Check out the Nobel laureates and research topics in physiology and medicine in the past thirty years; the Nobel laureates and topics in physics or chemistry related to cell research in the past fifty

Check out the Nobel laureates and research topics in physiology and medicine in the past thirty years; the Nobel laureates and topics in physics or chemistry related to cell research in the past fifty years.

65. In 1970, Bernard Katz (UK), Ulf von Euler (Sweden), and Julius Axelrod (USA) discovered the body fluid transmission substances in nerve endings and their storage, release, and inactivation mechanisms.

66. In 1971, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. (USA) discovered the mechanism of hormone action.

67. In 1972, Gerald Edelman (USA) and Rodney R. Porter (UK) discovered the chemical structure of antibodies.

68. In 1973, Karl von Frisch (Austria), Konrad Lorenz (Austria), and Nikolaas Tinbergen (UK) discovered the behavioral patterns of individual animals and groups.

69. In 1974, Albert Claude (Belgium), Christian de Duve (Belgium), and George E. Palade (USA) made relevant discoveries about cell structure and function.

70. In 1975, David Baltimore (USA), Renato Dulbecco (USA), and Howard Martin Temin (USA) discovered the interaction between tumor viruses and cellular genetic material.

71. In 1976, Baruch S. Blumberg (USA) and D. Carleton Gajdusek (USA) discovered new mechanisms for the generation and spread of infectious diseases.

72. In 1977, Roger Guillemin (USA) and Andrew V. Schally (USA) discovered polypeptide hormones secreted by the brain; Rosalyn Yalow (USA) developed polypeptides Radioimmunoassay for hormones.

73. In 1978, Werner Arber (Switzerland), Daniel Nathans (USA), and Hamilton O. Smith (USA) discovered restriction enzymes and their applications in molecular genetics.

74. In 1979, Allan M. Cormack (USA) and Godfrey N. Hounsfield (UK) developed computer-aided X-ray tomography.

75. In 1980, Baruj Benacerraf (USA), Jean Dausset (France), George D. Snell (USA), for discovering the genetic basis of cell surface regulation of immune responses.

76. In 1981, Roger W. Sperry (USA) discovered the functional differences between the left and right hemispheres of the brain; David H. Hubel (USA) and Torsten N. Wiesel (Sweden), about information processing in the visual system Research.

77. In 1982, Sune K. Bergstr?m (Sweden), Bengt I. Samuelsson (Swedish), and John R. Vane (UK) discovered prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.

78. In 1983, Barbara McClintock (USA) discovered mobile genes.

79. 1984, Niels K. Jerne (Denmark), Georges J.F. K?hler (Germany), César Milstein (UK), research on the theory of immune control mechanism and development and preparation of monoclonal antibodies.

80. 1985, Michael S. Brown (USA), Joseph L. Goldstein (USA), research on the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.

81. In 1986, Stanley Cohen (USA) and Rita Levi-Montalcini (Italy) discovered growth factors.

82. In 1987, Susumu Tonegawa (Japan) discovered the genetic principle of antibody diversity.

83. 1988, James W. Black (UK), Gertrude B. Elion (USA), George H. Hitchings (USA), research on principles related to drug development.

84. In 1989, J. Michael Bishop (USA) and Harold E. Varmus (USA) discovered the production of retroviral proto-oncogene (oncogene) in cells.

85. 1990, Joseph E. Murray (USA) and E. Donnall Thomas (USA), research on human organ and cell transplantation.

86. In 1991, Erwin Neher (Germany) and Bert Sakmann (Germany) discovered the function of ion channels on the cell membrane.

87. In 1992, Edmond H. Fischer (USA) and Edwin G. Krebs (USA) studied protein reversible phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.

88. In 1993, Richard J. Roberts (USA) and Phillip A. Sharp (USA) discovered split genes.

89. In 1994, Alfred G. Gilman (USA) and Martin Rodbell (USA) discovered the role of G protein (a protein that transports GTP) in cell signaling. effect.

90. In 1995, Edward B. Lewis (USA), Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (Germany), and Eric F. Wieschaus (USA) discovered the genetic regulation mechanism in early embryonic development.

91. In 1996, Peter C. Doherty (Australia) and Rolf M. Zinkernagel (Switzerland) discovered the immune protective properties of cell mediators.

92. In 1997, Stanley B. Prusiner (USA) discovered a new protein pathogenic factor, prion protein.

93. 1998, Robert F. Furchgott (USA), Louis J. Ignarro (USA), Ferid Murad (USA) Murad, USA), discovered the signaling function of nitric oxide in the heart blood vessels.

94. In 1999, Günter Blobel (USA) discovered that proteins have intrinsic signaling substances that control their delivery to specific locations within cells.

95. 2000, Arvid Carlsson (Sweden), Paul Greengard (USA), Eric R. Kandel (USA), on signal transduction in the nervous system research on aspects.

96. 2001, Leland H. Hartwell (USA), R. Timothy Hunt (UK), Paul North (Paul M. Nurse, UK) for discovering key regulators of the cell cycle.

97. 2002, Sydney Brenner (UK), H. Robert Horvitz (USA), John E. Sulston, UK), discovered the genetic regulation mechanism of organ development and programmed cell death (programmed apoptosis).

98. In 2003, Paul Lauterbur (USA) and Peter Mansfield (UK) conducted research on MRI.

99. 2004, Richard Axel (USA) and Linda Buck (USA), research on the sense of smell.

100. In 2005, Barry J. Marshall (Australia) and J. Robin Warren (Australia) discovered Helicobacter pylori and its effect on peptic ulcer. The pathogenesis of the disease.

101. In 2006, Andrew Farr (USA) and Craig Mello (USA) discovered the RNA (ribonucleic acid) interference mechanism.

102. In 2007, American scientists Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies, and British scientist Martin Evans. The three scientists received the honor "for a series of groundbreaking discoveries involving embryonic stem cells and mammalian DNA recombination." These discoveries have led to a powerful technique often referred to as "gene targeting."

The international team achieved genetic changes in mice by using embryonic stem cells.

2009 Nobel Prize in Medicine 103. In 2008, German scientist Harald Zur Hausen won the honor for discovering that human papilloma virus causes cervical cancer, and two French scientists won the award. Scientists Fran?oise Barr-Sinoussi and Luc Montagny were awarded the honor for their discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus.

104. In 2009, Elizabeth H. Blackburn of the University of San Francisco, California, USA, and Carol W. Greider of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, USA ), Jack W. Szostak of Harvard Medical School in the United States received this honor for his discovery of the mechanism by which telomeres and telomerase protect chromosomes. Elizabeth Blankbone came from the University of California, San Francisco, and was born in Australia in 1948. Carol Greder, from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, was born in 1961. In addition, Jack Szostak came from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He was born in London, England, in 1952.

1955

Vincent Du Vig neaud (1901-1978) American, synthetic peptides and hormones

1957

< p> Sir Alexander Robertus Todd, 1907-) British, studied nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes

1958

Frederick Sanger (1918-) British man, determined the molecular structure of insulin

1962

John Cowdery Kendrew (1917—) British man, determined the structure of hemoglobin

Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914-) British, determined the structure of hemoglobin

1964

D. C Hodgkin (Dorothy Crowfoot Hodekin, 1910—) (female) British, determined the structure of vitamin B12, a biochemical compound that resists pernicious anemia

1965

Woodward ( Robert Burns Woodward, 1917-1979) American, artificially synthesized sterols, chlorophyll, vitamin B12 and other substances that only exist in living organisms

1970

Leroy (Luis Federico Leloir, 1906—) Argentinian, discovered sugar nucleotides and their role in carbohydrate synthesis

1980

W. Walter Gilbert (1932—) American, prepared mixed DNA for the first time

P. Paul Berg (1926-) American, chemical and biological analysis method for establishing the structure of DNA

Frederick Sanger (1918-) British, chemical and biological analysis method for establishing the structure of DNA Bioanalytical method

1982

Aaron Klug (1926—) British, determining the structure of biological substances

1984

Brace Merrifield (1921—) American, studied peptide synthesis

1988

Robert Huber, German, first determined photosynthesis The three-dimensional structure of the reaction center reveals the structural characteristics of the module-bound protein complex

Johann Deisehofer, a German, determined the three-dimensional structure of the photosynthesis reaction center for the first time, revealing the Structural characteristics of mold-bound protein complexes

Hartnut Michel, a German, determined the three-dimensional structure of the photosynthesis reaction center for the first time and revealed the mold-bound protein complexes. Structural Characteristics of

1993

Smith (1932-2000)

Canadian scientist Smith invented the "oligonucleotide" that reorganizes DNA. The "site-directed mutagenesis" method, that is, the "directed mutagenesis" of targeted genes, won the Nobel Prize in 1993. This technology can change the genetic information in genetic material and is the most important technology in bioengineering.

This method first splices the normal gene and changes it into a single-stranded form of viral DNA. Then other small fragments of the gene can be synthesized in the laboratory. In addition to the mutated gene, artificial synthesis The gene fragments and the corresponding parts of the normal gene are arranged in rows, like the two sides of a zipper, all attached to the virus. The rest of the second DNA strand can be made completely to form a double helix. When a virus with this hybrid DNA infects a bacterium, the regenerated protein is mutable, but it can be selected and tested. This technology can change the organism. genes, especially in cereals, to improve their agronomic characteristics.

Smith's technology can be used to change the amino acid residues (orange-red) of the enzyme in the detergent to improve the stability of the enzyme.

K.B. Mullis (1944-)

American scientist K.B. Mullis invented the "polymerase chain reaction (PCR)" that can efficiently copy DNA fragments. ” method, which won the award in 1993. This technology can be used to produce large amounts of DNA molecules from extremely small samples, giving genetic engineering a new tool.

In 1985, Mullis invented the "polymerase chain reaction" technology. Since the advent of this technology, many experts can copy a rare DNA sample into millions for human body testing. HIV in cells can be used to diagnose genetic defects. Parts of blood and hair can be collected from crime scenes for fingerprint identification. This technology can also produce a large number of DNA molecules from minerals. The method is simple and the operation is flexible.

The whole process is to pour the required compound substances into the test tube, and continue to heat and cool it through multiple cycles. During the reaction, two more ingredients are added. One is a pair of synthetic short DNA fragments, which are attached to both ends of the desired gene as "primers"; the second ingredient is an enzyme. When the test tube is heated, the double helix of the DNA separates. For two strands, "information" appears on each strand. When the temperature is cooled, the "primer" can automatically find the complementary proteins of their DNA samples and combine them. This technology can be said to be revolutionary genetic engineering.

Scientists have successfully used PCR to amplify the genetic material of an insect buried in amber 20 million years ago.

The 1997 Chemistry Prize was awarded to three scientists, Paul Boyer (USA), John Walker (UK), and Ince Scow (Denmark), for their work on the energy currency of life - glands. Breakthrough in the research of triphosphorus

2002

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced on October 9, 2002 that the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry would be awarded to American scientists John Finn, Japanese scientist Koichi Tanaka and Swiss scientist Kurt Wittrich in recognition of their contributions to the field of biological macromolecule research.

The 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry recognized two achievements respectively. One was John Finn and Koichi Tanaka's "invention of methods for the identification and structural analysis of biological macromolecules" and "the invention of "Mass spectrometry analysis of biological macromolecules", the two of them will share half of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry; the other is the Swiss scientist Kurt Wittrich "invented the use of nuclear magnetic resonance technology" "Method for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution", he will receive the other half of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

2003

The 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to American scientists Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon for their discovery of cell membrane water channels and their discovery of ion channels respectively. Pioneering contributions to structural and mechanistic studies. The cell membrane channels they studied were the "city gates" that people had previously speculated.

2004

The 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Israeli scientists Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and American scientist Owen Ross in recognition of They discovered ubiquitin-regulated protein degradation. In fact, their result was the discovery of an important mechanism of protein "death".

2005

The three winners are Yves Chauvin of the French Petroleum Institute, Robert Grubb of the California Institute of Technology, and Richard Richard of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. De Schrock. The reason for their award is for their contributions to the study of olefin metathesis reactions in organic chemistry. Olefin metathesis reactions are widely used in the production of materials such as pharmaceuticals and advanced plastics, resulting in more efficient production, more stable products, and less hazardous waste. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said this was an example of important basic science benefiting people, society and the environment.

2006

American scientist Roger Kornberg won the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry alone for his contribution to the research field of "Molecular Basis of Eukaryotic Transcription". The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said in a statement that Kornberg revealed how cells in eukaryotes use information stored in genes to produce proteins, and understanding this has a "fundamental" role in medicine because humans have a variety of Diseases such as cancer and heart disease are associated with disturbances in this process.

2008

Osamu Shimomura of Woods Hole Marine Biology Laboratory, Martin Chalfie of Columbia University and Roger Yonchien Tsien of University of California, San Diego ) received the award for his discovery and development of green fluorescent protein (GFP).

2009

British biologist Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, American scientist Thomas A. Steitz and Israeli Female biologist Ada E. Yonath also received the award for her contribution to the study of ribosome structure and function***