Explanatory points

1. Explanatory writing is a style with () as the main expression, or explaining the state, nature and function of things, or clarifying things in order to give people (). There are two kinds: one is () and the other is ().

2. There are three main interpretation orders: and. "Logic" refers to the inherent law of the development of things, from () to (), from () to (), from () to (), from () to (), from () to (), and so on.

3. There are ten ways to explain (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), ().

4. The basic requirement of explanatory writing for language is (), and on this basis, we should pay attention to diversity and flexibility.

5. When writing an explanatory article, the most important thing is to grasp the () of the explained thing, followed by arranging the explanation (), and pay attention to using the explanation ().

Secondly, analyze the interpretation methods used in the following statements.

1. When the Yongding River flooded, it was very violent. In the past, the embankments on both sides of the river were often washed away, but the bridge rarely had accidents, which shows its firmness. ( )

2, climb the building overlooking the railing, 800 miles of Dongting, victorious. As written in Li Bai's poem: "The view of the building is exhausted in Yueyang, and the Sichuan returns to Dongting." ( )

If the window is facing the white wall, it's too monotonous, make up some bamboo or banana. ( )

4. There are no neatly trimmed pines and cypresses like pagodas, and there are no roadside trees like military parades. ( )( )

5. There are more than 65,438+000 monuments in the temple, with 5,940 portraits related to the 2500-year history of Suzhou from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qing Dynasty. ( )

6. The rockery has a unique shape and looks like all kinds of lions. Some run their teeth as if to eat people; Some threw themselves at the trees, as if they had difficulty breathing after fighting; Some people lie quietly, as if asleep ... ()

7. Because the arches are connected together, this kind of bridge is called multi-arch stone bridge. ( )

8. Design patterns on the miscellaneous window cabinet, leaving a large space in the middle, so that the scenery outside the window can penetrate into the room, which looks like several lively paintings hanging on the wall. ( )

9. Internationally, light pollution is generally divided into three categories, namely white light pollution, artificial sunlight pollution and colored light pollution. ( )

10. Wind is a natural phenomenon that the atmosphere absorbs solar heat energy, resulting in different atmospheric densities and regional factors. ( )

Third, judge the expression of the following sentences.

1. Suzhou gardens also give priority to painting in tree planting and pruning. ( )

2. Tall trees and low trees pitch and pose. Deciduous trees alternate with evergreen trees, and different kinds of flower trees alternate with each other when they bloom, so you don't feel lonely all year round. ( )

I think Suzhou Gardens are specimens of gardens all over the world that I have been to, and gardens all over the world are more or less influenced by Suzhou Gardens. ( )

4, even if you can't touch the Xiaofeng waning moon, it will make the painter ecstatic! ( )

By the time of liberation, the bridge was somewhat damaged. Under the leadership of the people's government, after thorough renovation, this ancient bridge has been rejuvenated. ( )

If you take a boat and look slowly along the bridge, you will feel as satisfied as reading an epic. ( )

7. The development of contradiction leads to the climax of drama, and the overlapping and interlacing of images constitute a rich picture. Bridges often play the role of overlapping and interleaving contact images. No wonder bridges are often encountered in paintings and photographs. ( )

8. In today's increasingly scarce land resources, the South China Sea, the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea together constitute a huge space for the future development of China, which is a huge cornucopia in the arms of the Chinese nation. ( )

Fourth, expository reading.

(A) China Stone Arch Bridge

Zhao Zhouqiao is magnificent, with a total length of 50.82 meters, a width of 9.6 meters at both ends and a narrow width of 9 meters in the middle. The design of the bridge completely conforms to scientific principles, and the construction technology is even more ingenious. Zhang said in the Tang dynasty that it was "made strangely, and people don't know why." The characteristics of this bridge are: (1) There is only one arch in the whole bridge, and there is no steep slope on the road, which is convenient for cars and horses to get up and down. (2) A big arch has two small arches on each shoulder. This creative design not only saves stone and reduces the weight of the bridge, but also increases the water flow in the bridge hole and reduces the impact of flood on the bridge when the river surges. At the same time, add an arch on the arch to make the bridge more beautiful. (3) The big arch consists of 28 arch rings, just like so many bows with the same shape put together to make an arc-shaped bridge opening. Each arch ring can independently support its weight. If one arch ring is broken, the other arches will not be affected. (4) The structure of the whole bridge is symmetrical, which is in harmony with the surrounding scenery; Even the stone pillars and slabs on the bridge are beautifully carved. Zhang Zhuo of the Tang Dynasty said that looking at the bridge from a distance is like "the clouds are rising and Changhong is drinking". Zhao Zhouqiao's superb technical level and immortal artistic value fully show the wisdom and strength of our working people. Li Chun, the main designer of this bridge, is an outstanding craftsman, and his name is engraved on the inscription at the bridge head.

1, and the sequence described in this paragraph is

2. The description object of this paragraph is:

In the original text, use "//"to divide this passage into three layers.

4. The expression used in sentences with horizontal lines is that the function is.

5. Understand the role of interpretation and answer the following questions briefly.

(1) The sentence "... is 50.82 meters long, 9.6 meters wide at both ends, slightly narrower in the middle and 9 meters wide" is interpreted as ().

(2) The sentence "bridge opening is not an ordinary semicircle, but a bow" uses the interpretation method of () to describe the big arch in Zhao Zhouqiao, thus explaining the characteristics of the big arch.

(3) "Li Chun, the main designer of this bridge, is an outstanding craftsman, and his name is engraved on the inscription on the bridge head", explained by (for example-).

(4) What role did Zhang Ci and Zhang Ci play in the Tang Dynasty?

(2) Suzhou Gardens

There are rockeries and ponds in Suzhou gardens. The piling of rockeries can be said to be an art, not just a technology. Or mountains, or a few hills with bamboo flowers and trees, it all depends on the life experience of designers and craftsmen and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. As for ponds, most of them refer to flowing water. Some gardens and ponds in Worry-Free regard ponds and ponds as the center of the whole garden, and other scenery is also arranged in harmony. If the water looks like a river, bridges are usually arranged. If more than two bridges are arranged, and one is the same, never _ _ _ _ _ _ _. There are few neat stone dikes beside ponds or rivers, and they are always left to their own devices. There are also a few exquisite stones arranged there, or some flowers and plants planted: this is also to achieve the effect of looking at a painting from all angles. Goldfish or carp of various colors are kept in the pond, and lotus flowers or water lilies are in full bloom in summer and autumn. What tourists see is "fish playing between lotus leaves", which is another painting.

1. Fill in the original words in the two blanks of the text respectively.

(1) Life experience, mind.

(2) If more than two bridges are arranged, then one is the same, never.

2. The correct meaning of "rockery piling can be said to be an art rather than just a technology" is ()

A. The piling of rockeries is both technology and art..

B. The piling of rockeries is not only technology, but also art..

C. The piling of rockeries is not only art, but also technology.

D. The piling of rockeries is both art and technology.

3. When explaining the characteristics of the pond, comment on the artistic effect of the pond and other scenery with the phrase "This is also to achieve the effect of painting from all angles". "This" in the sentence means:

4. The central content of this passage is ()

A. There are rockeries and ponds in Suzhou gardens.

In Suzhou gardens, the cooperation of rockery and pond shows the beauty of nature.

C in Suzhou gardens, the cooperation between rockery and pond shows artistic beauty.

D In Suzhou gardens, the arrangement of rockeries and ponds reflects the experience and level of designers.

5. Can the word "most" added in the article be removed? Why?

6. "Life experiences are many, and there are hills and valleys in my chest" echoes the words, showing the artistic beauty of rockery and emerald green.

7. The common features of Suzhou garden rockeries and ponds are as follows.

(3) nuclear ship story

There are three people sitting in the bow. Dongpo is the one with the highest crown and the most beards. Fo Yin is on the right and Lu Zhi is on the left. Sue and Huang read books together. Dongpo's right hand is holding a curly tail, and his left hand caresses Lu Zhi's back. Lu Zhi held the end of the book in his left hand and the book in his right hand, saying something. Dongpo's right foot and Lu Zhi's left foot are slightly different. Compared with the knees, they are all hidden in the folds of the bottom clothes. Is a unique Maitreya Buddha, topless, holding her head high, her expression does not belong to Su and Huang. Lie flat on your right knee, hold the boat on your right arm, stand on your left knee, and lean on it with your left arm missing the beads-the beads can be counted vividly.

1. from ",the author, () Ren Chao.

Draw the central sentence of this passage in the text with horizontal lines.

3. In what order does the first sentence of the article introduce the positional relationship of three people? Why?

4. What did you write about Su Huang? What kind of ingenuity does this show the sculptor?

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5. Extract 3~5 words from the short passage that reflect the sculptor's superb carving skills, and tell me how these words are embodied.

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(4) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and one of the few famous rivers in the world. She started from Bayan Kara, accepted thousands of streams and rivers, ran eastward, passed through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan and other nine provinces and regions, and poured into the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Sea of Yan Hao. The Yellow River has a total length of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of more than 750,000 square kilometers. Like a golden dragon, it lies with its head held high on the vast land in the north of China.

② The natural environment of the ancient Yellow River basin was superior. At that time, the climate here was warm and humid, the land was fertile, there were mountains and green fields everywhere, and there were many kinds of plants, which provided favorable conditions for the survival of primitive humans. After the Yin Dynasty, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River became the earliest developed area in China, with rapid economic development and a population of Fá n y m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

According to legend, Huangdi, the ancestor of the Chinese nation, grew up in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and the area where he and his clan mainly lived was also in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Later Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties were founded by him. They call themselves "Hua" (or Xia) and live in the Central Plains. People thought that the "Central Plains" was in four directions, so later generations also called it "China". Now, "China" has become another name for China.

(4) The Yellow River is one of the birthplaces of ancient civilization in China. In the middle of Neolithic Age, the Huangdi people began to use painted pottery. From the ancient cultural sites excavated in Yangshao Village, Mianchi, Henan Province and banpo village, Xi 'an, we can see rough wooden and stone farm tools used by people about 5,000 years ago, wooden houses where people lived, pits for storing grain, and many beautifully patterned painted pottery. These underground unearthed materials reflect the long history and superb artistic level of the Chinese nation and are called "Yangshao culture" or "painted pottery culture".

⑤ Anyang, Xi, Luoyang and Kaifeng, the seven ancient capitals in the history of China, are all located in the Yellow River Basin. The culture of the Tang Dynasty centered on the ancient capital Chang 'an was the peak of the culture at that time, which influenced the cultures of all countries in the world, especially those of Asian neighbors.

The Yellow River has nurtured the Chinese nation with abundant milk, and the outstanding sons and daughters of the Chinese nation have worked hard beside her, creating a splendid culture. The Yellow River is the cradle of the Chinese nation and the birthplace of China culture.

1. Fill in the words according to pinyin, namely _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (3 points)

2. Read two paragraphs and summarize the main idea. (4 points)

Paragraph _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Please talk about it according to this article:

(1) Why is the "Yellow River Basin" the "cradle of the growth of the Chinese nation"? (3 points)

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(2) The origin of the name "Zhonghua": _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4. Think carefully about the underlined sentences in the first paragraph of this article and answer the following questions:

(1) Among the nine provinces and regions where the Yellow River flows, two provinces have a wrong ranking. Please correct them. (2 points)

The two provinces with incorrect ranking are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

The first paragraph has three sentences. If the second sentence is deleted, the meaning of the paragraph remains unchanged and the content is more concise. Why doesn't the author write like this? (2 points) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(3) What characteristics does the underlined sentence show about the Yellow River? (3 points)

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5. Can the added words "Legend" and "One" be deleted? Why? (5 points)

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6. Please write an appropriate title for this article: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (3 points)

7. What do you think is the relationship between civilization and environment after reading this article? As modern people, what should we do to be worthy of our "Yellow River ―― Mother River"? (6 points)

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Reference answer:

1. 1, explanation, knowledge, thing explanation, thing explanation 2, chronological order, spatial order, logical order, from phenomenon to essence, from cause to result, from abstract to concrete, from whole to part, from main to secondary, from individual to general, from general to special. Give three examples, classify, list numbers, compare, draw charts and define.

2, 1, comparison, 2, quotation 3, example, 4, comparison, imitation, 5, number of columns,

6. description 7. Explanation 8. Metaphor 9. Classification 10. definition

Three. 1, description 2, description 3, independent variable 4, lyric 5, narrative 6, lyric 7, independent variable 8

Four. The logical order of (1) 1, from aspect to part, from major to minor.

2. The structure of Zhao Zhouqiao

3. "... people don't know why"/"The characteristic of the bridge is that ... Changhong drinks the stream". //Zhao Zhouqiao's height ... is engraved with his name.

4. Discuss and praise the wisdom of working people.

5, (1) column number, Zhao Zhouqiao is magnificent. (2) For example, there is no steep slope on the road above. (3) For example, Zhao Zhouqiao's superb technical level and immortal artistic value fully show the wisdom and strength of the working people in China. (4) Quoting Zhang's words, it shows that the design conforms to scientific principles and the construction technology is ingenious. Quoting Zhang Zhuo's words shows that Zhao Zhouqiao is beautiful in form.

(2) 1.① Gully (or gully) ② Similar. 2.B 3。 There are also some exquisite stones, or some flowers and plants. 4.C 5。 No, "most" limits the scope. If removed, all ponds and marshes refer to running water, which is not accurate enough. 6. I forgot the city of Suzhou and only felt that I was in the mountains. 7. From all angles, it looks like a painting.

(3) 1. The story of the nuclear submarine Wei Xueyi Ming 2. The central sentence is the first sentence.

3. First in the middle and then on both sides, Dongpo is the core figure and theme of sculpture, so Dongpo is highlighted.

4. Write with your own hands and feet. The sculptor intends to show the scenes and infinite intimacy that Su Huang studied together.

5. For example, "peerless Maitreya" highlights the vividness of carving, and "pearls can be counted vividly" shows that carving is difficult, clear and superb.

6. No, this sentence is in line with the previous sentence, "Su Huang has read one volume in all".

(4)

1. Vastness, reproduction and offspring

2.④ Introduce the ancient civilization of the Yellow River; ⑤ Introduce the achievements and influence of the Yellow River culture.

3.( 1) Superior natural environment is conducive to human survival and development. The ancestor of the Chinese nation, the Yellow Emperor, and his clan (China people) lived in the Central Plains, and were regarded as the "China".

4.( 1) Shandong and Henan; Henan, Shandong. (2) After deletion, the geographical location of the Yellow River Basin is not specific; Let readers lack a specific sense of space. (3) (1) The process is long. (2) Strong momentum and (3) Wide basin.

5 1 can't ② because: Legend-the story is taken from Legend and has not been confirmed by "scientific research"; ③ "One" —— There are other cradles of ancient civilization in China, and the "Yellow River Valley" is not unique (for example, there are "Yangtze River Valley" and "Hemudu Culture"). After deletion, the ideographic characters lack "accuracy and randomness". 6. The Yellow River-the cradle of the Chinese nation

7. Key points: ① Civilization and environment are interdependent and promote each other; The superior natural environment provides the foundation for human civilization; (3) civilized and progressive human beings should better protect the natural environment and promote the environment to be more conducive to human survival and development; Otherwise, mankind will pay a heavy price for destroying the living environment. ⑤ Modern people, descendants of the Chinese people, should take a long-term view of economic development ("sustainable development"): ⑤Prohibit "indiscriminate logging", plant a variety of trees, prevent soil erosion, make good use of water resources, make the Yellow River cut off forever, and make "Chinese civilization" last forever.