What are the unique folk houses in China?

There are Mongolian yurts, quadrangles, Jinzhong compound, caves in northern Shaanxi, Huizhou folk houses, Zhejiang folk houses, Tibetan diaolou, Xiangxi diaojiao building, Hakka earth building and Dai bamboo building, each with its own characteristics in China.

It occupies an important position in the long river of history and can still be seen today. In modern architecture, quadrangles and Huizhou folk houses are the best preserved ones because of their strong compatibility, and they are still used by most people today.

First of all, yurts

Mongolian yurt is a kind of house where Mongolian herders live. Suitable for animal husbandry production and nomadic life. This bag is spacious and comfortable. It is wrapped in two or three layers of wool felt with a special wooden frame (supported by the fence of Mongolian yurts), and then tied with a rope twisted by horse hair or camel hair. Its top is made of "Wu Nai" and covered with "Bliss" to show the sky.

Its circular spire has a skylight "Taonao" and is covered with a square wool felt "Wurihe River", which can provide ventilation and lighting, facilitate construction, demolition and removal, and is suitable for rotational grazing.

The unique production technology of Mongolian yurts embodies the aesthetic and superb skills of Mongolian people, and has irreplaceable ornamental value, practical value, artistic value and economic value.

Second, quadrangles.

Siheyuan, also known as Siheyuan, is a traditional quadrangle-style building in China. Its pattern is a courtyard surrounded by houses, so it is named quadrangle. Siheyuan is a house with a concierge in front of Sanheyuan. If it looks like a "mouth", it is called a courtyard; The shape of "sky" is called binary courtyard; The shape of "wood" is called Sanjinyuan.

Generally speaking, in a big house, the first entrance is the gatehouse, the second entrance is the hall, and the third or last entrance is the private room or boudoir, which is the activity space for women or their families. Ordinary people are not allowed to enter at will. No wonder the ancients said that "the courtyard is as deep as a person." The deeper the courtyard, the less you can see its hall.

Siheyuan has a history of at least 3,000 years, and there are many types in China, among which Beijing Siheyuan is a typical one. Siheyuan is usually lived by extended families, which provides a relatively hidden courtyard space for the outside world. Its architecture and pattern embody China's traditional hierarchy of respect and inferiority and the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements.

Third, Jinzhong compound

Jinzhong Courtyard, also known as Shanxi Courtyard, is a model of residential buildings in China. It is said that the north is in Shanxi and the south is in Anhui. Southern Anhui is famous for its simplicity and freshness, and Jinzhong Courtyard is famous for its profundity. In Shanxi, there are still Yuan, Ming and Qing dwellings with a size of nearly 1.300, the most wonderful part of which is the Jinshang Mansion in Jinzhong area.

The building is magnificent, exquisitely carved and unique, with both North and South architectural cultures. The architecture here combines wood carving, brick carving and stone carving in one courtyard, painting, calligraphy and poetry in one furnace, and people, animals and flowers are integrated into one, with different postures and characteristics, which fully embodies the outstanding talents and artistic creativity of ancient working people.

Fourth, caves in northern Shaanxi

Cave dwelling is an ancient living form of traditional residents in the Loess Plateau in northwest China. The history of this cave can be traced back to more than 4000 years ago. In the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region of China, the loess layer is very thick, some of which are tens of kilometers thick. Working people creatively use the favorable terrain of the plateau to dig holes to live, and create cave architecture called green building.

Generally, caves are made of stone or brick, and the caves are covered with thick compacted loess. Large-scale caves can be made into multiple parallel or upper and lower floors, and other houses can be built outside to form a courtyard. The sinking type is to dig the courtyard patio downward on the flat ground, and then dig the cave horizontally on the shaft wall, which is divided into the main room and the wing room. The entrance ramp is in the southeast corner, which is warm in winter and cool in summer.

V. Hui Folk Houses

Huizhou architecture is one of the most important schools of traditional architecture in China, which originated from Dongyang architecture. As an important part of Huizhou culture, Huizhou architecture has always been highly respected by Chinese and foreign architects. Not specifically referring to Huizhou architecture, it is mainly popular in six counties of Huizhou, most of Yanzhou and surrounding Huizhou-speaking areas. Brick, wood and stone are used as raw materials, and wood frames are the main materials.

Huizhou architecture combines the aura of Huizhou landscape and the essence of traditional custom culture, with unique style, rigorous structure and exquisite carving. The comprehensive application of architectural carving art, whether it is the planning concept of villages and towns or the treatment of plane space, fully embodies the distinctive local characteristics.

Live together, face south, pay attention to internal lighting; Wood beam bearing, brick, stone, soil wall; Focusing on the main hall, he is good at carving beams and painting buildings, decorating roofs and cornices. Folk houses, ancestral temples and memorial archways are the most typical, and they are known as the three wonders of Huizhou ancient buildings, which are valued and respected by Chinese and foreign architectural circles.

Six, Zhejiang folk houses

Zhejiang folk houses are an important school of traditional folk houses in China. Using hydrological terrain to build can not only adapt to complex natural terrain, save cultivated land, but also create a good living environment. According to the climate characteristics and the needs of production and life, courtyards, open halls, patios, corridors and other forms are widely used, so that the internal and external spaces are both connected and separated, forming an open and transparent layout.

The rational use of materials, structures and some artistic techniques in form gives people a simple and natural feeling. The roof is built with tiles and the house is built with bricks. Live by the water.

Seven, Tibet Diaolou

China Tibetan Diaolou houses are generally built at the top of the mountain or by the river, with rubble walls. For the defense function, the house was built into a solid block like a bunker. Generally, there are three floors, one is to store and raise livestock, and the second to third floors are living rooms with platforms and halls. The hall is the most sacred place, located in the house on the top floor. Due to the lack of rain, the wooden structure is pressed with stone chips and stones.

Eight, Xiangxi Diaojiao Building

Xiangxi Diaojiao Building belongs to the category of ancient Ganlan architecture. The so-called dry film building is a house with a large volume, the house below is overhead, and the house above is covered with wooden boards (Zhuang Yuguang's dry film building).

This architectural form is mainly distributed in the south, especially in the Yangtze River valley and mountainous areas. Because of the water and rain in these areas, the air and stratum humidity are high, and because the dry diaphragm wall building is overhead in the basement, it is extremely beneficial to moisture-proof and ventilation.

The diaojiao building in western Hunan is built on the mountain. It is a two-story wooden frame made of Chinese fir, which is abundant in the local area. Because of the slope, the columns stand on the slope with different lengths. There is no partition wall on the lower floor of the house, which is used as a barn for pigs and cattle or for stacking farm tools and sundries; The upper floor is divided into living room and bedroom, and the gallery extends outward around it for the owner to work and rest in the gallery.

Most of the colonnade does not fall to the ground (it is convenient for the colonnade to pass under). The supporting function is mainly a number of beams picked out from the floor, and the colonnade is supported by them, so that the colonnade is stably suspended in the air. This kind of residence is called "Diaojiaolou in Xiangxi" because of its modeling and structural characteristics. This kind of house is still being built in the southwest mountainous area.

Nine, Hakka tulou

There are many types of Hakka earth buildings, one of which is the system of upper, middle and lower halls arranged in depth along the central axis. This kind of earth building, the lower hall is generally the entrance and exit, placed in the front; Nave is located in the center and is a place for family gatherings and welcoming guests.

Shangtang is the innermost place where ancestral tablets are enshrined. In addition to the unique structure, the window sill, porch and cornice inside the earth building are also extremely gorgeous and exquisite, which is really a wonderful work in China residential buildings. There are three typical Hakka earth buildings: Wufeng Building, Square Building and Yuan House. On the whole, the Wufeng Pagoda centered on the three halls contains obvious inferiority complex.

The layout of the square building is similar to that of Wufeng Building, but its thick earth wall extends from the upper room to the whole periphery. Obviously, its defense has been greatly strengthened. Yuan Zhai, as far as its name is concerned, shows two characteristics. On the one hand, in the circular building, three halls have been hidden, and the priority of ranking has been seriously weakened.

Ten, Dai Zhulou

Dai bamboo building is a typical Dai building. The lower floor is about seven or eight feet high and has four open fences. Cattle and horses are tied to posts. There is a terrace on the upper floor near the ladder, which has become a long big room, separated from the master bedroom by a bamboo fence as an important place to store money.

The rest is a large bay with a low roof, sloping sides, eaves, floors and generally no windows. If the eaves are slightly higher, there are small windows on both sides and doors at the back. In the center of the building is a fire pit that burns day and night. The roof is covered with thatch and the floors of beams, columns, doors and windows are all made of bamboo.