Overview of Tibetan and Han bamboo slips in Peking University

Peking University collected bamboo slips of the Western Han Dynasty (hereinafter referred to as Peking University bamboo slips), including bamboo ink and official script.

There are 3,346 Han bamboo slips in Peking University, including complete bamboo slips and incomplete bamboo slips. More than 65,438+0,600 complete bamboo slips (if further repaired and restored, the complete bamboo slips should exceed 2,300). What can be verified is a large number of ancient books recorded in the Western Han Dynasty. Bamboo calligraphy is rich in content, which basically covers six categories divided by Hanshu Yiwenzhi. Among them, the primary school work Cang Xie Pian and the ancient history work Zhao Zhengshu belong to the category of "Six Arts"; There are Lao Zi, Zhou Xun and the ancient novel Historical Records, all of which belong to the "philosophers". What belongs to the category of "poetry fu" is "soul fu"; There are a small number of "Yin and Yang of the Soldiers" documents belonging to "Military Books"; There are three kinds of selected works of Japanese books and mathematical documents, namely, after publication, Colleen Chan, Liu Bo, Jing Jue and Xie Jie. There are more than 180 ancient medical books recorded in Ji Fang. Laozi is the first work in Peking University's Han bamboo slips. This is the third edition of Laozi unearthed after the silk edition of Mawangdui and the bamboo slips of Guodian, and it is also a well-preserved edition of ancient books in Han Dynasty. Compared with the simplified edition of Peking University, Guodian edition and Mawangdui edition are earlier, but the content of Guodian edition is only two-fifths of the handed down edition. Mawangdui is a complete version, but it is very broken. In the case that A and B can complement each other, there are still many incomplete sentences. Laozi, a short edition of Peking University, has been patched up, with 2 18 complete bamboo slips, and nearly 5,300 words (including duplicates) have been preserved, and the missing items that have an impact on understanding the book's meaning only account for 1% of the book's length. Among them, the titles of Lao Zi Shang Jing and Lao Xia Zi Jing have also been preserved. Shang Jing is equivalent to the handed down version of De Jing, and Xia Jing is equivalent to the handed down version of Tao Jing. Its genre is more similar to the choice of Huang Lao's theory in the early Western Han Dynasty, which can provide evidence for the integration and evolution of Huang Lao's theory and even the change of its status in the early Western Han Dynasty. From the Warring States to the early Han Dynasty, the main channel for the spread of Huang Lao's theory was private schools. According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Le Yi, there are two descendants in Le Yi who are good at repairing the words of Huangdi and Laozi. When the State of Qin destroyed the State of Zhao in 228 BC, they took refuge in Gaomi, Qi, and the local study of Huang Lao flourished. When Cao Can, the founding hero of the Western Han Dynasty, was in Qi State, he accepted the advice of "Beggars" from Jiao Xi and Huang Laoda, and thought that "it is up to the people to rule your country clean and honest". In BC 193 (the second year of Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty), Cao visited Cheng Xiang and ruled the world with the skill of "governing by doing nothing". Han Wei, who is in charge of the interpretation and reading of Laozi in Peking University, said: "Taoist inaction advocates the harmony between Taoism and morality, and the latter is extended to righteousness, courtesy, law, Confucianism and law. Focusing on social and political thoughts and ethics, it eventually became the mainstream of political guiding ideology in the early Western Han Dynasty. " In addition, each chapter of the Peking University short version of Laozi is marked with a chapter symbol, which is different from the handed down version, providing the most complete information for discussing the chapters of the ancient version of Laozi. Compared with the handed down edition, Guodian edition and Mawangdui edition, there are also many differences. Therefore, the simplified edition of Peking University is of great value in the literature collation and collation of Laozi. This will build a bridge between the bamboo slips of Guodian in the middle of the Warring States Period, the silk books of Mawangdui from the Qin Dynasty to the early Western Han Dynasty, and the various versions of Laozi circulated throughout the ages, which will help to further understand the formation, development and stereotypes of Laozi.

Secondly, there is an ancient lost book named Zhou Xun (Xun), with more than 200 bamboo slips and nearly 4,800 words. Zhou Xun's discovery will "restore the true colors of Taoism in the pre-Qin period"

This book records some important historical events from ancient Yao and Shun to the mid-Warring States period in the form of admonishing "Prince Gong" with historical allusions in Duke Wen of Zhou, and discusses that governing the country is the way to be a monarch. Its book may be written in the late Warring States period. This article is fourteen pieces of Zhou Xun contained in Han Zhi Daoism School, which has long been lost.

The third volume contains Zhou Xun, which is contained in Han Shu's Records of Literature and Art, but it has long been lost. Zhou Xun, a short edition of Peking University, consists of fourteen chapters, and Zhou Gong is used to admonish "Gao" on the day of changing Dan (the first day of junior high school) and at the end of the year. The second edition of this book will restore an important ancient book in the Collection of Western Han Dynasty, make people have a more real and richer understanding of Taoism in the eyes of Han people, and will also trigger a new round of discussion on the early Taoist school in academic circles, and promote the study of the ideological and academic history of the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. Some historical events described in Zhou Xun, such as the tomb of the King of Wu being stolen by the Yue people and the abolition of the illegitimate child burial system before his death, are not recorded in handed down documents, which provide valuable new materials for the study of pre-Qin history.

Zhao Changping, editor-in-chief of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, is most interested in Zhou Xun, which is recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi Zhuzi, but he has never seen it. Because the content of Zhou Xun is far from people's impression of Taoism today, academic circles have always been suspicious. Zhao Changping believes that a careful study of the description of "Taoists" in the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi will reveal that many varieties are not Taoists in the impression of future generations. For example, Guanzi, later literary works and classic records are mostly listed in Legalism, while Hanshu Yiwenzhi is listed in Taoism. These facts show that later generations' understanding of a hundred schools of thought is far from the original. "Zhou Xun's excavation just confirms the statement about Taoism in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, and Taoism is a historian. In the eyes of future generations, pure and empty Taoism is actually the last stream of Taoism in the pre-Qin period. Therefore, Zhou Xun's discovery helps to restore the true face of Taoism in the pre-Qin period. "

Zhou Xun, a bamboo book of Peking University, is the same kind of book as Zhou Xun, which is contained in Records of Han Shu Literature and Art, but it has long been lost. There are 2 1 1 bamboo slips with nearly 5000 words in Zhou Xun, and about 40 bamboo slips with more than 0/000 words are lost. The text of the book is divided into fourteen chapters, telling the story of ancient sages and explaining the monarch's way of governing the country in the form of "Taigong (* * *) Prince" admonishing "Taigong (* * *) Prince" on the first day of each month and at the end of each month. Some historical stories quoted from Yao and Shun in the mid-Warring States period are different from each other in handed down literature, and more are unprecedented. Judging from the historical events recorded in Zhou Xun and the characteristics of words, words and grammar, it should be a work in the late Warring States period.

According to the National Book Catalogue of the Western Han Dynasty, there are fourteen Taoist Zhou Xun with the same title and chapters as the bamboo book Zhou Xun. The Book of Han Yi Wen Zhi praised the historian as a historian, and "recorded the success or failure of the calendar, and the fortunes of ancient and modern times were happy". The content of the bamboo book "Zhou Xun" also conforms to this description, so we can conclude that it is the same book as "Zhou Xun" and belongs to Taoism in the Han Dynasty. The style and content of this book are quite different from the Taoist literature recognized by academic circles in the past, but some of them have been found in Taoist literature such as Taigong and Wen Zi. The school of "Huang Lao" in Taoism advocates the rule of the country by soldiers and the south by soldiers, which has the characteristics of "combining Taoism with law and adopting it by a hundred schools of thought". The form and theme of the bamboo book Zhou Xun are also consistent with it. The second edition of this book will restore an important ancient book in the Collection of Western Han Dynasty, make us have a more real and richer understanding of Taoism in the eyes of Han people, and will also trigger a new round of academic discussion on the appearance of early Taoism, and promote the study of the academic history of the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. Some historical events described in Zhou Xun, such as the tomb of the King of Wu being stolen by the Yue people and the abolition of the illegitimate child burial system before his death, are not recorded in handed down literature, which also provides valuable new materials for the study of pre-Qin history.

The third is an ancient lost book named Fake Record, with more than 3,000 words of bamboo slips1/kloc-0, which records a story caused by the contradiction between a scholar's wife and concubine. The plot is tortuous and the language is vivid. It should be the earliest and longest known ancient novel, belonging to Han Zhi's "Ten Sons". In the past, only one short story of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio was found in the Qin bamboo slips of Fangmatan in Tianshui. The chapter "Virtual Record" in Peking University Han bamboo slips shows the secular novels with long length, strong literariness and stories in the Western Han Dynasty. In addition, there are dozens of bamboo slips, which belong to various ancient books in terms of content and genre. Some of these contents can be found in Han Shi Zhuan, Yan Zi Chun Qiu, Shuo Yuan and other documents, but they are not completely consistent, and some contents are unknown. However, most of these bamboo slips are incomplete and cannot restore a complete chapter. There is a literary work in Peking University Han bamboo slips, with more than 50 articles, about 1200 words. The whole article takes the form of "soul" and "soul" dialogue, with unique conception, great momentum, rich rhetoric and rich arrangement. The style should belong to Han Fu, tentatively named Soul Fu. Through comparison, it is found that its genre and some sentences are similar to Mei Cheng's masterpiece Seven Hairs, but there are also many differences, which may be the works of contemporaries or imitations of later generations. Among the bamboo slips and silks unearthed in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, only a few poetic works, such as Le Tang, Fu of SHEN WOO and Poems of Wind and Rain, have been found.

Le Tang belongs to Fu style, and is considered as the work of Song Yu in the late Warring States period, but it is incomplete and difficult to restore the whole picture. "Soul Fu" on bamboo slips of Peking University is the earliest, longest, most complete and highest-ranking Han Fu among the known unearthed bamboo slips and silks, which is of research value for studying the formation and development history of Han Fu. Bamboo slips entered Peking University Seckler Museum of Archaeology and Art on June 5438+1October 2009165438+1October. Zhu of Peking University History Department presided over the arrangement of bamboo slips. Dongbo Hu, deputy director of the Cultural Relics Protection Department of the Archaeological and Cultural Institute, is responsible for the protection of bamboo slips. Later, the Ministry of History invited experts to conduct a general survey of bamboo slips, and designated a protection scheme for the preservation of bamboo slips. At the same time, the state of bamboo slips when they entered Tibet was photographed, and the first-hand information was preserved.

The bamboo slips protection and sorting team decided to start cleaning and taking pictures of bamboo slips in mid-March 2009.

From March 65438 to March 30, 2009, bamboo slips were cleaned and photographed. Dongbo Hu is responsible for the scientific protection and sampling of bamboo slips. Chen is responsible for organization, coordination and logistical support. Some graduate students from the Institute of Archaeology and Culture and the Department of History undertook the auxiliary work of bamboo slips and the task of data registration.

When bamboo slips entered Tibet, the original state was destroyed and the original arrangement order of bamboo slips was completely disrupted. Fortunately, these bamboo slips are of good preservation quality, and the cleaning work has not encountered much difficulty. You can take photos directly without decoloration. The bamboo slips after being photographed are bound and reinforced with glass sheets, numbered in the order of taking pictures, and numbered additionally. All words with and without words (including broken words without words) are numbered, * * * number is 3346. Song, a researcher at Changsha Bamboo Slips Museum, and Wang, Jin Ping, experts at Changsha Bamboo Slips Museum are responsible for cleaning up bamboo slips. While cleaning bamboo slips, the residual soil, braided ropes, silk books and lacquer pieces were collected and scientifically preserved for sampling and testing.

The work of taking photos of bamboo slips was entrusted by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House to Shanghai Longying Color Plate Making Co., Ltd., and high-definition digital photos were obtained by using ultra-high pixel digital photography. The printed photo samples have clear images and bright colors, which provide conditions for sorting, publishing and research. After bamboo slips are photographed, bound and reinforced, some graduate students measure and register their length, width, notch, rope weaving position and other data, and record simple instructions for checking. Then put them into containers respectively and soak them in purified water for preservation.

In the course of work, the staff make new discoveries almost every day, and gradually determine that the contents of these bamboo slips are all kinds of ancient books, rather than the usual laws, documents and files, which can be called "bamboo slips of the Western Han Dynasty".

From mid-April to the end of May, 2009, with the participation of Zhu and Chen, the preliminary classification and division of bamboo slips were completed. The classification work is first carried out according to the length, shape and writing style of bamboo slips, and then refers to the writing content and other factors; At the same time, some broken bamboo slips were spliced and woven. After the completion of this stage of work, scholars have a preliminary overall grasp of the nature and connotation of these bamboo slips, and determined that these bamboo slips contain nearly 20 kinds of ancient books in six categories, laying a foundation for further interpretation and collation.

The classification and interpretation of Han bamboo slips began in June. In the first stage, I selected Laozi and Cang Xie, which are important documents in this batch of Han bamboo slips, as the research focus. Zhu is in charge, Zhao Huacheng is in charge of Zhao Zhengshu, Zhou Xun, Laozi, and Li Ling is in charge of Japanese books and other mathematical documents (Chen Fuzhuo). By the beginning of 10, the preliminary explanations of Laozi, Cang Xie, Zhou Xun and Zhao Zhengshu had been completed, and the collation of Japanese books and other mathematical documents had also made progress. After these Han bamboo slips entered Tibet, corresponding protection measures were taken according to the protection experience of previously unearthed water-saturated bamboo slips: 1. Basic situation when entering Tibet: Bamboo slips in the Han Dynasty were in a state of water saturation when entering Tibet. After preliminary cleaning, most of the soil has been washed away, and it has been opened and mixed in 9 plastic containers, with a very small amount of braided rope residue. The original owner soaked it in glyoxal solution for preservation. The surface color of bamboo in Han bamboo slips becomes lighter, which is close to the true color of bamboo. Calculated by a single individual, the preservation status can be divided into three grades: bamboo slips account for about 50% of the total number of bamboo slips, which are soft and angular, without obvious corner rot and splitting; The damage below 20% accounts for about 20% of the total, some have rotten corners, and a few have splitting at one end; More serious injuries (less than 80% in length) account for about 30%, and most of them have rotten corners and splitting phenomena, many of which are less than 4-5 cm in length. The handwriting of Han bamboo slips is basically intact, and a few characters are incomplete due to simplification and deterioration. Part of the red pigment floats, which may be related to the thick pigment layer and the loss of pigment cementing material. 2. Cleaning and fixing: In order to facilitate sorting and further protection in the future, please ask the experts in Bamboo Slips Museum to clean bamboo slips with pure water. After taking photos, according to the preservation of bamboo slips, they are bound and fixed on both sides or one side with glass sheets, and numbered and signed. 3. Immersion preservation: According to the protection experience of water-saturated bamboo slips unearthed in the past, especially the protection experience of Zoumalou bamboo slips in Changsha, immersion preservation is still adopted before dehydration protection. At the same time, pure water immersion can help to remove glyoxal used in the original holder, which provides convenience for the subsequent dehydration protection. Bamboo slips are stored in the dark, the utensils are disinfected and sterilized, then the bamboo slips are soaked in pure water and used together with low-concentration quaternary ammonium salt preservatives. Staff regularly check and replace the preservation solution. The warehouse environment of bamboo slips immersed in water is kept at 20℃ and covered with curtains. 4. Safety management: Bamboo slips are stored in a warehouse with 24-hour surveillance video, and all workers and researchers entering and leaving the warehouse are registered with their real names, and the entry and exit time is recorded. In order to prevent the storage solution of bamboo slips from being polluted, all people who enter bamboo slips wear masks when they look at them. 5. The next protection measure-dehydration protection: After the Han bamboo slips are interpreted and edited, a protection dehydration scheme is formulated to carry out dehydration protection.