Who is the author of Wuthering Heights?

Woother Ringes is the work of Emily, a famous English poet and novelist in the19th century. Emily Bronte( 18 18- 1848)。 The woman writer died in obscurity after only thirty years in the world. It should be said that she is a poet first, and has written some very deep lyric poems, including narrative poems and short poems, and some of them have been selected into the poetry collections of 22 first-class British poets in 19 and the 20th century. However, Wuthering Heights, her only novel, has established her position in the history of English literature and world literature. She and Charlotte, the author of Janelle? Bronte ("CharlotteBronteD, 18 16- 1855"), and their little sister-"agnes? Ann, the author of Agnes Gray? Anne bronte (1820-1849), known as the three Bronte sisters, made a great contribution to the British literary world in the19th century. Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights, in particular, are like a pair of small but dazzling cat's eye jewels. When people browse19th century English literary heritage, they can't help but find that they are few and far between, and one of them is even more impressive. People can't help feeling sorry for this talented girl. If she doesn't die young, how many brilliant chapters will she leave to feed the readers' hearts!

Emily. Bronte's thirty years of life was a period of social unrest in England. Capitalism is developing, and its inherent defects are increasingly exposed; The contradiction between labor and capital is sharp; Poverty of unemployed workers; A large number of child laborers were brutally tortured to death (this is from the famous British poetess Elizabeth? Barrett? Browning (1)' s long poem "The Cry of a Child" gives some general information. In addition, the British government took high-handed measures against the democratic reform and the workers' movement: for example, the Peter Road massacre in 18 19 was an example. Therefore, the literary works of this period are also reflected. Our female writer Emily? Bronte was born in this era of struggle! She was born in a priest's family, and her father's name was Patrick? Bronte (1777- 186 1) was originally an Irish priest. 18 12 years, he married Maria? Branwell is his wife and has six children. The eldest daughter Maria (18 14), the second daughter Elizabeth (18 15), the third daughter Charlotte (18 16) and the only son branwell (18). The last four children were born in Thornton village, Yorkshire wilderness, and Mr. Bronte is the pastor of this parish. 1820, the whole family moved to howarth and settled in a remote corner of the wilderness. The three sisters spent their whole lives in this place.

When their mother died in 1827, their aunt came from Kangwa to take care of the family. Three years later, four sisters headed by Maria went to boarding school. Because of poor living conditions, Maria and Elizabeth died of tuberculosis, while Charlotte and Emily survived. They taught themselves at home with their brother branwell. This family has always lived alone, so the four brothers and sisters often spend lonely time reading, writing poems and making up legends. Charlotte and branwell wrote novels centering on the imaginary Anglian dynasty, while Emily and her little sister Ann created a Pacific island they called Gondo to make up stories.

Although their home is near the Howorth industrial zone, the house is between the town and the wilderness. Emily often goes for a walk in the wild west with her sisters. Therefore, on the one hand, the Bronte sisters saw the developing capitalist society in the town, on the other hand, they were also infected by the wilderness atmosphere. Emily, in particular, is taciturn on the surface, but full of passion inside. Although she doesn't understand politics, she is very concerned about it. The three sisters often read liberal or conservative periodicals and like to talk about politics, which is of course influenced by their father. Patrick? Bronte is a more radical conservative. He opposed the Luther movement in his early years, and later helped the Howorth workers and supported their strike. Emily and her sisters inherited his sense of justice and sympathized with the resistance and struggle of handicraft workers. This created conditions for the birth of Wuthering Heights.

The family income is very small, and the economy is quite tight. The three sisters often have to go out to make a living, teach or tutor to supplement their families. Over the past few years, they have experienced hardships and setbacks. Charlotte originally planned to open her own school, so she and Emily went to Brussels to study for a year, and later left because Charlotte was lovelorn. 1846, they raised funds to publish a collection of poems under a pseudonym, but only sold two. 1847, three novels of the three sisters were finally published, but only Jane Eyre was successful and attracted attention. The publication of Wuthering Heights was not understood by readers at that time, and even her own sister Charlotte could not understand Emily's thoughts.

1848, their only brother, branwell, died in September because of long-term alcoholism and drug abuse. Although the death of the tyrant in this family is also a relief for the three sisters, as stated in the Letters of the Charlotte Sisters: "Neglect and sin have been forgotten, leaving only pity and sadness ..." Mourning for branwell shortened Emily's journey to the grave in the same year1February. Their little sister Ann also died in May of the following year. At this time, the last members of the family are only Charlotte and her old father.

This talented young woman writer later became famous in the world literary world, but she left this world with such regret, so she could only taste indifference and silently bid farewell to the only three relatives in her family! When she was a girl, she wrote in a poem:

"I am the only one, destined to be alone, and no one cries and mourns; Since I was born, I have never caused a trace of anxiety, a happy smile. In secret joy and dark tears, this changeable life slipped away. Eighteen years later, I am still helpless, as lonely as the day I was born. ……"

In the same poem, she finally sighed:

"At first, the hope of youth was melted, and then the rainbow of fantasy quickly receded; So experience tells me that telling the truth will never grow in people's minds. ……"

But she really wants to cheer up and make a difference, but she can't afford to struggle. This painful ideological struggle and despair can also be found in her poems of the same period:

"But now when I want to sing, my fingers will pluck the silent strings; The chorus of the lyrics is still' Stop struggling', and everything is in vain. "

Madame Gaskell (1810-1865), a 19th-century British realistic woman writer, is a famous biography of Charlotte? "Bronte's life" ("LifeofCharlotteBronted") 6. There is a paragraph about Emily? Bronte's deathbed description;

"/kloc-On a Tuesday morning in February, she got up, dressed in ordinary clothes, paused from time to time, but still did her own thing and even tried to pick up needlework. The servants watched, knowing that the suffocating shortness of breath and dull eyes were of course a harbinger, but she continued to do her thing. Although Charlotte and Ann are full of unspeakable fears, they still have a glimmer of hope. ... by noon, Emily's condition got worse: she could only gasp and say, "If you call a doctor, I want to see him now." It's too late. She died at about two o'clock. "

Charlotte wrote a lot of words about her sadness and feelings after Emily's death in her letter, so I won't repeat them here.

Emily. Bronte's life is introduced here. Matthew, a famous British poet and critic? Matthew Amord (1822- 1888) once wrote a poem called Howorth Cemetery, in which Emily? Bronte's poem says that the extraordinary enthusiasm, strong emotion, sadness and boldness in her mind are unparalleled after Byron's death.

It can be said that the only novel she left behind shocked people's hearts.

As for Wuthering Heights, whenever we talk about western European literature in the19th century in the world literary world for many years, we will definitely talk about Wuthering Heights. Many famous critics and novelists have written articles about it. Such as: Virginia, a famous British woman writer? Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) ⑨1916 wrote Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights. She compared the two books. She wrote:

"When Charlotte wrote, she said' I love',' I hate' and' I suffer', which was eloquent, incisive and enthusiastic. Although her experience is rich, it is on the same level as ours. But there is no' I' in Wuthering Heights, no tutor and no boss. There is love, but not love between men and women. Emily was inspired by some common ideas, and the impulse to create was neither her own pain nor her own injury. She looked at a divided world and felt that she had the strength to piece it together into a book. That kind of ambition can be felt in all novels-a struggle with great beliefs, although some of them are frustrated. Through the mouths of her characters, there are not only "I love" or "I hate", but also "We, all mankind" and "You, eternal power ...". "

Arnold, a British progressive critic? Keitel () attending in the third part of Introduction to English Fiction when it comes to19th century novels, there are also articles on Wuthering Heights, he concluded:

Wuthering Heights shows people's spiritual oppression, tension and conflict in capitalist society in the19th century in the form of artistic imagination. This is a film with no idealism, no false comfort, and no suggestion that the power to manipulate their fate is beyond the scope of human struggle and action. The strong call for nature, wilderness and storms, stars and seasons is an important part of revealing the true movement of life itself. The men and women in Wuthering Heights are not prisoners of nature. They live in this world and try to change it. Sometimes it goes well, but it's always painful. They almost constantly encounter difficulties and make mistakes. "

Mao Mu (1874-1985) (⑾) introduced ten best novels of world literature to readers at the request of Atlantic magazine in 1948. He chose four English novels, one of which was Wuthering Heights. He finally wrote in his long article:

"I don't know any novel that describes the pain, infatuation, cruelty and persistence of love so amazingly. Wuthering Heights reminds me of Al? Grieco ⑿ One of those great oil paintings shows a dark and barren land scenery under a dark cloud. The gaunt figures dragged by the rumbling thunder stagger, and they are in a trance by an emotion that does not belong to the world. They held their breath. A flash of lightning flashed across the lead-colored sky, giving this scene a final stroke, adding a mysterious sense of terror. "

In a word, Wuthering Heights is a great work and is also known as "the most peculiar novel". But like Arnold? Keitel said: "Heathcliff's resistance is a special kind of resistance, which is the resistance of workers whose body and mind are degraded by the conditions and social relations of the same society (referring to Victorian society). Heathcliff is no longer an exploiter, but it is precisely because he adopted the standards of the ruling class (in a cruel and heartless way that even the ruling class itself is afraid of) that the human value contained in his early resistance and his love for Catherine disappeared. Everything contained in the relationship between Catherine and Heathcliff, as well as everything represented in human needs and hopes, can only be achieved through active resistance to oppression. " The social tragedy of Heathcliff and Catherine lies in Catherine's realization of the disparity of their social status, but her fantasy of "helping Heathcliff get promoted" through the wealth of the bodhi tree she envied, making her brother "have no right to ask". This is of course impossible. When Heathcliff reappeared later, Gil-galad suggested that he sit in the kitchen instead of being invited to the living room. This made a big mistake, and she fell into the net she knitted. And after she promised to marry Gil-galad explicitly said:

"In this world, my greatest sorrow is Heathcliff's sorrow. I noticed and felt it from the beginning. In my life, he is the center of my thoughts. If everything else is ruined and he stays, I can still live. If everything else is left and he is destroyed, the world will become a very strange place for me. I don't feel like a part of it. My love for Gil-galad is like a leaf in the forest: I fully know that when trees are changed in winter, time will also change leaves. My love for Heathcliff is like a constant rock below. Although it doesn't seem to bring you much pleasure, it is necessary. Nelly, it's Heathcliff! He will in my heart forever ... "Then she betrayed the person she loved the most, that is, betrayed herself, so she had to struggle to die in her own net. Before she died, Heathcliff severely scolded her: "why did you cheat your own heart ... you committed suicide." ..... misery, shame and death, as well as all the blows and pains that God or Satan can give us, can't separate us, but you did it out of your own mind. " He said, "I love those who hurt me-but what about those who hurt you?" How can I love him enough? "This led to Heathcliff's tragedy-he did not hesitate to take cruel measures to retaliate. He was abandoned by the private ownership society, but he still resisted by the means of struggle in the private ownership society. He had no property, but plundered it and became a manor owner himself; He was ridiculed, belittled and insulted by Hindley since he was a child, and he was reduced to the status of a peasant servant. A few years later, he retaliated against his son in turn, and his victory must be equal to his own spiritual failure. When he found that Gil-galad's daughter (that is, Catherine's daughter) and Hindley's son (that is, Catherine's nephew) had the same eyes as Catherine's, when he found that Hareton (Hindley's son) seemed to be the embodiment of his youth, he never wanted to raise his hand to hit them again. By his own admission, "this is a very bad ending", he has no desire for revenge, because such an "eye for an eye, tooth for tooth" revenge can only lead to loneliness and emptiness!

In any case, Heathcliff was a sympathetic figure at that time, and his revenge was understandable. For more than ten years, Catherine's lonely soul has been wandering and crying in the wilderness, waiting for Heathcliff, and finally Heathcliff passed away. Their souls are no longer lonely, they walk under the wilderness and rocks in the dark ... This is nonsense, of course, but as the author finally wrote: "I stopped at these three tombstones under the gentle sky and watched moths flying in heather and orchids. Heathcliff and Catherine, the two main characters in Wuthering Heights, left an unforgettable impression on readers in world literature. Their unswerving love is also a tenacious resistance to the old times manipulated by evil forces. Although their resistance was passive and powerless, their love finally defeated death and reached the realm of sublimation in the author's pen. And what about this talented woman writer Emily? Bronte, because of her unique works, always shines with unique and extraordinary brilliance among the bright stars in English literature in the19th century!

note:

1) Elizabeth? Barrett? Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861), a famous Victorian English poetess in the 19th century, is also a famous poet Robert? The wife of Robert Browning (1812-1889). He is the author of Portuguese sonnets and various anthologies of poems.

(2) Thornton village (Thornton)-a village name in Yorkshire wilderness in northern England.

(3) Luddites)-Movement-This is the181-1813 years' movement of burning factories and destroying machines, which expanded from socks weavers in Nottingham to major cities. This is due to the rapid development of the British industrial revolution at the beginning of the19th century, the serious exploitation of workers by the factory system, and the deterioration of workers' lives, which led to the spontaneous movement of workers against machines. It is said that worker Luther was the first person to destroy his working machine, so it was called the Luther Movement. 18 12 the national assembly announced the death penalty for those who destroyed the machine. 18 13 was inhibited.

(4) Poetry ("Poetry")-This collection of poems was published in London under the pseudonym of the three Bronte sisters. They used the pseudonym Currer EllisandActonBell.

⑤ Three novels-Jane Eyre, as an autobiography compiled by Kohler Bell; Wuthering Heights: As a novel by Ellisbell; Where is Agnes? Gray is a novel written by acton Bell.

⑥ Elizabeth Gerhorn gaskell (1810-1865) is a famous British novelist in the 19th century. Who is the author of Mary? Baden, wait. 1850 and Charlotte? Bronte met and became close friends. 1857. Two years after Charlotte died, she wrote this famous biography, Charlotte? A biography of Bronte.

All landowners Charlotte's letter-in Charlotte? After Bronte's death, part of it was revealed in the biography written by Mrs. Gaskell. Later, all Charlotte's letters were collected and published in 1899- 1900 in the seven-volume biography and letters of the Bronte sisters.

8 Matthew? Matthew arnold (1822— 1888) is an English poet and critic. He wrote many comments and poems. The most famous narrative poem is Sola and Rosis (1853).

Pet-name ruby Virginia Woolf (1882— 194 1) is a famous British woman writer in the 20th century. She is brilliant and has her own school. She is good at describing the psychology of characters by means of stream of consciousness. 194 1 year, due to external and personal reasons, she drowned herself. His works include the novels Mrs. Daley, The Waves, To the Lighthouse, In Action and a collection of literary criticism.

Attend Arnold? Keitel, British contemporary progressive critic. 195 1 published two volumes of Introduction to English Fiction, and commented on English novels, especially those of19th century, from the perspective of the development history of English novels. He selected ten masterpieces, made scientific introductions and had incisive opinions.

⑾ Mao Mu (1874-1965) is a famous contemporary British novelist and playwright. There are many works. Author of Karma (19 15), razor edge (1944) and other novels. Plays include Yuan (192 1) and Holy Flame (1928).

⑿ El? Herzeko (1541-1614) is a famous painter of religious paintings and portraits. Born in Crete, Greece; Studying painting in Italy. 1577 settled in Toledo, Spain (the city was the capital of Spain in 1087- 1560). Mao Mu's painting here may refer to the picture of his famous painting "Toledo".