Junior high school eighth grade geography courseware

Lead: The geography of the eighth grade in junior high school can be learned well as long as it is summarized. Below I share the geography courseware of the eighth grade in junior high school, welcome to refer to it!

Chapter I Vast Territory

1. From the eastern and western hemispheres, China is located in the eastern hemisphere, and from the northern and southern hemispheres, it is located in the northern hemisphere.

2. China is located in the east of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean.

3. From the latitude position, most of them are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the north temperate zone, and a few in the south are located in the hot zone without the cold zone.

China has a land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, next only to Russian and Canadian.

5. China's land border is more than 20,000 kilometers long, with four neighboring countries (Korea in the east, Mongolia in the north, Russia in the northeast, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan in the west, India, Nepal, Nepal, Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar in the southwest).

6. The coastline of Chinese mainland is over18,000 kilometers, and there are six countries across the sea from China: Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia.

7. The sea area under China's jurisdiction is 3 million square kilometers, and the adjacent sea areas in China are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea from north to south. The two inland seas of China are Bohai Sea and Qiongzhou Strait.

8. China's territory is divided into four parts: the northernmost part is the middle line of Heilongjiang main channel north of Mohe River in Heilongjiang Province (above 53 N), and the southernmost part is Zengmu shoal in Nansha Islands (near 4 N); The difference between north and south latitudes is nearly 50, and the distance is 5500 kilometers, which leads to seasonal differences.

The easternmost point is the intersection of the central line of the main channel of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River (above135 E), and the westernmost point is the Pamir Plateau of X River (near 73 E) (the longitude difference between east and west is 60 degrees, and the distance is 5000 kilometers, resulting in time difference);

9. There are Yanchang Yantian, the largest Yantian in China, in the Bohai Sea and Zhoushan Fishing Ground, the largest fishing ground in China, in the East China Sea.

10, the national administrative regions are basically divided into three levels: province, county and township. Postal code 2 1000 1, 2 1 indicates province, 00 indicates county, and 0 1 indicates delivery area code.

1 1. There are 34 provincial administrative regions in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the central government and 2 special administrative regions.

12, the population of China is characterized by a large population base and rapid growth.

13, the population distribution in China is characterized by the uneven distribution with Heihe (Heilongjiang)-Tengchong (Yunnan) as the boundary.

14. In order to adapt population growth to social and economic development and resources and environmental conditions, the government of China made family planning a basic national policy in the 1970s.

15, Henan province, with the largest population in China and the largest population density in Jiangsu province. The largest x Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

16. Among all ethnic groups in China, the Han nationality has the largest population and the Zhuang nationality has the largest population. More than 5 million ethnic minorities are Zhuang, Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uygur, Yi, Tujia, Mongolia and Tibetan, with 9 * * *.

17, Han nationality is distributed all over the country, most concentrated in the east and middle, and ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast. The most widely distributed ethnic minority is the Hui nationality, the most widely distributed ethnic group is the Han nationality, and the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities is Yunnan Province.

18 residential distribution has the characteristics of large mixed residence and small settlement.

20. China implements regional ethnic autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities, and establishes organs of self-government, autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, autonomous counties and ethnic townships. Our national policy is that all ethnic groups are equal regardless of size.

Chapter II Natural Environment of China

2 1. The topography of western China is dominated by mountains, plateaus and basins, while the eastern part is dominated by plains and hills. Topographic features: high in the west and low in the east, with ladder-like distribution.

22. The first step is that the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the southwest, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters. It is the highest plateau in the world and is called the roof of the world. The dividing line between the first and second steps is Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain, while the dividing line between the second and third steps is Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain.

23. The topographical features of our country are: complex and diverse topography and vast mountains. These four plateaus are Loess Plateau (where there are thousands of valleys and canyons), Inner Mongolia Plateau (where the ground is flat and endless), Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (where glaciers are widely distributed) and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (where limestone is rugged). Great basin Basin is Sichuan Basin, Qaidam Basin (the highest altitude), Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin (the highest latitude); The three plains are the Northeast Plain (the largest area) and the North China Plain.

24. Mountainous areas include mountains, rugged plateaus and hills, accounting for about two-thirds of the national territory. The common natural disasters in mountainous areas include collapse, landslide and debris flow. Special attention should be paid to the construction of ecological environment in developing mountainous areas.

25. In winter, the temperature in the north and south of China is very different; In summer, except the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the temperature is generally high in most parts of the country. The reason for the large temperature difference between north and south in winter in China is mainly influenced by latitude position, followed by winter wind. The 0℃ isotherm of 65438+ 10 is distributed along the Qinling-Huaihe line, and it is lower than 0℃ to the north, so there is an ice age. The south of this line is higher than 0℃, and there is no ice age. The coldest place in winter is Mohe, Heilongjiang, and the hottest place in summer is X Turpan. The lowest temperature in summer is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing are China's so-called "three furnaces".

26. The main index for dividing the temperature zone is the active accumulated temperature. China is divided into five temperate zones from north to south: cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone. There is also a plateau climate zone with high terrain, cold climate and vast area. Nanjing is located in the subtropical zone and Beijing is located in the warm temperate zone.

27. The general trend of annual precipitation distribution in China is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland. The place with the most precipitation in China is Huoshaoliao in Taiwan Province Province, and the place with the least precipitation is Toksun in Turpan Basin.

28. The contrast between precipitation and evaporation in a place reflects the humidity of the climate in this place and is also the basis for dividing dry and wet areas. The four dry and wet areas in China are humid area, semi-humid area, semi-arid area and arid area. Nanjing is located in the humid area, and Beijing is located in the semi-humid area. The vegetation landscape in different dry and wet areas is also different. From east to west, it is forest, forest grassland, grassland and desert.

29. Climate characteristics of China: The monsoon climate is remarkable, and the climate is complex and diverse. The biggest advantage of monsoon climate is that rain and heat are in the same period, but it will bring some disastrous weather such as cold wave, flood and drought and typhoon.

30. The dividing line between monsoon region and non-monsoon region is Daxinganling, Yinshan and Helan Mountains (400 mm isohyet).

3 1, outflow river: it is replenished by precipitation, and the flood season mainly occurs in summer. The rivers north of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains have ice age, with small discharge and short flood season, and some rivers have relatively large sediment concentration. The rivers south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains have no ice age, large discharge and long flood season. The flood season of outflow river is affected by precipitation. The longest river in the flood season is the Pearl River and the largest river is the Yangtze River.

32. Neiliu River: It is replenished by melting water of alpine snow and ice, and the flood season appears in summer, with small flow, mostly seasonal rivers, and the length of flood season is affected by temperature. Tarim River is the largest inland river.

33. Rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean: Yarlung Zangbo River, Nujiang River and Lancang River; Rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean: Irtysh River.

34. The boundary between the internal and external flow areas: approximately equivalent to the 400 mm isoprecipitation line. Neiliu Lake is basically a saltwater lake, such as Qinghai Lake; The outflow lakes are all freshwater lakes, such as Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake and Taihu Lake. The largest lake is Qinghai Lake (salt water) and the largest freshwater lake is Poyang Lake.

35. Bayan Kara, the birthplace of the Yellow River, is located in Qinghai Province. It flows through nine provincial administrative regions from west to east and flows into Bohai Sea in Shandong Province. Ningxia Plain is called "Jiangnan". The upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River are bounded by the mouth of Inner Mongolia, and the middle and lower reaches are bounded by Jin Meng, Henan. The riverbed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River gradually rises and becomes an "overground river". After the Yellow River flows through the middle reaches, it produces the most sediment because it flows through the loess plateau with serious soil erosion. In order to eradicate the Yellow River, the most important thing is to prevent soil erosion in the middle reaches. Therefore, the fundamental of harnessing the Yellow River is to strengthen soil and water conservation in the middle reaches.

36. The Yangtze River originates in the Tanggula Mountains and is located in Qinghai Province. From west to east, it flows through 1 1 provincial administrative region and flows into the East China Sea in Shanghai. It is the longest river with the largest amount of water and the widest drainage area in China, and is known as "water treasure house" and "golden waterway". The dividing point of the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River is Yichang, Hubei, and the dividing point of the middle and lower reaches is Hukou, Jiangxi. The hydropower resources of the Yangtze River are mainly concentrated in the middle and upper reaches. Yibin is navigable in the following four seasons. Jingjiang River is known as the "nine-bend ileum", and the treatment measure of this section is to bend and straighten. There are three main sources that threaten the flood in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: the main tributaries above Yichang, the two major water systems of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, and the Han River in the north.

37. To master the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, we should put the knowledge points on the map: origin, source, ocean, division of upper, middle and lower reaches, provinces, topography, main tributaries, major water conservancy hubs and major cities along the route.

Chapter III Natural Resources in China

38. Natural resources that can be renewed, regenerated or recovered in a relatively short period of time are renewable resources (land, forest, water, hydropower, etc.). ); Less used natural resources are non-renewable resources (mineral resources, etc.). ). Renewable resources can be used permanently if they are used reasonably and protected and cultivated; We should cherish and save the use of non-renewable resources.

39. The basic national conditions of China's natural resources are vast territory, abundant resources and large population. China's natural resources are characterized by abundant total amount and insufficient per capita.

40. Land resources are divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land according to land use and land use status. Cultivated land, woodland and grassland are all agricultural land. Construction land is non-agricultural land.

4 1, China's per capita possession of land resources is small, the proportion of all kinds of land resources is not reasonable, mainly cultivated land, forest land, difficult to use, lack of reserve land resources, the contradiction between people and land is particularly prominent. (Cultivated land per capita is 65,438+0/3 of the world average)

42. The land resources in China are unevenly distributed. Cultivated land and forest land are mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon region, with humid climate, cultivated land is mainly distributed in the eastern plains and low hills, and forest land is mainly distributed in mountainous areas; Grassland is mainly distributed in the inland areas of the west where the annual average precipitation is less than 400 mm, and the regional distribution of water and soil resources is uneven, which is characterized by more land in the north and less water in the south.

43. The phenomena of man-made destruction of land resources include soil erosion, land desertification and indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land.

44. Cherishing and rationally utilizing every inch of land and effectively protecting cultivated land is a basic national policy of land and resources.

45. Of the water on the earth, seawater accounts for 97% and fresh water accounts for 2.5%. Most of the fresh water resources on the earth are polar and alpine glaciers, and the rest are deep groundwater, accounting for 98%. At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater, accounting for only 0.3% of the total freshwater resources.

46. China's total water resources are less than Brazil, Russian Federation, Canadian, American and Indonesian, ranking sixth in the world. If calculated per capita, it is only 65438+ 0/4 of the world average. (Rich in total, less per capita)

47. Affected by monsoon climate, the distribution of water resources in China is uneven in time and space; In terms of time distribution, precipitation is concentrated in summer and less in winter and spring. Measures to effectively regulate the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity, such as the construction of the Three Gorges Project and Xiaolangdi Water Control Project. In terms of spatial distribution, China's water resources are more in the south and less in the north, especially in North China and Northwest China. There is a large population and a small land in the north, and the unreasonable coordination of water and soil resources further aggravates the water shortage in the north. One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions is inter-basin water transfer. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project is to transfer water from the Yangtze River system to North China and Northwest China, which are seriously short of water.

48. One of the important ways to solve the problem of water shortage in China is to save water and protect water resources. In view of the serious shortage of water resources in China, saving water is particularly important.

49. Reasons for water shortage: Natural reasons: ① The available fresh water resources are limited; ② uneven distribution of water resources in time and space; Man-made reasons: ① With the growth of population, the development of social economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the demand for fresh water resources is increasing day by day; ② Water pollution; ③ Waste of water resources; ④ The utilization rate of water resources is low.

50. The main measures to solve the shortage of water resources are: inter-basin water transfer (to solve the uneven spatial distribution); Building reservoirs and water conservancy projects (solving the uneven distribution of time); Save water and protect water resources; Prevent and control water pollution.

Chapter IV Economic Development of China

5 1, traffic is compared to the "pioneer" of economic development;

52. Modern modes of transportation:

Advantages and disadvantages of transportation mode

The railway transportation volume is large, the freight rate is low, the speed is fast, the investment is large, the construction period is long and the short-distance transportation cost is high.

The highway is fast, flexible, easy to load and unload, with small traffic volume and high freight rate.

Waterway transportation is large, the freight rate is low, the investment is small, the speed is slow, and it is greatly limited by natural conditions.

Aviation is fast, efficient, the fastest transportation volume is small, the freight rate is high, and it is greatly affected by the weather.

Pipeline transportation capacity is large, loss is small, continuity is strong, special pipelines need to be laid, investment is large and flexibility is poor.

The most important mode of transportation is railway, the most flexible door-to-door mode of transportation is highway, the means of transportation and lines are integrated, and the mode of transportation for transporting liquids and gases is pipeline.

53. Transportation network: Railway lines, highway lines, air routes and air routes are the "lifelines" of China's economic development. Distribution characteristics: high density in the east and low density in the west.

54. The main railway lines and starting and ending points in China can be located on the map.

55. Railway Hub: Where do hub cities such as Beijing, Zhengzhou, Xuzhou, Zhuzhou, Lanzhou and Chengdu meet?

The railway trunk line passes through the railway hub in the provinces and cities to which the railway hub belongs.

Beijing beijing Beijing-Shanghai Line, Beijing-Kowloon Line, Beijing-Guangzhou Line, Beijing-Harbin Line and Beijing-Baotou Line.

Zhengzhou-Henan Jingguang Line and Longhai Line

Xuzhou Jiangsu Jinghu Line and Longhai Line

Zhuzhou Hunan Jingguang Line, Zhejiang-Jiangxi Line and Hunan-Guizhou Line

Langan Longhai Line, Lanxin Line and Baolan Line

Chengdu-Sichuan Baocheng Line and Chengdu-Kunming Line

56. Choose a reasonable mode of transportation: most of the precious or urgently needed small quantities of goods are transported by air. Goods that are prone to death or deterioration in a short distance are mostly transported by road. For bulky goods and long-distance transportation, railway or waterway transportation is generally selected. Long-distance transportation of natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and liquid generally chooses pipeline transportation.

57. Agriculture is the basic industry supporting the construction and development of the national economy. Regional differences of agriculture in China;

① Differences between East and West:-Affected by topography, climate, soil, population distribution, development history and other factors.

Agricultural sector, agricultural distribution area

Planting in the eastern region is mainly distributed in the humid and semi-humid plains in the east.

Forestry is concentrated in three forest areas: northeast forest area, southwest forest area and southeast forest area of artificial forest area.

The eastern coast of fishery is the base of marine fishing and marine culture in China; The freshwater fishery in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is the most developed.

Demarcation line: roughly consistent with the annual precipitation line of 400 mm.

Planting: only distributed in plains, valleys and oases with irrigation water sources.

② Differences between North and South:-The main influencing factors are: differences in climatic conditions.

58, the development of agriculture should follow the principle of local conditions:

On the one hand, the development of agriculture should consider the differences of natural conditions, on the other hand, agricultural production is also restricted by local social and economic conditions.

① Natural conditions affecting agriculture:

There is less climate and precipitation, and the grassland is vast →→→→ "grazing is suitable"

Flat terrain, fertile soil and abundant water resources →→→→→ "Appropriate grain is grain".

The soil climate is humid and there are many rivers and lakes →→→→→ "Suitable for fishing"

The water source is steep and prone to soil erosion →→→→ "suitable forest is forest".

② Socio-economic conditions affecting agriculture: market demand, transportation, agricultural technology and equipment, farmers' cultural and technical level, etc.

59. Challenges faced by agriculture in China: population increase, cultivated land decrease, soil erosion, natural disasters, environmental pollution, low scientific and technological content, unreasonable agricultural structure, etc. Countermeasures: family planning, soil and water conservation, promoting agriculture through science and technology, establishing a stable commodity grain base, adjusting agricultural structure, and developing high quality, high yield and high efficiency agriculture.

60, industry concept, classification, status:

(1) Concept: It is a process of obtaining natural resources from nature and processing and reprocessing raw materials.

(2) Classification: light industry: an industrial sector that mainly provides means of subsistence.

Heavy industry: an industrial sector that mainly provides means of production.

(3) Status: Industry is the leading factor of national economy, the main source of national finance, and the fundamental guarantee of national economic autonomy, political independence and national defense modernization.

6 1, the spatial distribution characteristics of industry:

(1) along the railway: such as Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Shanghai and Harbin-Dalian railways.

(2) Distribution along the river: For example, the Yellow River Basin is an important industrial belt for energy development in China;

(3) The economically developed areas along the Yangtze River centered on Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan and Chongqing have been formed.

(4) Coastal distribution: Four industrial bases, special economic zones and coastal open cities are the core areas of China's economy.

62, the advantages and characteristics of the development of four industrial bases:

Characteristics of development conditions of industrial base: the main industrial industries, with the industrial center in central and southern Liaoning, are rich in coal, iron, oil and other resources, with convenient land and sea transportation; Shenyang, Anshan, Benxi, Dalian, Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan and other places are rich in coal, iron, machinery and petrochemical resources; they are a national famous heavy industry base with convenient transportation, concentrated institutions of higher learning and strong scientific and technological strength.

Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou has a vast market, convenient transportation, good industrial foundation and strong capital and technical force. The largest comprehensive industrial base in China, such as electronic appliances, chemistry, machinery, textiles, Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou and the Pearl River Delta, is close to Hong Kong and Macao, Southeast Asia and the hometown of overseas Chinese, and it is convenient to introduce foreign capital. A comprehensive industrial base dominated by light industry, including electronics, sugar, textiles, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Zhuhai.

Summary: The factors that need to be considered when analyzing industrial development conditions are:

① Resource conditions

② Traffic conditions

③ Market conditions sometimes consider other conditions, such as capital, technology and industrial base.

The advantages of developing steel industry in Shanghai are: developed transportation and convenient port; The consumer market is vast and the demand is large.

63, high-tech industries:

(1) High-tech industry is an emerging industry based on new science and technology.

The first high-tech development experimental zone established in China is Zhongguancun in Beijing.

High-tech industry is an industry with electronic information industry as the "leader", and its products are high in science and technology.

(2) Main features of high-tech industries: ① Among the employees, scientific and technological personnel account for a relatively large proportion. A large part of sales revenue is spent on research and development. (3) the product is updated quickly.

(3) Development characteristics: it started late, but developed rapidly.

(4) Distribution characteristics: China's high-tech industrial development zones are mostly attached to big cities, showing the characteristics of "large dispersion and small concentration".