Brief introduction of the inventor (whoever)

First, the British surname (Edison)

Second, scientists

Thomas Alva Edison is a world-famous American electrician and inventor. In addition to his inventions and contributions in phonograph, electric light, telephone, telegraph and film, he also has many famous creations and opinions in mining, construction and chemical industry. Edison had about 2,000 inventions in his life, which made great contributions to the progress of human civilization.

Edison was born in1February, 847 1 1, Milan, Ohio, in the midwest of the United States. My father is descended from Dutch, and my mother is a primary school teacher, descended from Scots. When Edison was 7 years old, his father lost money in the tile business and his family moved to Grady Otterborg in the northern suburb of Huron, Michigan. Shortly after moving here, Edison suffered from scarlet fever and was ill for a long time. It is believed that this disease is the cause of his deafness. Edison went to school at the age of 8, but after only three months of study, he was dismissed as an "imbecile" by the teacher and kicked out of school. Since then, his mother has been his "mentor". Because of his mother's good educational methods, he took a keen interest in reading. He not only reads widely, but also reads all kinds of books. At the age of eight, he read the works of Shakespeare and Dickens, the most important playwrights in the English Renaissance, and many important historical books. By the age of nine, he could quickly read difficult books, such as Parker's philosophy of nature and experiment. 10 years old, he loved chemistry. At the age of 1 1, he experimented with his first telegram. In order to make money to buy chemicals and equipment, he began to work. At the age of 12, he got a job selling newspapers on the train, commuting between Port Huron and Detroit, Michigan. While selling newspapers, he also deals in fruits and vegetables. Whenever he is free, he goes to the library to read books. He bought an old printing press and began to publish his own weekly newspaper, The Herald. The first issue of this weekly is printed on the train. With the money he earned, he set up a chemistry laboratory on the baggage car. Unfortunately, once a chemical caught fire, he and his equipment were thrown out of the car. Another time, when Edison tried to board a freight train, a conductor grabbed him by the ear and helped him get on the train. This action led to Edison's lifelong deafness.

1862 In August, Edison rescued a dying boy on the train track with fearless heroism. The child's father is grateful for this, but he is willing to teach him telegraph technology because he has no money to reward him. Since then, Edison has forged an indissoluble bond with this mysterious new electric world and embarked on a scientific journey.

1863, Edison worked as a telecom operator in Stratford Hub Station, the main railway line. From 1864 to 1867, I worked as a telegraph operator in all parts of the central and western regions and lived a life similar to wandering. Footprints include Stratford, Adrian, fort wayne, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Nashville, Tennessee, Memphis, Louisville and Huron.

1868, Edison came to Boston as a telegraph operator. In the same year, he obtained the first invention patent. This is a device for automatically recording votes. Edison thought that this device could speed up the work of Congress and would be very popular. However, a member of Congress told him that they had no intention to speed up the agenda, and sometimes voting was slow because of political needs. From then on, Edison decided never to make any inventions that people didn't need.

At the beginning of June 1869, he came to new york to look for a job. While he was waiting for a summons in the broker's office, a telegram broke down. Edison was the only person there who could repair the telegraph, so he got a better job than he expected. On June+10, 65438, he and Pop established "Pop-Edison Company", which specializes in scientific instruments for electrical engineering. Here, he invented "Edison Universal Printing Machine". He dedicated this printing machine to the manager of a big company on Wall Street. He wanted to charge 5000 dollars, but he didn't have the courage to say it. So he asked the manager to give a price, and the manager gave 40 thousand yuan.

Edison used the money to build a factory in Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, which specializes in manufacturing all kinds of motors. He worked all night. He trained many capable assistants, and at the same time, he happened to meet diligent Mary, his first bride in the future. In Newark, he invented wax paper and mimeograph. From 1872 to 1875, Edison invented the two-pole and four-pole telegraph successively, and helped others to make the world's first English typewriter.

1in the spring of 876, Edison moved to Menlo Park, New Jersey again. He built the first "invention factory" here, which "marked the beginning of collective research". 1877, Edison improved the telephone invented by Bell and put it into practical use. He also invented the phonograph, one of his favorite projects. Telephone and telegraph "are a revolution to expand human sensory functions"; The phonograph is one of the three great inventions that have changed people's lives. "From the imagination of the invention, this is his extremely significant invention achievement." At this time, people called him "the magician of Monroe Park".

When Edison invented the phonograph, after numerous failures, he finally made a breakthrough in the study of electric lights. 1879, 10 year1October 22nd, Edison lit the first electric lamp with wide practical value. In order to prolong the life of the filament, he tried more than 6,000 kinds of fiber materials and found a new luminous body-Japanese bamboo filament, which can last for more than 1000 hours and achieve the purpose of durability. To some extent, this invention is the pinnacle of Edison's life. Then, he created a power supply system, which made the distant lights distribute electricity from the central power station, which was a great technical achievement.

His first discovery in pure science appeared in 1883. When testing the electric lamp, he observed what he called the Edison effect: in a lighted bulb, charge travels from the hot filament through space to the cold plate. Edison applied for a patent for this discovery in 1884, but did not study it further. Scientists nearby developed the electronic industry, especially radio and television, by using the Edison effect.

Edison tried to do for his eyes what the phonograph did for his ears, and the movie camera was born here. Using a piece of celluloid film newly invented by George Heasman, he took a series of photos and projected them on the curtain quickly and continuously, creating the illusion of movement. He experimented with movies for the first time in the laboratories of 1889 and 189 1. 1903, his company produced the first feature film great train robbery. Edison did a lot of work for the establishment and standardization of the film industry.

After Edison moved his laboratory to West Orange in 1887, he founded many commercial companies, manufactured products and popularized his various inventions. These companies later merged into Edison General Electric Company, which was later called General Electric Company. Since then, his interests have turned to fluorescence, ore mashers, magnetic separation of iron, storage batteries and railway signaling devices.

During World War I, he developed a torpedo device, a flamethrower and an underwater periscope.

1929 10 2 1 On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the invention of electric light, people held a grand celebration for Edison, and famous scientists such as Einstein of Germany and Madame Curie of France congratulated him one after another. Unfortunately, at this celebration, Edison suddenly fainted because of excessive excitement during his defense. Since then, his health has gone from bad to worse 193 1 year1October 18 The scientist who made great contributions to mankind died of illness at the age of 84.

Edison's cultural level is extremely low, but his contribution to mankind is so great. What is the secret here? In addition to curiosity, he also has an instinct to experiment by himself, that is, he has unlimited energy and courage to work hard beyond ordinary people. When someone called Edison a "genius", he explained: "Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration." He organized many people of different professions in the "invention factory", including more than 65,438+000 scientists, engineers, technicians and workers. Many of Edison's great inventions were achieved by collective strength. His achievements are mainly attributed to his diligence, creativity and collective strength. In addition, his wife also played a very important role.

Chronology invented by Edison;

18681June 1 1 invented the "voting counter" and obtained the first patent in his life.

1869 10 co-founded "Pop-Edison Company" with friends.

1870, he invented the universal printing press, granted the patent right and obtained $40,000. Set up their own manufacturing plant in new york.

1872-1876 invented the electric animation telegraph, the automatic recording telegraph and the double four telegraph, and manufactured the waxed paper carbon resistor.

1875 invented the acoustic analysis resonator.

1876, a laboratory-the first industrial research laboratory-was established in Menlo Park, New Jersey. This is the creation of the modern concept of "research group". Invent carbon rod microphone. Apply for a patent for automatic telegraph.

1877, the telephone invented by Bell was improved and put into practical use in Monroe Park. Obtained three patents: puncture pen, pneumatic stylus and ordinary stylus. On August 20th, he invented the phonograph, which proved to be Edison's favorite project.

1878 Edison claimed to have solved the problem of electric lighting. The Royal Society held a phonograph exhibition. Improve the phonograph, design microphone, loudspeaker, aerial speaker, sound engine, tuning engine, microcalorimeter, taste tester, etc. On February 65438+9, 2009, he obtained a patent for the phonograph. In July, Professor Parker from the University of Pennsylvania and I went to Wyoming to observe the total solar eclipse and measured the temperature around the sun with the thermometer he invented. In August, I returned to Monroe Park and resumed my scientific research and experiments. Britain approved Edison's patent application for "recorder". Visit William Wallace in Connecticut in September. Began to study the invention of electric light. 654381October 5th filed a patent application for platinum wire "electric lamp".

1879 ——1880 invented the high-resistance incandescent lamp after many hardships. An improved generator. Design new current distribution method, circuit arrangement and calculation method. Invent the electric lamp holder and switch. The method of magnetic separation of ore was invented.

1879 On August 30th, Edison and Bell demonstrated their telephone installation in the town hall of Saratoga Creek. Edison's telephone number was obvious in Bibel. 101October 2 1 day, invented a high-resistance incandescent lamp, which was continuously lit for 40 hours. 1 65438+1October1applied for the patent of carbon filament lamp. 65438+February 2 1 new york Express reported Edison's incandescent lamp. 65438+On February 25th, 2008, 3000 tourists from new york watched a public electric light show in Menlo Park.

1880 research helicopter. Obtain a patent for the invention of electric light. Making magnetic ore sieve. 654381October 28th, the patent of "power transmission and distribution system" was put forward. /kloc-in February of 0/8, Scripps published the article "Edison's electric light" and officially published the invention of electric light. In May, the first "Columbia" ship illuminated by electric lights made a successful trial.

New york Edison Electric Lighting Company was established in February 65438.

188 1 The headquarters of Fifth Avenue in New York was established. Set up an incandescent lamp factory in new york. Set up manufacturers of generators, underground wires and electric lamp parts. Test the tram in Monroe Park.

1882 invented the present three-wire distribution system. Patent application 14 1. The first central factory was established on September 4th. 65438+At the end of February, more than 50 small power stations/kloc-0 were established in all parts of the United States.

1885 filed a patent for wireless telegraph on May 23rd.

1887 ——1890 improved the cylindrical phonograph and obtained more than 80 patents on the phonograph. Engaged in the manufacture and sale of phonographs, records and sound machines.

1888, invented the phonograph.

1889 participated in the Paris centennial exposition. A variety of electrified railways were invented. Complete the movie machine.

1890 ——1899 Design large-scale stone crusher and grinder. I personally directed the large-scale development of iron ore by new methods in Ogden Mine.

189 1 year, he invented "Edison concentrator" and started his own mining career. Obtained the patent of "mobile film projector". On May 20th, the first successful movie mirror was shown to the public at Edison Laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey.

1893, the world's first film "studio" was built in the courtyard of Edison's laboratory.

1894 April 14 The first movable film projector cinema in new york opened.

1896 On April 23rd, the film was released for the first time in Koster-Bayer Concert Hall in new york, which was warmly welcomed by the public.

1902 vehicle power test with new battery, with a journey of 5,000 miles, which can be driven on one charge 100 miles, which was successful.

1903 Edison's company produced the first feature film great train robbery.

1909 has been used for ten years, and the research of battery has finally succeeded. Send a fax or telegram. Obtained the design patents of raw material machine, fine grinding machine and long kiln.

1910-1914 Complete the disc phonograph without damaging the records and diamond records. Complete the sound film machine.

"CD recording" was invented in 19 10.

19 12 invented "talking movies". Developed into a phonograph.

1914-1915 invented a comprehensive manufacturing method of carbonic acid, which combined a phonograph and a teleprompter as a teleprompter, allowing one party's phone to automatically record the other party's speech. Homemade benzene, indigo oil, etc.

In1915-1918, as many as 39 inventions were completed, the most famous of which were torpedo mechanism, flamethrower and underwater periscope.

1927 completed a long record.

1928 successfully extracted rubber from weeds.

193 1 year1October18th, Edison died in west orange at the age of 84. 193 1 year1October 2 1 day, lights were turned off all over the United States to show condolences.

Edison invented 1000 kinds of machines in his life.

watt

James watt (james watt,173665438+1October 19-1865438+August19)

brief introduction

James watt was a famous British inventor and an important figure during the Industrial Revolution. Member of the Royal Society and foreign researcher of the French Academy of Sciences. He made a series of major improvements to the original prototype of the steam engine that had appeared at that time, and invented single-cylinder single-action and single-cylinder double-action steam engines, which improved the thermal efficiency and operational reliability of the steam engine and made outstanding contributions to the development of social productive forces at that time. He improved the steam engine and invented the barometer and power hammer. In memory of him, later generations called the unit of power Watt, which was often represented by the symbol "W". Watt is the unit of measurement of power and radiation flux in the international system of units, which is often represented by the symbol "W".

Watt 1736 65438+ 10/9 was born in Glasgow, England. When he was a child, Watt studied in a grammar school, but he didn't receive a systematic education. Watt learned a lot about mechanical manufacturing in the factory where his father worked, and later he became an apprentice in a watch shop in London. 1763, watt went to glass university to repair teaching instruments. In college, he often discussed theoretical and technical issues with professors. 178 1 year, watt made a double-acting steam engine that pushed the piston from both sides. 1785, he was also elected as a member of the Royal Society for his great contribution to the improvement of the steam engine. 1865438+On August 25th, 2009, Watt died in Heathfield near Birmingham.

In Watt's obituary, he praised the steam engine he invented:

"It has armed human beings, made weak hands powerful and infinite, and improved the human brain to deal with all problems. It has laid a solid foundation for mechanical power to create miracles in the future and will help and reward the labor of future generations. "

all one's life

First, children who like to ask questions.

Watt 1736 was born in a small town near Glasgow, England. His grandfather used to be a teacher, teaching mathematics, surveying and navigation, and his father used to be a shipbuilding technician. Later, I managed shipbuilding and construction, worked as an instrument manufacturer and businessman, and also served as a local administrator of a small town. It is said that Watt learned all kinds of crafts from his father. He is ingenious, he has been exposed to and learned a lot of technical knowledge since he was a child, and has developed the interest and habit of thinking and exploring mysteries independently. His family environment has played a certain role in climbing the technical peak in the future.

Watt was sickly since childhood, but he still couldn't go to school when he was old enough to go to school. A few years after school age, he came to study in the school in the town. At school, he doesn't like to play with children, but only likes to meditate alone. There is a well-known legend about his childhood: one day, Little Watt saw a pot of water boiling at home, and the steam made the lid jump. This common phenomenon aroused his great interest. He stared at the beating lid and the steam coming out, thinking hard about the mystery. I have been watching it for over an hour. Because Watt often observes many strange and unknown phenomena silently for a long time, people say that he is a "lazy boy". In fact, it is this curiosity and spirit that led him to explore the mysteries of the world and climb the peak of science.

/kloc-began to be interested in geometry at the age of 0/3, and/kloc-finished reading such a difficult book as Geometric Principles at the age of 0/5. Later, he entered the grammar school, and his math performance was particularly excellent. Due to poor health, he dropped out of school before graduation. But he insisted on teaching himself astronomy, chemistry, physics and anatomy at home and taught himself several foreign languages. Watt became an apprentice to a watch shop in Glasgow at the age of 17. He studied hard in his spare time and further mastered many scientific and technological principles. When he was an apprentice, he began to make compasses and theodolite with high technical requirements. 2 1 year-old, came to Glasgow University as a teaching aid experimenter, responsible for repairing and manufacturing instruments. At that time, he became more familiar with some advanced mechanical technologies. After work, he also immersed himself in reading, often humbly asking teachers and classmates for advice, and improved his scientific theory level.

Second, promote inventions all over the world.

Man's understanding and utilization of steam has gone through a long historical process. As early as the second century BC, the ancient Greeks used steam injection to make a reactive engine. 1690, the Frenchman Bobby first invented the first piston steam engine, but he failed to make it a practical steam engine. 1698, British technician Seles invented a practical piston-less steam engine. This machine is used in mines and is called "Friends of Mines". However, due to the limitations of materials and technology at that time, it could not be popularized. Later, after improvement, it was not until the 8th century A.D./KLOC-0 that newcomen, a British blacksmith, made the first primitive steam engine that could convert thermal energy into mechanical energy. This machine combines the advantages of Ba machine and Seles machine. It can drain water without high pressure steam, and its efficiency is greatly improved. However, this kind of steam engine has unreasonable structure, large coal consumption, and the piston can only do reciprocating motion, but not rotating motion, so the thermal efficiency is low.

With the development of industry, the demand for new power is increasingly prominent, which promotes the further improvement of steam engines. From 65438 to 1960s, British engineer Smeaton began to study and improve the steam engine in newcomen. He measured the components and efficiencies of more than one hundred steam engines at that time 100, and compared the obtained data. Smeaton himself didn't make any improvement on the structure of the steam engine, but the data he accumulated provided convenience for improving the steam engine. At the same time, Watt began to study and improve the steam engine.

When Watt was repairing instruments in the university, the school once repaired an old newcomen steam engine for him. According to the theory of latent heat and specific heat put forward by Professor Blake of Glasgow University, he deeply studied the old steam engine through a lot of experiments and analysis, and found out the main reason for the low efficiency of the old steam engine: besides the heat waste caused by steam leakage and heat dissipation, the main defect is that the cylinder is cooled with cold water once per stroke, which consumes a lot of heat and makes most of the steam not be effectively used. In view of this defect, Watt put forward two measures to reduce steam consumption and improve the efficiency of heat engine: First, in order to keep the necessary temperature of steam in the cylinder all the time, it is necessary to add a heat insulation sleeve to the cylinder or introduce steam or heat the cylinder by other methods; Second, the steam after work is cooled and liquefied into water as soon as possible, and this process should be carried out outside the cylinder. Therefore, it is necessary to set up a condenser independent of the cylinder and improve the mechanical transmission. He is determined to build a new steam engine himself to improve the shortcomings of the old machine.

Watt raised money by himself, rented the basement, bought the necessary equipment, experimented repeatedly and experienced numerous setbacks and failures. With the help of workers, he finally invented the condenser separated from the cylinder, which solved the technical problems of manufacturing precision cylinders and pistons. At the same time, he made a single-acting steam engine by lubricating the piston with oil and adding a thermal insulation layer outside the cylinder. After continuing the experiment, 1782 invented a double-acting steam engine with connecting rod, flywheel and centrifugal governor, and made a new practical steam engine. In this double-acting steam engine, the installation of the valve enables the piston to be pushed forward and backward by the pressure of steam. With the help of connecting rod and flywheel, the linear motion of piston is transformed into circular motion. In order to keep the steam engine running at a constant speed, he connected a centrifugal governor to the steam inlet valve to automatically adjust the steam inlet. This device is the earliest automatic controller used in technology. He designed a condenser separated from the cylinder to guide the high-temperature steam out of the cylinder and cool it to keep the main cylinder at a certain temperature. At the same time, he improved the accuracy of the cylinder and made the piston and valve smooth and tight. Thus greatly improving the thermal efficiency and reliability compared with the newcomen steam engine. Because this kind of steam engine changes reciprocating linear motion into continuous uniform circular motion, it can drive all machines to run through transmission devices, and it can be widely used in industry and transportation as a "universal power machine". This high-efficiency steam engine quickly replaced the old steam engine and was quickly adopted by various industrial departments. Since then, power machines, transmission machinery and working devices have become the core of machine production and industrial modernization.

By the 1930s, steam engines were widely used in textile, metallurgy, coal mine, transportation and other departments, which quickly triggered a technological revolution. Fulton, an American, invented a ship powered by Watt steam engine. Stephenson, an Englishman, invented a train powered by Watt steam engine. Watt's steam engine became a truly international invention, which effectively promoted the industrial revolution in Europe in the18th century and pushed the world industry to the "age of steam".

Third, a genius inventor who goes down in history.

1784 In April, the British government awarded Watt a patent certificate for manufacturing steam engines. Marx once commented: Watt's great genius is shown in the specification of the patent he obtained. He did not describe his steam engine as a special-purpose invention, but an engine widely used in large industries.

Watt enjoys a high position in the academic and scientific circles in Britain and continental Europe. He became a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1784 and the Royal Society of London in 1785. 1808 became an academician of French bachelor's college, and 18 14 was elected as one of the eight foreign academicians of French Academy of Sciences. It is recognized by scientific circles all over the world that Watt is one of the most famous.

Because of such an epoch-making great invention, Watt suddenly changed from a penniless nobody to a great man with both fame and fortune. He got a patent tax of 76,000 pounds in 1 1 year. In order to protect his patent, he looked a little academic in his later years. He often sued the court to stop and suppress other people's inventions, and even banned his assistant from experimenting with steam to start the four-wheeled vehicle. This is the tragedy of a scientist, and it is also the brand left by his time and society. Nevertheless, he is still a great inventor. For more than 20 years, he devoted himself to the invention of the steam engine. The people will never forget his great contribution to science and technology and social progress.

18 19, 84-year-old Watt died peacefully at home. He made outstanding contributions to the scientific cause of mankind before his death, and people all over the world miss him. 1824, on the fifth anniversary of his death, the public in London erected a monument for him in the famous Westminster Abbey. Watt studied hard all his life and devoted himself tirelessly to science. On the basis of predecessors' achievements, he invented the steam engine and made epoch-making contributions to the development of human science and technology. In memory of the great inventor Watt, the commonly used unit of power was named Watt, or simply Watt. His name will be etched in the history of mankind forever.

Watt and the steam engine

Watt's original idea of steam engine

1764, the school asked Watt to repair a Newgate steam engine. During the repair process, Watt became familiar with the structure and principle of the steam engine, and found two major shortcomings of this steam engine: the piston moves discontinuously and slowly; Low steam utilization rate and waste of raw materials. Later, Watt began to think about ways to improve it. Until the spring of 1765, during a walk, Watt thought that since the low thermal efficiency of newcomen steam engine was caused by steam condensation in the cylinder, why not let the steam condense outside the cylinder? Watt came up with the original idea of using an independent condenser.

After having this idea, Watt designed a steam engine with an independent condenser in the same year. According to the design, there is a regulating valve between the condenser and the cylinder, so that they can be connected and separated. In this way, the steam after work can be introduced into the condenser outside the cylinder to generate the same vacuum in the cylinder, thus avoiding the heat consumption of the cylinder during cooling and heating. According to Watt's theory, the thermal efficiency of this new steam engine will be three times that of newcomen's steam engine. Theoretically, Watt's steam engine with separator condenser is obviously superior to newcomen's steam engine. However, there is still a long way to go to turn theoretical things into practical things and the steam engine on the drawing into a real steam engine. Watt has worked hard to build several steam engines, but the effect is not as good as that of newcomen's steam engine, and even there is air leakage everywhere, so it can't be started. Although the expensive experiment made him heavily in debt, he didn't flinch in the face of difficulties and went on with the experiment. When Blake knew Watt's goal and difficult situation, he introduced Watt to a very rich friend-roebuck, a chemical technician. At that time, roebuck was a very rich entrepreneur. He opened the first large-scale ironmaking plant in Caron, Scotland. Although roebuck was nearly 50 years old at that time, he was still enthusiastic about new inventions in science and technology. He was very appreciative of Watt's new device, which was only in his thirties at that time, and immediately signed a contract with Watt to sponsor Watt to try out a new steam engine.

From 1766, in more than three years, Watt overcame the difficulties in materials and technology, and finally made the first prototype at 1769. In the same year, Watt won his first patent in the process of innovating newcomen steam engine for inventing condenser. Although the first steam engine with condenser was successfully trial-produced, compared with the newcomen steam engine, except the thermal efficiency was significantly improved, there was no substantial progress in the performance of driving other working machines as a power machine. In other words, Watt's steam engine still can't be used as a real power machine.

Sales of steam engines

Because Watt's steam engine is not ideal, the market is not wide. When Watt continued to explore, roebuck himself was on the verge of bankruptcy. He introduced Watt to his friend, engineer and entrepreneur Bolton, so that Watt could be sponsored to continue his research and development. Bolton was an able engineer and entrepreneur in his forties. He expressed his appreciation for Watt's innovative spirit and was willing to sponsor Watt. Bolton often participated in social activities, and he was one of the main members of the famous scientific society "Full Moon Society" in Birmingham at that time. Most of the participants in this society are local scientists, engineers, scholars and science lovers. After Bolton's introduction, Watt also joined the Full Moon Club. In the activities of the Full Moon Society, Watt learned more about gas chemistry and thermochemistry that people paid attention to at that time, which laid the foundation for his later participation in the debate on the chemical composition of water. More importantly, the activities of the Full Moon Society enabled Watt to further increase his scientific knowledge and enliven his scientific thoughts.

Watt has received great support in terms of funds, equipment and materials since he cooperated with Burton. Watt also produced two steam engines with independent condensers, but these two steam engines have not been paid attention to by the society because they have not been significantly improved. These two steam engines cost so much that Bolton was on the verge of bankruptcy, but he still generously funded Watt. With his support, Watt persevered in his research. Since 1769, when the prototype of a steam engine with a separate condenser was trial-produced, Watt saw that the low thermal efficiency was not the main shortcoming of his steam engine, but the fundamental limitation was that the piston could only do reciprocating linear motion. 178 1 year, watt is still participating in the activities of the full moon club. Perhaps at the party, the members mentioned that the circular motion of Uranus and planets around the sun discovered by astronomer Herschel inspired him. Perhaps the circular motion of the gears in the clock inspired him. It occurred to him that by converting the reciprocating linear motion of the piston into circular rotation motion, power can be transmitted to any working machine. In the same year, he developed a set of gear linkage device named "Sun and Planet", which finally transformed the reciprocating linear motion of the piston into the rotary motion of the gear. In order to increase the inertia of the axle rotating shaft and make the circular motion more uniform, Watt also installed a fire flywheel on the axle. Because of this great innovation in the traditional mechanism, Watt's steam engine has really become a power machine that can drive everything. 178 1 At the end of the year, Watt obtained the second patent for inventing the mechanical linkage device of gear pull rod.

Because this kind of steam engine is equipped with axle and flywheel, it consumes a lot of energy when converting the reciprocating linear motion of piston into the rotary motion of axle. The efficiency of this steam engine is not very high, and the power is not very high. In order to further improve the efficiency of the steam engine and increase the efficiency of the steam engine, Watt studied the cylinder itself after inventing the gear linkage device. He found that although he changed the internal condensation of newcomen steam engine to external condensation, the thermal efficiency of the steam engine was significantly improved, but the stroke process of the steam-driven piston in his steam engine was no different from that of newcomen steam engine. Both kinds of steam move in a single motion, entering from one end and coming out from the other. He thought that if steam could enter and exit from both ends, it could push the piston up and down. Then, his efficiency can be doubled. 1782, watt press this setting.