Gauguin, Van Gogh and Cezanne's Basic Life, Artistic Thoughts and Major Works

Paul gauguin (1June 7th, 848-1May 8th, 903), born in Paris, is an impressionist painter. Most art historians classify him as post-impressionism.

Gauguin's works tend to be primitive. Its color and lines are rough. Gauguin's works are often full of symbolic objects and characters. In the history of modern art, people often compare Gauguin with Van Gogh. They used to be good friends and painted portraits of each other, but in the end they stopped at different roads and did not maintain good friendship. Gauguin dislikes urban civilization and yearns for wild life, which can be seen in his works.

Gauguin 1848 was born in Paris, and his father Clovis Gauguin was a radical ideological and political journalist. 1849 left France after the failure of the "anti-monarchy" military coup. He planned to go to Peru to join his wife Eileen Marie Chazal's family and start a new newspaper, but he died of a heart attack while traveling at sea. Gauguin lived in Peru until he was seven years old. The exotic memories of childhood have a lot to do with his later wandering habits. Gauguin loved his mother and grandmother deeply. His mother didn't give in to difficulties and raised a pair of children with her own hands. His grandmother Flora Tristan is a famous socialist pioneer and feminist. These childhood family experiences have influenced his artistic creation style as an adult.

1855, Gauguin's family returned to France and lived in Orleans. 1865, he became a sailor. A few years later, he was promoted to second mate, and then he entered the navy. This voyage allowed him to sail to Brazil, Panama, Oceania, the Eastern Mediterranean and the Arctic Circle. Gauguin left the navy at 187 1 and his mother died while he was at sea (1867). With the help of his guardian Gustav Arosa, Gauguin entered the paul bearer-Tan Stock Exchange. 1873, Gauguin married Danish Mette Sophia Gard, and took the first step of middle class life. Soon after, he had his first child. In the following years, Gauguin gradually consolidated his position. Ten years later, he not only had a good job, a house in the suburbs, but also a virtuous wife and five children. During this period, he began to paint under the persuasion of Arosa and his colleague in the stock exchange, Shufu necker. Arosa is a tasteful art collector, who has collected many works of famous French painters at that time, while Shufnek is an amateur painter. Under their influence, Gauguin gradually went to the road of painter.

Gauguin met many avant-garde impressionist painters at that time under the recommendation of Arosa, and Gauguin actively accepted their views and accepted the guidance of pissarro, the founder of Impressionism. 1876, his works were exhibited in the salon, and then he participated in the Impressionist Art Exhibition for five consecutive times. Gauguin began to dream of becoming a professional painter, and there were also external factors that made him decide to change careers. 1882, the stock market plummeted, which made Gauguin feel the danger of being a stockbroker and strengthened his determination to become a painter.

Unfortunately, the art market is also impacted by the economic prosperity, which makes it difficult to sell paintings and affects Gauguin's artistic creation. 1884, Gauguin's family moved to Lyon. Although the living expenses of families have decreased, their income is still a problem. Later, Gauguin's family moved to Copenhagen, Denmark, and Gauguin became a salesman of waterproof canvas at this time. Due to financial distress and other contradictions, Gauguin moved back to Paris in 1885, and separated from his wife in June 1885, trying to establish his own unique painting style from the natural life he loved.

1886, Gauguin temporarily lived in Shuvnek's house and made posters for a living. At this time, he began to break away from impressionism and explore his own creative style. The biggest reason for Gauguin's change in painting style is the special custom in Brittany, northwest France, which has not been vulgarized at all and is very popular with painters. Gauguin first came to Brittany on 1886. Because of its long cultural tradition, unique language, national costumes and religious sacrifices (bretons is a descendant of the Celts), all these awakened his childhood and cherished his yearning for exotic customs and primitive art in Gauguin's heart.

1887 Gauguin and the painter Charles Laval came to Panama. Due to the lack of economic resources, they had to work as coolies at the Panama Canal site. Soon, they left Panama and stopped in Martinique. Life here is better than Panama, but Gauguin contracted dysentery and malaria and had to return to France. The trip ended in failure, but Gauguin was quite optimistic about his artistic progress. Gradually, Gauguin was slightly better than other painters in Brittany.

1888 10, Gauguin received an invitation from Van Gogh to spend the winter in Yael's home in the south of France. On the surface, this seems to be a good plan, but soon, the tension between them is deepening. On February 23rd, 65438, Van Gogh cut off his ear to scare Gauguin, and Gauguin returned to Paris.

1889, Gauguin visited the Paris International Fair and was deeply moved by the exhibits from distant countries, rekindling his desire to travel. This time he chose the French colony of Tahiti. He intends to "integrate into the pure nature of Tahiti and only associate with' barbaric' people and live with them". 189 1 In June, he arrived in Tahiti, but his first impression there failed to live up to his expectations. Babiti, the capital, has been extremely westernized, and this country is struggling under colonial rule. One hundred people have died because of the diseases brought by Europeans. Nevertheless, Gauguin was not afraid. He rented a small house in the countryside of Mataia and began to paint. The local life became the source of his inspiration, and the lush plants and colorful residents' costumes grew out of the colors he used. Most of his masterpieces were completed during this period, including several works depicting his lover Hart Mana, a boy of 13 years old.

The scenes in these paintings seem to show idyllic beauty, but for Gauguin, the old problems are increasingly prominent. He has run out of money, and he even has to paint with starch made of rotten bread and tree fruit. He also has health problems. As a result of successive sexual relations with indigenous women, he contracted syphilis, which was still incurable at that time and worried for the rest of his life. Besides, according to David Sweetman, the author of Gauguin's biography, Gauguin probably contracted syphilis in Rio de Janeiro. At that time, Gauguin was 4 1 year-old (189 1 year-old). He began to feel sleepy and began to cough up blood, coughing up a liter a day, as if his heart was about to jump out.

1892, he was sent to the military hospital in Babiti to treat syphilis heart disease, but Gauguin had never been treated with syphilis. Although reluctant, Gauguin finally had to apply to return to France at 1893. However, this is only his temporary retreat. Gauguin returned to Paris because he got an inheritance from his uncle and his economic situation improved to a certain extent, but the money made him leave France forever.

1897, Gauguin painted the largest (height 1.5m, width 3.6m) classic "Where Are We From?" Who are we? Where are we going? 》。

Gauguin, who returned to Tahiti, was once again troubled by poverty and disease, but his creativity did not diminish. 190 1 year, Gauguin went to the marquesas islands and spent the rest of his life there. His lower legs were covered with pus and bandages, and he hobbled along with crutches. His whole body aches. In order to relieve the pain, he is addicted to morphine and takes laudanum and absinthe. His mood became manic and his legs ached, so he used arsenic. He committed suicide by taking arsenic in the mountains, but it was not toxic enough to make him vomit. He complained of exhaustion and couldn't sleep at night, so he was exhausted. The eye is infected, it may be conjunctivitis. 1On May 8th, 903, Gauguin died of a heart attack. His cemetery is located on Shivaoya Island in the Marquesas Islands, and many tourists visit it every year.

Van Gogh (Netherlands: Vincent Willem van Gogh,1March 30, 853-1July 29, 890) is a post-impressionist painter in the Netherlands. He was a pioneer of expressionism and deeply influenced the art of the 20th century, especially the Fauvism and German Expressionism. Van Gogh's works, such as Starry Night, Sunflower and Wheat Field with Crows, are among the most famous, widely known and expensive works of art in the world.

Van Gogh began his education at 186 1. He did well in learning languages, including French, German and English. However, he dropped out of school in March 1868 and worked as an intern in an international art dealer company in July 1869. After a short teaching career, he became a missionary, preaching to poor miners. It was not until he was about 27 years old that Van Gogh began his career as a painter. But in the last ten years before his death, he created more than 2,000 paintings, including about 900 oil paintings and 0/100 sketches. Van Gogh only painted dark colors in his early days until he met Impressionism and Neo-Impressionism in Paris. Van Gogh combined their distinctive colors and painting styles and created his unique personal painting style. During his stay in Yade, France, Van Gogh gradually matured. Most of his most famous works were written in the last two years of his life, during which Van Gogh was deeply mentally ill, which eventually led to his suicide at the age of 37.

The central figure in Van Gogh's life is his younger brother Theo, who continuously and selflessly provided financial support for Van Gogh. Their lifelong friendship can be verified in their letter of August 1872.

Early life

Vincent Van Gogh, around 1866. (13 years old)

Vincent Van Gogh was born on March 30th, 1853 in Jin Dherdt village near Blardat in the south of the Netherlands. He is the son of Anna cornelia Ka Bentes and Theodorus van Gogh, and their father Theodore Ruth is a pastor of the Dutch Reformed Church. Vincent was named after his grandfather, which was also the name of his brother who was stillborn a year ago. It is not uncommon to reuse names in this way. Vincent is a common name in the Van Gogh family; His grandfather (1789–1874) received a degree in theology from Leiden University in181. Vincent's grandfather had six sons, three of whom were art dealers, including another uncle of Van Gogh. Grandfather Vincent was probably named after his father's uncle, the successful sculptor Vincent Van Gogh (1729- 1802). Art and religion are two professions that deeply attract the Van Gogh family. His younger brother Theo Van Gogh was born in May 1857. Van Gogh had a third brother Cole and three sisters: Elizabeth, Anna and Vermina.

Vincent was a serious, silent and cautious child when he was a child. 1860, he went to Zundet rural school, where the only teacher was Catholic and there were about 200 students. From 186 1, he and his sister Anna received the guidance of a tutor at home. Until 1864 10 1, he went to a private boarding primary school in Zewenbergen, the Netherlands, about 20 miles (32 kilometers) from his home.

From 1869 to 1876, he was in Gupi (Goupil &; Cie) worked in The Hague, London and Paris, and went to work in a boarding school in Ramsgate, England after being fired. 1877 works as an assistant in a painting shop in Dordrecht. Vincent William Van Gogh 1878 returned to Aidan and studied in the missionary training school in Brussels for three months. Without a permit, he began missionary activities in the Renagi coal mine area of Apollo. The following year, the missionary headquarters in Brussels fired the missionary. He made up his mind to be a painter on 1880. He returned to Eden on 188 1 to propose to his cousin, Ki Voss-Strick, but was rejected. Vincent Willem van Gogh entered the Academy of Fine Arts on 1886, but he opposed his teacher. 1 month later, he dropped out of school and moved to Paris to live in his brother Theo's apartment. He made friends with artists such as Rotleck, Li Bingran, pissarro and Gauguin, and became good friends with Gauguin.

Noonan (1883–1885)

When he was in Nunan, Van Gogh was completely immersed in painting. He once paid the boy to find the bird's nest, and then quickly wrote down what the Weaver Girl looked like in their hut. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/884, margot Begemann, a neighbor's daughter who was ten years older than Vincent, stayed with Van Gogh when he was absorbed in painting, and fell in love with him. Van Gogh reciprocated (though not as enthusiastic as Begemann). They decided to get married, but their families objected. Margot tried to kill herself with strychnine, but Vincent rushed her to the hospital. 1On March 26th, 885, Van Gogh's father died of a heart attack. Van Gogh was heartbroken.

Potato eater (1885), Collen-Miller Museum.

Still life painting of straw hat and pipe (about 1885), Koehler-Miller Museum.

For the first time, the news of interest in some of his works came from Paris. In the spring, Van Gogh created what is now considered his first important work, The Potato Eater. In August, Van Gogh exhibited his works for the first time in the exhibition window of Lovas, an oil painter in The Hague. In September, when Van Gogh was accused of getting one of his young farm models pregnant, Catholic village priests banned villagers from modeling for Van Gogh.

In 1885, Vincent created a series of still life paintings. Still life paintings of straw hats and pipes, as well as another painting of the same period, still life paintings of casseroles and clogs, fully show the extraordinary skill of Van Gogh's painting skills. Both paintings show the characteristics of smooth and firm brushwork and meticulous color change.

During his stay in Newnan, Van Gogh's common color system was dark earth tone, especially dark brown, but there were no vivid traces of the development of painting style in his later famous paintings. When Vincent complained that Theo didn't make enough efforts to sell his paintings in Paris, Theo retorted that their colors were too dim to squeeze into the bright impressionist style popular today. During his two years in Newnan, he completed many paintings and watercolors, as well as nearly 200 oil paintings.

Paris (1886- 1888)

Seine River Bridge (1887)

Van Gogh went to Paris in March 1886, where he studied in Fernand Courmont's studio and lived with his younger brother Theo. During this period, they didn't need to correspond, so the details of his life at this time were hard to be known by future generations. He created several Parisian street scenes, such as The Seine Bridge (Agniel).

During his stay in Paris, Van Gogh collected some Japanese ukiyo-e woodcuts. As early as in Antwerp, he was deeply interested in this art and decorated his studio with ukiyo-e paintings. He collected hundreds of such paintings and used this style in many of his works. 1887' s painting "Daddy Tang Juyi" has several ukiyo-e paintings in the background. 1888' s work "apricot blossoms on the branches" strongly shows Van Gogh's love for Japanese art.

Ear cutting event

Van Gogh's tomb

Van Gogh went to live in arles in the south of France on February 1888. He rented a house, Gauguin visited in June 5438+10, and left in February 65438 +2. Later, around Christmas1888+February, more than half of Van Gogh's left ear was cut off. It is generally believed that Van Gogh left him angrily because of an argument with his good friend Gauguin. Van Gogh was insane because of emotional excitement. On the night of February 23rd, 65438, he cut off his left ear with a knife. There are also different opinions about the whole story of ear cutting in academic circles. In May 2009, two German art history researchers suggested that Van Gogh's left ear may have been cut off by Gauguin's accidental injury in a quarrel. In order to cover up the truth and maintain friendship, the two lied to the police that Van Gogh had cut his ear. However, this statement is very controversial, so there is no reliable explanation for this incident at present.

commit suicide

Theo got married in April 1889. Van Gogh was sent to a mental hospital in San Remy in May. May 2 1890 went to Ouwei-sur-Vaz, a village in the north of Paris, to be treated by Dr. Paul Gachet. He committed suicide with a pistol while walking in the evening of July 27th. At the age of 37. On the 30th, he was buried in the cemetery of Ovi-on-Vaz. Theo, the man who supported Vincent's life, died on189165438+125 October and was buried next to his brother's grave.

Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) is a famous French painter. His styles range from impressionism to cubism. His works laid the foundation for the transformation of 19 century's artistic concept to the 20th century's artistic style. His works had an important influence on henri matisse and Pablo Picasso. He used cohesive painting methods, and his works profoundly influenced and innovated the fine arts of the 20th century, especially the first solo exhibition of 1895 and the official retrospective exhibition of 1907.

The name Cezanne comes from a small town in Cesana, France, and is thought to have originated in Italy. Paul Cézanne was born in Aix, Provence on June1839 65438+1October 19, located in the south of Provence. On February 22nd, Paul was baptized in the parish church [2], and his grandmother and uncle Louis became his godfather godmother. His father, Louis August Cezanne (1798-1886 65438+1October 23rd), was the founder of a booming bank, so Paul Cézanne lived in poverty, which was completely different from most painters of his time, and he finally got a large legacy.

On the other hand, his mother Anne Elizabeth Honnore Aubert is "lively, romantic, but aggressive." Paul learns from her and looks forward to life. He has two sisters-Mary and Ross, who go to the same primary school every day.

Playing cards, painted in 1892.

/kloc-at the age of 0/0, Paul entered St. Joseph's School in Provence to study painting and studied under the Spanish monk Joseph Guibert. 1852, Cezanne entered the University of Bourbon, where he met Zola and Baptistine Baylor and maintained a good friendship. He lived here for six years, although he was a day student in the past two years. From 1858 to 186 1, Cezanne followed his father's wishes, attended the Law School of Aix University, and received painting training.

Because his father opposed his artistic development, he left AIX for Paris on 186 1. Zola strongly encouraged him to make this decision, when he had lived in the capital for some time. In the end, my father compromised Cezanne and supported his career choice. Cezanne later got 400,000 francs (2 18363.62) from his father, and got rid of all economic worries.

Paris period

Still life and curtains, painted on 1895.

Cezanne met the impressionist painter pissarro in Paris. In the mid-1960s, pissarro and Cezanne became apprentices, and pissarro had a great influence on young artists. In the next ten years, they worked together to create landscape paintings in Pontoise, Louvain and other places.

Cezanne's early works often pay attention to the characters in the landscape, including many large and imaginative landscape paintings. In the later period of his career, he was more interested in direct observation and gradually formed a painting style full of light and air.

exhibit

Cezanne's paintings were first exhibited in "Choice Salon" in 1863. The works exhibited this time were not accepted by the jury and could not be officially exhibited in Paris Salon. Between 1864 and 1869, Paris Salon rejected Cezanne's application for the exhibition. He continued to submit applications for exhibition of his works until 1882. 1882, his work "The Portrait of Louis-August Cezanne, Father of Artists, Reading' l 'evé nement'" was finally exhibited, which was his first and last exhibition in Paris Salon.

Cezanne had exhibited with impressionists twice before 1895. The first exhibition was 1874 and the second exhibition was 1877. These two exhibitions have left a great shock to avant-garde painters such as Matisse and Picasso. In the following decades, some personal paintings were exhibited in different venues. It was not until 1895 that he completed his first solo exhibition with the help of the artist Ambroise Vollard. Despite gaining more and more attention and economic success, Cezanne chose to improve artistic alienation, usually in Provence, in the south of France, far from Paris.

His works focus on several themes and are equally proficient in these types, including still life, portraits, landscapes and swimmers. Although there are few religious images in Cezanne's later works, he is still a devout Roman Catholic. "I judge art through my paintings and regard a tree or a flower as an object created by God. If they conflict with each other, it is not art. "

The skull pyramid, painted on 1902.

Cezanne's paintings are not deeply loved by the broad bourgeoisie in AIX. 1903, politician Henry rochefort visited the paintings auctioned in Paul Cézanne, which later became the property of Zola. He later published a critical article entitled "Ugly Love" in1L 'Intransigeant on March 9, 903. Rochefort described how the audience would laugh when they saw the painting "Cezanne with super impressionism".

stop

One day, Cezanne was caught in a storm while working in the field. After working for two hours, it rained cats and dogs, so he decided to go home, but he fainted on the way. Cezanne was taken home by a passing driver. His old housekeeper rubbed Cezanne's arms and legs to restore blood circulation, and he woke up. The next day, he planned to continue working, but later he fainted. So he lay in bed and died a few days later (1906101October 22nd). He died of pneumonia and was buried in the tomb of her husband, Aix, in his beloved hometown of Provence.