down, creating an illusory feeling, like a mirage. At present, water curtain movies are rare in China.

Ring screen movie: Ring screen movie is also called 360-degree circular movie. The hall is circular, surrounded by nine screens, projected by nine projectors at the same time. When watching, the audience will stand in the center of the circle, look forward and back, and look around, dazzling and spectacular. With the multi-channel stereo effect, a strong sense of immersion will be presented to you.

Stereo film: It is a peculiar spatial image and stereoscopic effect produced by combining the optical principle with the parallax of human eyes. When you wear special polarized glasses, you will feel that everything on the screen is like nature, with different distances from front to back, and some scenes are close at hand, as if at your fingertips. When an object pushes towards you quickly, you will feel that it suddenly hits your head, which will surprise you.

P2p network movie: With the development of the Internet, P2P, as a new form of online movie playing, has become a favorite movie playing situation for the majority of netizens because of its advantages of fast speed, less buffering and fewer cards. The online movie playing form is also called online movie, which allows you to see the movie you want in the ocean of the network without leaving home.

Film genre

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Some of the most basic film types are usually divided into two categories. There are differences between general documentaries and feature films, live-action films and cartoons, and "mainstream films" and experimental or avant-garde films. However, these classifications are not strict and are often mixed together.

Filmmakers and critics also use "genre films" to divide films. Class fraud is not easy to define, but easy to identify. Such as westerns, musicals, action movies, horror movies, comedies and romantic movies.