What is the concept of chaebol?

Rockefeller Financial Group Morgan Consortium First Citibank Consortium Dupont Consortium

Boston consortium Mellon consortium Cleveland consortium Chicago consortium

California consortium Texas consortium

Rockefeller Financial Group

(Rockefeller Financial Group)

One of the top ten American consortia. Based on the Rockefeller family's oil monopoly, it extended its sphere of influence to all sectors of the national economy by constantly controlling financial institutions, and became the largest monopoly group in the United States. Founder J.D. Rockefeller started with oil, opened an oil refinery in Cleveland in 1863, and based on the oil refinery in 1870, he expanded and established the Ohio Standard Huai Oil Company, which soon monopolized the oil industry in the United States, and invested in the financial industry and manufacturing industry with its huge profits, and its economic strength developed rapidly. Total assets were only $6.6 billion in 1935, and increased to $82.6 billion in 1960, which increased by1.5 times in 25 years. Since then, great progress has been made. The total assets of 1974 have increased to $330.5 billion, surpassing Morgan Consortium and ranking first among the top ten consortia in the United States. There are 65,438+06 largest oil companies in the United States, 8 of which belong to Rockefeller Financial Group.

Rockefeller Financial Group is a typical example of bank capital controlling industrial capital. It has a huge financial network, with Chase Manhattan Bank as the core and more than 100 financial institutions such as New York Chemical Bank, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and Fair Life Insurance Company. Through these financial institutions, many industrial and mining enterprises are directly or indirectly controlled, and they occupy an important position in various economic sectors such as metallurgy, chemistry, rubber, automobile, food, air transportation, telecommunications and arms industry. The arms companies under its control include MacDonald Douglas, Martin marietta (jointly controlled by Mellon consortium), sperry Rand and Westinghouse Electric Company (jointly controlled by Mellon consortium). Rockefeller Financial Group also controls five major American airlines, including United Airlines, Pan Am, American Airlines, TWA and Eastern Airlines, alone or jointly with other consortia.

1973 After the energy crisis, the countries of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries launched a tit-for-tat struggle with the monopoly capital of the United States, which dealt a heavy blow to Rockefeller Financial Group. The consortium has taken various measures to remedy this unfavorable situation. First of all, he participated in the development of domestic oil in the United States and won the lease right of offshore oil fields in the coastal areas of China. 1976, he obtained the oil lease right of Alaska and the middle Atlantic coast 130000 acres. And jointly develop the British North Sea oil field with the Anglo-Dutch Shell Oil Company. It also penetrated into other related sectors of the energy industry. In addition, the petrochemical industry is also vigorously developed.

Rockefeller Financial Group not only occupies a dominant position in the economic field, but also places a large number of agents in the government, which influences the domestic and foreign policies of the US government. It also penetrated into education, science, health, art and social life through organizations such as Rockefeller Foundation and Rockefeller Brothers Foundation, and expanded its influence.

However, since 1980s, Rockefeller Financial Group's economic strength has been declining, and its status has also declined, and it has been surpassed by Morgan Consortium. Mainly because of the mutual infiltration of American consortia, Rockefeller Financial Group's big enterprises such as Exxon and big banks such as Chase Bank were infiltrated by other consortia and became jointly controlled enterprises.

Morgan consortium

(Morgan Financial Group)

One of the top ten American consortia. Formed at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, it is a monopoly capital consortium that rules the American economy. Founder J.P. Morgan founded drexel-Morgan Company on 187 1 on the basis of his father J.S. Morgan's wealth, and engaged in banking business such as investment and credit. 1894, the partner died and was wholly owned by him. 1895 changed its name to J.P. Morgan Company, and based on this company, it expanded its power to financial undertakings and economic fields (such as steel, railways and public utilities) and began to form monopoly consortia. 19 12 years, Morgan consortium controlled 13 financial institutions with total assets of $3.04 billion, among which Morgan Corporation was the strongest and dominated the American financial sector. The financial tycoons on Wall Street called Morgan Company "the banker among bankers". Morgan Consortium made a fortune in the First World War, and with its abundant financial capital, it penetrated into all sectors of the national economy after the war. In 1930s, the total assets of big banks and enterprises controlled by Morgan Consortium accounted for more than 50% of the eight American consortia at that time.

Due to the increasing competition among consortia, other consortia took Morgan Consortium as the main target, so its strength status declined relatively, and it was once surpassed by Rockefeller Financial Group. In order to save the decline, it has taken various measures. In finance, we should use a solid financial foundation to expand our strength. In terms of industry, we have actively explored emerging technology industries, and since the 1960s, we have leapt to the first place in technological departments such as electronic computers, high-speed photocopiers and microfilm. The International Business Machines Corporation under the consortium is the largest computer manufacturer in the world. Great progress has also been made in industries with good foundations such as electrical equipment, power equipment and atomic energy equipment. In the arms industry, General Electric Company, General Dynamics Company and Grumman Aircraft Company controlled by Morgan Consortium are the top arms contractors of the US Department of Defense. By the end of 1970s, the trust assets of Morgan Consortium grew rapidly, far exceeding other consortia. The rise of cutting-edge technology industries such as computers doubled its economic strength. In terms of the number of enterprises controlled by Morgan Consortium and the assets it owns, it is superior to Rockefeller Financial Group.

Morgan consortium has a solid foundation in the financial industry. Its main pillar is J.P. Morgan Company. Morgan is one of the largest multinational banks in the world, with 65,438+00 subsidiaries and many branches in China, and more than 65,438+0000 communication banks. It has branches or representative offices in about 20 big cities abroad, and owns shares in financial institutions in nearly 40 countries. Its operating characteristics are buying and selling a large number of stocks and operating huge trust assets. It controls the shares of 37 foreign commercial banks, development banks, investment companies and other enterprises. In addition, there are manufacturers Hanover Company, new york Banker Trust Company, Northwest Bank Company, Prudent Life Insurance Company and new york Life Insurance Company. Among the industrial and mining enterprises, there are mainly International Business Machines Corporation, General Electric Company, International Telephone and Telegraph Company, American Steel Company and General Motors Company. In terms of public utilities, there are AT&T and Southern Company.

First National City Bank Financial Group

(First National City Bank Financial Group)

One of the top ten consortia in the United States is the Eastern Consortium, which rose after the war. Although the history is not long, its total assets have surpassed several established consortia and become one of the top ten consortia. With the First National City Bank as the core and relying on its huge funds, the consortium expanded its power to the arms industry (such as rockets, missiles and airplanes) and civilian industries (such as electronics, chemicals, petroleum and nonferrous metallurgy) and controlled a large number of famous large enterprises and companies. It is also one of the most active consortia in overseas expansion.

The First National City Bank, formerly known as new york Citibank, was established in 18 12, and is one of the oldest banks on Wall Street. By the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, it was controlled by two big families, steelman and Rockefeller, and quickly developed into the capital dispatching center of standard petroleum system (Mobil petroleum system). In 1930s, it was hit by the world economic crisis and its business collapsed. In the wave of enterprise merger in 1950s, it became active again. On 1955, it merged with the First National Bank of new york and changed its name to the First National City Bank of new york, and changed its name to its current name on 1962. With this bank as the core, the first Citibank consortium was formed and squeezed into the ranks of the top ten consortia in the United States.

The rapid development of first national city bank Consortium is mainly due to its economic strength consisting of large companies and enterprises closely related to arms production in the First National City Bank. Boeing Company and United Aircraft Company, which are engaged in arms production under its control, have always been major arms contractors in the United States except for the production of large civil airliners. They mainly contract military products such as jet bombers, militia-3 intercontinental missiles, Apollo program and the manufacture of rockets and space launchers, and get surprisingly high profits from military orders every year. Other enterprises affiliated to the consortium include Atlantic Richfield Oil Company (jointly controlled by Morgan Consortium), Phillips Oil Company (jointly controlled by Morgan Consortium), Xerox Company, Minnesota Mining Manufacturing Company, Crawler Tractor Company (jointly controlled by Morgan Consortium and DuPont Consortium) and National Cash Register Company which produces electronic computers. In business, there are penny company (jointly controlled by Morgan consortium) and jewelry store (jointly controlled by Chicago consortium). The above enterprises are monopolized at home and abroad.

Boston financial group

(Boston Financial Group)

One of the top ten consortia in the United States and one of the oldest monopoly consortia in the United States. It consists of Boston Lowell, Lawrence, Adams, Loki, and the emerging Kennedy family, who made a fortune from the slave trade in the19th century. At that time, these families invested huge sums of money accumulated by overseas colonial plunder in commercial banks, insurance companies and investment companies, and relied on these financial institutions to provide funds to operate textile industries such as textiles, leather making, shoes making, clothing, food and chemicals. Due to the rapid development of textile industry, at the beginning of the 20th century, Boston, a family that has been intermarried for generations, took the First National Bank of Boston as the core and formed the Boston Consortium.

The First National Bank of Boston was established in 1859. 1903 is still called Boston first national bank after it merged with Massachusetts bank. It is the earliest multinational bank in America. In addition to banks, the Boston Consortium also owns four famous insurance companies, the largest of which are john hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company and Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company.

The strength of Boston consortium in industrial and mining enterprises is not as good as that of Oriental consortium. The industries it controlled used to be mainly textiles. Since the 1950s, MIT's scientific research achievements have been used to develop emerging technology industries, from textile industry to electronics, optics, aerospace and missiles. For example, Texteron, which it controlled, merged many small and medium-sized companies after the war and expanded its strength. Its business direction has also shifted from textile industry to aerospace industry and electronics industry, becoming a diversified company with more than 70 subsidiaries. It not only manufactures aviation and aerospace products, all kinds of electronic components and aircraft parts, but also operates the watch, furniture and poultry industries. One of its companies, Bell Life Aircraft Company, is an arms exporter, making helicopters for the Pentagon and foreign countries. Boston consortium has superior technical strength in developing emerging technology industries. The scientific research achievements of Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other famous schools have strongly promoted the development of cutting-edge industries in Boston. Its subsidiaries, such as Texteron, Raytheon and Boraroyd, have experienced rapid economic growth under the stimulation of emerging technology industries. Politically, the Boston consortium once supported Kennedy as president with the Geffler consortium. The Kennedy family dominated the White House and won a large number of military orders for the Boston consortium, which caused strong dissatisfaction from the Morgan consortium. 1963165438+10 The assassination of Kennedy in October dealt a great blow to the Boston consortium, which made it lower in the competition with other consortia.

Mellon financial group

(Mellon Financial Group)

One of the top ten American consortia is a monopoly capital group with Mellon family as the center and finance as the starting point. T Mellon, the founder, founded Thomas Mellon & Son Bank on 1869, which developed rapidly. Renaming Mellon National Bank from 65438 to 0902 is the financial pillar on which Mellon Consortium started. Taking this as a starting point, it gradually merged with industrial capital, and the consortium gradually formed. In addition to Mellon National Bank, financial institutions controlled by Mellon Consortium include Pittsburgh National Bank and General Reinsurance Company. For a long time, Mellon consortium controlled the bank capital and industrial capital of Pittsburgh through these financial institutions.

Among the industrial and mining enterprises controlled by Mellon consortium, Alcoa is the oldest. Its predecessor was Pittsburgh Smelting Company, controlled by Mellon & Son Bank, 1890. Since 19 10, Alcoa has been monopolizing the production of aluminum in the United States and is one of the industrial pillars of Mellon consortium. Another important industrial pillar is the Gulf Oil Company. It is one of the largest oil monopolies in the United States, and its main business includes oil exploration, refining, transportation and sales. Since 1980s, it has expanded the petrochemical industry and ethylene production capacity, ranking third among American chemical companies. Mellon consortium also occupies a certain position in the production of steel industry, including Armco Steel Company (jointly controlled by Rockefeller Financial Group and Cleveland Consortium), National Steel Company (jointly controlled by Cleveland Consortium), Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Company and Allegheny-Leder Haomei Industrial Company. In addition, the consortium also owns Westinghouse Electric Company (jointly controlled by Rockefeller Financial Group), Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (jointly controlled by Rockefeller, Chicago and Cleveland Consortium) and Rockwell International Company. Rockwell is not infiltrated by any consortium, and specializes in designing and manufacturing aircraft, missiles and rockets. It has been the main contractor of the Pentagon and NASA for a long time, and has made huge profits.

Cleveland consortium

(Cleveland Financial Group)

One of the top ten American consortia, named after Cleveland.

/kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, several wealthy families in Cleveland mainly included Mather, Hannah, Humphrey, Eaton, etc. Use the rich local coal and iron resources to establish the iron and steel industry, gain huge profits, then invest in the banking industry and develop into the rubber industry and railway transportation. After World War I, it met the requirements of consortia, with assets of 1935 USD, making it the eighth largest consortium in the United States at that time. During the Second World War, it gained further development, and its assets increased to $65,438+0,955, making it the sixth largest consortium in the United States. In the 1960s, due to the limitation of the consortium's location, its strength declined.

The economic strength of Cleveland Consortium is mainly in steel, rubber, railway transportation and other departments, and it has a certain position in American basic industries. The steel industry is the main interest of the consortium, which controls four of the largest 10 steel companies in the United States, namely, Gonghe Steel Company, Lex Youngstown Company, Armco Steel Company (jointly controlled by Mellon Consortium and Rockefeller Financial Group) and National Steel Company (jointly controlled by Mellon Consortium). Cleveland consortium also has important interests in American rubber industry. Goodyear Tire Rubber Company and Firestone Tire Rubber Company, the two largest rubber companies in the United States, are jointly controlled by Cleveland and other consortia. The financial capital of Cleveland Consortium is weak, and its five financial institutions, including Cleveland Trust Company, have limited strength, so they have to rely on the financial institutions of the Eastern Consortium, especially Morgan Consortium, to raise funds.

Chicago consortium

(Chicago Financial Group)

One of the top ten consortia in the United States is a consortium in the Midwest of the United States. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was composed of the local rich families McCormick family, Wood family and the emerging Krone family, named after the Chicago area as the activity center.

Chicago has a suitable climate, abundant rainfall and fertile land, which is suitable for developing agriculture and animal husbandry. It has long been an important grain and livestock producing area in the United States. The development of agriculture and animal husbandry, followed by the development of meat processing and agricultural machinery industry, soon made Chicago an industrial and commercial center and financial center second only to new york. These wealthy families banded together to form a monopoly consortium. 1935 assets of $4.3 billion, ranking fourth among the eight American consortia at that time.

The financial strength of Chicago consortium is relatively strong, and there are five major banks: Continental Illinois Company, First Chicago Company, Harris Bank Company, Northern Trust Company and Bank of America Company. In addition, there are two insurance companies: CNA Financial Company and National Insurance Company. In recent years, the Chicago consortium has been squeezed out by the Wall Street consortium, and its financial strength is not as good as before. Continental Illinois has been infiltrated by Morgan consortium and become a company jointly controlled by two consortia; The First Chicago Company is controlled by Rockefeller Financial Group, and the Chicago consortium actually belongs to these two consortia.

The industrial fields controlled by Chicago consortium are mainly agricultural products processing industry, traditional agricultural machinery manufacturing industry and business aimed at agricultural areas. In the agricultural products processing industry, it controls 12 meat processing enterprises, among which Esmark Company and United Food Company are the larger ones. In terms of agricultural machinery, it owns International Harvester Company, Crawler Tractor Company (controlled by two consortia in Rockefeller Financial Group) and Deere Company. Tractors produced by these three agricultural machinery companies account for 60% of the national tractor sales market. After World War II, the expansion of Chicago consortium in the oil industry attracted attention. It has invested heavily in Rockefeller Financial Group's Indiana Standard Oil Company and Texaco Company, and has an important personnel portfolio.

The Chicago consortium plays an important role in business. It owns huge commercial retail companies such as Sears-Lubak Company, United Department Store, Jewelry Store and Marshall Field Company. Sears-Lubak Company was established in 1866. At the beginning of the 20th century, its mail-order business achieved great development, with retail stores and supply points all over the United States. 1982, the company's assets increased by $36.6 billion, and its annual sales reached $30 billion, ranking first among American department stores.

California financial group

(California Financial Group)

One of the top ten American consortia. After the Second World War, emerging consortia include Bank of America Group, San Francisco Group and Los Angeles Group. During the Second World War, the economic strength of these three groups increased sharply with the rapid development of California's arms industry, especially the growth rate of financial capital was particularly alarming, forming a large consortium with Bank of America as its financial center. 1974 assets 167 1 billion dollars, ranking third among the top ten consortia in the United States, and playing a major role in American political and economic life. It and the southern consortium form a new force of the arms industry group and become a force to compete with the old consortium in Northeast China.

The financial capital of California consortium is extremely abundant, and its main commercial banks include Bank of America, Western Bank Company, Security Pacific Company, Wells Fargo Company and Crocker National Company in San Francisco.

Bank of America is the financial core of California consortium, and its predecessor is the Italian bank founded by A.P. Chianni, a descendant of Italian immigrants in the early 20th century. Due to its rapid business development, it became the largest bank in the western United States in the 1920s. In the early 1930s, it merged with the Bank of America in California and changed its name to Bank of America (full name of National Trust and Savings Bank of America). World War II brought it huge profits, surpassing Chase National Bank in new york at that time and becoming the largest commercial bank in the United States. Only the largest voting right of Bank of America has been controlled by Morgan Consortium and First Citibank Consortium, and the power of California Consortium in Bank of America is far less than before.

The industrial and mining enterprises controlled by the California consortium were mainly agriculture and mining before the Second World War. During and after World War II, because California has become the largest arms production base in the United States, industrial companies controlled by consortia mainly produce arms. Such as Lockheed Aircraft, Litton Industries and Northrop Corporation. These companies are among the top ten arms dealers and arms exporters in the United States. After the war, Lockheed Aircraft Company ranked first in the US Department of Defense's arms orders for a long time. However, the control of these arms production companies gradually fell into the hands of the eastern consortium, and the strength of the California consortium declined relatively.

Texas consortium

(Texas Financial Group)

One of the top ten American consortia. After World War II, a new consortium in Texas developed mainly by relying on the oil industry and the arms industry. Represented by the family founded by K.W. McKison, S. Richardson, H.L. Hunter, J. Braun and J.A. Elkins.

The bank capital of Texas consortium is relatively weak. Although it has four banks and three insurance companies, it has not formed a strong financial center. The four banks are: Dallas First National Bank, Houston First City National Bank, Dallas Republic National Bank and Texas Commercial Bank. The industrial and mining enterprises controlled by the Texas consortium are the largest in Houston. Originally the largest oil and gas pipeline transportation company in the United States, it has now developed into a diversified comprehensive company. Due to the infiltration of Rockefeller Financial Group, it has become a company jointly controlled by two consortia. In the arms industry, the Texas consortium controls two famous companies. One is LTV Company (formerly Ilya-Temko-Water Company), whose founder is J.J. Lin, who is good at mergers. 1960 merged Temko Aircraft Manufacturing Company, and 196 1 merged water company (manufacturing aircraft and missiles). Diversified management began in the 1980s, but it still focused on manufacturing arms, with rich profits and rapid development. The other is Hughes Aircraft Company, which was established in 1933. Its business was initially limited to design and experimental manufacturing, and 1942 began commercial production, manufacturing spacecraft, reconnaissance cameras and various aircraft parts. In the first half of 1980s, the electronic control system and other electrical components produced by the company were in a leading position in the American aircraft manufacturing industry, so the company's business was booming and its turnover increased greatly. In addition, the Texas consortium also owns some companies that produce cutting-edge high-tech industrial products, such as Texas Instruments.

Japan's four major consortia

Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo and An Tian, centered on the family chaebol, are the earliest Japanese monopoly consortia. Today, six monopoly consortia, such as Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, Furong, dai-ichi kangyo bank and Sanhe, hold the economic lifeline of Japan and control a large number of Japanese enterprises.

Mitsui consortium

Japanese consortium. The total assets are 36 trillion yen and the employees are nearly 240,000. The core members are 24 monopoly enterprises, including 2 banks, 2 insurance companies, industrial and mining enterprises 15, trading companies 1 home, department stores 1 home, real estate industry 1 home and 2 transportation enterprises. The managers' meeting composed of these enterprises, called Ermuhui, is the highest leading body of Mitsui Consortium. Among them, Mitsui Bank, Mitsui Property and Mitsui Real Estate Company are the three pillar enterprises of the consortium, and the leaders of these three enterprises form the highest leadership core, representing the Mitsui Consortium. In addition to the member enterprises of Ermu Club, there are 16 directly affiliated subsidiaries participating in Yueyao Club instead of Ermu Club. In addition, Mitsui Foundation also controls a number of affiliated companies through loans, shareholding and personnel relations, including 65,438+065,438+04 affiliated companies, with a shareholding ratio of over 65,438+00%.

The predecessor of Mitsui Consortium is Mitsui chaebol ruled by Mitsui family. On 1673, the founder Haruhiro Mitsui opened silk and satin shops in Edo (now Tokyo) and Kyoto, and later ran a money house. From the 65438+1920s, Mitsui Exchange Shop, which mainly handled currency exchange business, became commercial capital and usury capital, and funded feudal princes to arrange exchange for Tokugawa shogunate, becoming a wealthy businessman as a privileged businessman. During the Meiji Restoration, the Mitsui family transferred to the imperial court, funded the new imperial government to dispatch soldiers' salaries, developed into a political business, was taken care of by the Meiji government, and took control of the national financial industry. On this basis, 1876 Mitsui Bank, the first private bank in Japan, was opened and Mitsui Property Company was established. 19 10 established a general holding company, which basically formed a modern mitsui chaebol. After World War I, Mitsui chaebol became the largest monopoly capital group. By the end of World War II, there were 273 direct and affiliated companies and their subsidiaries of Mitsui chaebol. Mitsui chaebol was dissolved once after this. In the early 1950s, Mitsui Bank initiated the establishment of the Yueyao Club, and then set up a five-day meeting at the general manager level for the purpose of promoting the merger of Mitsui & Co., Ltd., and changed its name to Ermu Club on 1960, gradually becoming the overall leading body of Mitsui Consortium. At the end of 1950s, the direct subsidiaries and subsidiaries of the former Mitsui chaebol were assembled in the form of a new enterprise group and restored to become a big consortium. Mitsui Consortium has more than 150 member companies, their subsidiaries and joint companies.

Mitsubishi consortium

Mitsubishi consortium was founded in 1956, and its predecessor was "Old Mitsubishi Corporation" (this company was ordered by the United States to be decentralized by the Japanese government in the second half of 1947). "Dissolving the chaebol" dissolved the blood relationship.

The relationship between the chaebol family, the collapse of the master-slave relationship between the main company and the subsidiary, enhanced the autonomy of the subsidiary, thus making employees work harder. Establish capital and

The new system of relatively independent management has played a positive role in promoting the development of the company. The group mainly deals in heavy industry and chemical industry, as well as six Japanese consortia (Mitsui Consortium and Sumitomo Finance).

Group, Fuji Consortium, Sanhe Consortium, First Bank Consortium), Mitsubishi Consortium is the most powerful. Among them, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Sanliang Steel, Mitsubishi Chemical and mitsubishi electric are all the same industries in China.

Traffic companies are also among the best in the world.

Sumitomo consortium

As early as the16th century, the Sumitomo family developed and became the official copper supplier in Japan, mainly serving some powerful families in Japan at that time, including the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan for more than 200 years from 1603 to 1868. At that time, the head of the family proudly declared that Sumitomo Trading Company was the largest copper exporter in the world.

/kloc-In the mid-9th century, the Japanese market gradually opened to the west, and Sumitomo Trading Co., Ltd. also developed more extensively in iron and steel smelting, steelmaking and other fields. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Sumitomo family had rapidly developed into the third largest financial chaebol in Japan.

During the 1930s and World War II, some monopoly groups with political influence became the main followers of Japanese militarism, and Sumitomo Corporation was no exception. During this period, the family centralization of Sumitomo consortium became more obvious, and most of its industries were concentrated in the hands of Sumitomo family. By 1937 and 16 generations, the Sumitomo family has mastered as much as 90% of the total share capital of the consortium.

After Japan's defeat, the chaebol disintegrated and reorganized into enterprise groups under the restriction of the United States. The political and economic influence of the Sumitomo family in Japan has also been greatly weakened. However, with the recovery of Japan's economy after the war, Sumitomo Consortium made a comeback and grew stronger and stronger. Since then, Sumitomo Corporation has participated more extensively in international trade activities in the fields of metals, machinery, petroleum, chemicals, food and textiles, and has become the core enterprise of Sumitomo Consortium and one of the four largest traders in Japan.

China consortia in the Republic of China.

1, four families:,, and Chen are collectively called "four families"

2. Jiangsu-Zhejiang Consortium: During the Republic of China, Jiangsu-Zhejiang people based in Shanghai, or large banks and large enterprise capital groups in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, were the largest consortiums in China.