Photographic works of Huashan pine

Huangshan Mountain, in the heyday of literature and art in Chinese history (/kloc-the "landscape" style in the mid-6th century), was widely praised as "the first wonder mountain in Sinian". Today, Huangshan Mountain is famous for its magnificent scenery-strange pines growing on granite stones and strange stones appearing in the sea of clouds. For tourists, poets, painters and photographers who come to this scenic spot from all directions, Huangshan has eternal charm.

◎ Overview

Huangshan Mountain is located in the south of Anhui Province in the east of China, with a length of about 40 kilometers from north to south and a width of about 30 kilometers from east to west, with an area of about 1200 square kilometers, the essence of which is 154 square kilometers, so it is called "Five Hundred Miles Huangshan Mountain".

Huangshan is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone. Due to the high mountains and deep valleys, the climate changes vertically. At the same time, due to the great difference in radiation between the northern slope and the southern slope, the local topography plays a leading role in its climate, forming a cloudy, humid and rainy climate. The elevation of the main peak, Lotus Peak1864.8m.. There are six scenic spots in the mountains: hot springs, Yungu, Songgu, Beihai, Yuping and suspension bridge, with beautiful scenery.

Song Song in Yupinglou Scenic Area of Huangshan Mountain.

Huangshan Mountain was originally named "Yishan", because it is said that Xuanyuan Huangdi, the ancestor of the Chinese nation, once cultivated immortals here. In the sixth year of Tang Tianbao (AD 747), it was renamed as June 16th, which was also designated as the birthday of Huangshan Mountain by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. Huangshan Mountain is famous for its beauty and beauty. It is also a national-level scenic spot and summer resort, with rich resources, ecological integrity, important scientific and ecological environmental value, and excellent natural and human landscape.

Huangshan Mountain combines the beautiful scenery of China's famous mountains, especially the "four wonders" of strange pines, strange rocks, sea of clouds and hot springs. It is a miracle of nature, and it has always enjoyed the reputation of "the five mountains return without looking at the mountains, and the Huangshan Mountain returns without looking at the mountains".

cultural heritage

Religious culture with a long history

Huangshan is closely related to religion. In the old books of Taoism in the Tang Dynasty, fairy tales such as Xuanyuan Huangdi, Rong, Gonglaishan alchemy, and Taoist ascension have spread for thousands of years and have far-reaching influence. So far, many peaks related to the above fairy tales have been left, such as Xuanyuan Peak and Qiu Fufeng, as well as an alchemist, immortal, climber, immortal, Taoist and Wang Xianfeng. The name of Huangshan Mountain is also related to the theory of alchemy of Huangdi. Taoism established earlier Taoist temples in Huangshan, such as Fushan Temple and Jiulong Temple. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Taoist Zhang Yinfu practiced in Huangshan Mountain and founded the Songgu Dojo. After the late Ming Dynasty, there was no trace of Taoist activities in the whole mountain. According to the Illustration of Huangshan Mountain, Buddhism was introduced to Huangshan Mountain as early as the Southern Dynasties, and nearly 100 temples were built in the past dynasties. Among the temples, Xiangfu Temple, Jigong Temple, Cuiwei Temple and shi bo Temple are called the "Four Jungles" of Huangshan Mountain. There are many Buddhist disciples in Huangshan who are good at poetry and painting. The famous ones are: Daoyun in the Tang Dynasty, Haineng, Hongzhi, Yin Ke, Yuan Ze, Wang Yin, Dajun, Dahan, Boan, Jianjiang and Xuezhuang in the Qing Dynasty, all of which have been handed down from generation to generation.

Sunset Landscape at the Peak of Danxia Mountain in Huangshan Mountain

Boutique Huiping Huangshan art

The great natural beauty of Huangshan Mountain has amazed countless poets, painters and other artists, intoxicated them, produced irresistible creative passion, and left countless works of art. During the 1200 years from the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, there are now more than 20,000 poems praising Huangshan Mountain. Huangshan's artistic works are rich in genre and content. They explore, embody and enrich the beauty of Huangshan Mountain from all sides, which is a wonderful flower in the art treasure house of the motherland. As far as poetry is concerned, Li Bai, Jia Dao, Fan Chengda, Shi Tao, Gong Zizhen, Huang Yanpei, Dong, Guo Moruo and Lao She all have many excellent works. In terms of prose, Xu Xiake's Diary of Visiting Huangshan Mountain, Yuan Mu's Journey to Huangshan Mountain, Ye Shengtao's Three Days in Huangshan Mountain and Feng Zikai's Tiandu all reflect the beautiful charm of Huangshan Mountain. Besides, there are countless stories and legends in Huangshan Mountain, such as alchemy of Huangdi, drunkenness of Li Bai, fairies leading the way, fairies embroidering and so on. In particular, the Huangshan Painting School, which embodies the beauty and tranquility of Huangshan, has become a bright pearl in Huangshan culture. The masters of Huangshan painting school constantly absorb nutrients from Huangshan landscape and enrich their artistic creation. They are unique in painting with dignified and concise pen and ink, bright and beautiful composition, lofty and tragic style and profound will. Huangshan gave birth to many artists in the past dynasties, and artists endowed Huangshan art with life.

◎ Natural heritage

Anhui Huangshan Scenic Area Haiyun Tiandufeng

Geological landform

Huangshan Mountain experienced a long orogeny and crustal uplift, as well as the baptism and natural weathering of glaciers, before forming its unique peak forest structure. Huangshan Mountain is known as "the third 1 6 peak and the 36th small peak", and the main peak, Lotus Peak, is as high as1,864 meters above sea level. It lives in the center of the scenic spot with the top and steep Tiandu Peak, and there are 77 peaks over 1,000 meters around it, which are stacked in green and green, organically combined into a rhythmic, melodious and magnificent three-dimensional picture scroll.

The mountain is dominated by Yanshanian granite, with vertical joints developed, intense erosion and cutting, criss-crossing fractures and fissures, and long-term water erosion, forming magnificent granite caves and passages, making them become ridge canyons and accessible everywhere. The whole mountain has 30 ridges, 22 rocks, 7 caves and 2 passages. The joints of Qianshan rock mass are sparse, the rocks are spherical and weathered, and the mountain is magnificent; Houshan rock mass is densely jointed, mostly vertically weathered, and the mountain is steep, forming a geomorphic feature of "majestic front mountain and beautiful back mountain".

glacial vestige

Huangshan Mountain is rich in Quaternary glacial remains, mainly distributed in the southeast of Qian Shan. Typical glacial landforms are as follows: Kuzhuxi and Xiaoyao River are "U"-shaped valleys eroded by glacial movement; There are two V-shaped valleys on the brow peak and back of crucian carp and the knife ridges left by gouging. The top of Tiandu Peak is tinder left by ice bucket planing on three sides; Baizhang Spring and Herringbone Waterfall are suspended valleys formed by the confluence of glacial valley and glacier branches. Moraine stones accumulated by glaciers are distributed in the riverbed terraces from Xiaoyaoxi to Tangkou, Wuniguan and Huangshi Dang. It is said that the "Dan Jing" and "medicine mortar" used in Xuanyuan Huangdi alchemy are also ice mortars formed by glaciation.

water resource

Huangshan Mountain is the watershed between Qiantang River and Yangtze River, and it is rich in water resources. There are many mountain streams and valleys radially distributed around the center, including 36 big valleys, which form 36 sources and flow into 24 streams. With Taohua and Yunmen Peak as the boundary, they flow into Xin 'anjiang, Qiantang River, Qingyi River and Yangtze River respectively. The height difference of Huangshan Mountain is large, and the mountains and rivers flow, forming waterfalls. Waterfalls hang like practice and splash pearls and jade, forming the most active and vital landscape of Huangshan Mountain. The famous waterfalls are Renzi Waterfall, Baizhang Spring and Jiulong Waterfall. In addition, there are 20 pools, 15 springs, and 9 pools have been named.

Animal and plant resources

The natural environment of Huangshan Mountain is complex, the ecosystem is stable and balanced, the vertical zoning of plants is obvious, and the community is complete, with 1 alpine swamp and 1 alpine meadow. This is a place where green plants gather, with a forest coverage rate of 56% and a vegetation coverage rate of 83%. There are 65,438+0,452 species of wild plants in Huangshan Mountain, including Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Ginkgo biloba. It is a national first-class protection, 8 species are third-class protection, Dendrobium and other 1O species are endangered species, 6 species are endemic to China and 2 species are endemic to Huangshan. There are 28 species of plants first discovered or named after Huangshan Mountain, especially the famous tea "Huangshan Mao Feng" and famous medicines. There are many ancient and famous trees in Huangshan Mountain, which are famous for their antiquity, size, rarity, strangeness and abundance, among which Huangshan pine is the most famous.

Huangshan Mountain is also an ideal place for animals to rest and multiply. There are 24 species of fish, 20 species of amphibians, 38 species of reptiles, 0/70 species of birds (belonging to 40 families of 17 orders) and 300 species of vertebrates. The main rare birds and animals are white-necked pheasants, macaques, macaques, sika deer, wild goats and clouded leopards.

mount huangshan rocks

Huangshan four wonders

"Since ancient times, Huangshan has been the wonder of the world", "The wonder of Huangshan is believed in the peaks; The miracle of the mountain peak is considered turquoise; The wonder of turquoise is believed in ancient times; The wonder of the cloud, the letter is in the sea. " Mountains, vast clouds, waterfalls, rugged rocks and strange pines all show the magnificent charm of Huangshan Mountain.

Song Qi: Pine trees are the most peculiar landscape in Huangshan Mountain. There are tens of thousands of yellow pine trees over a hundred years old, which grow in the cracks of rocks. They are intertwined and stand proudly, showing extremely tenacious vitality. Nearly 100 trees were named, and the welcoming pine at the foot of Yunv Mountain became the symbol of Huangshan Mountain.

Strange rocks: There are many dangerous peaks in Huangshan Mountain, and the cliffs are steep, and the feet of the peaks fall straight to the bottom. Granite stone forests and stone pillars are widely distributed in hilltops, mountainsides and valleys. Strange rocks are like natural works, with vivid images, forming wonderful natural pictures, among which there are more than 20 famous ones, such as/kloc-0, such as "Squirrel Jumping into the Sky" and "Monkey Watching Peace".

A rare sea of clouds appeared in Huangshan Scenic Area, Anhui Province.

Sea of clouds: "Huang Shanyun has been a sea since ancient times". Huangshan is a sea of clouds, with peaks as the body and clouds as the clothes. Its magnificent "sea of clouds" is famous for its beauty, victory, strangeness and illusion, especially in Chu Qing after rain and snow. "Going to the sea" at sunrise or sunset is the most spectacular. Strange rocks, strange pines and peak forests float in the sea of clouds, swaying and swaying. Being in them is like falling asleep, and you can appreciate the realm of "the sea is at the end, the sky is the shore, and the mountain is the peak".

Hot Springs: Huangshan Hot Springs, called Lingquan, Tangquan and Zhusha Springs in ancient times, gush out from under Ziyun Peak and face Taohua Peak across the stream. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan bathed here and ascended to heaven on July 49. Hot springs contain many trace elements that are beneficial to human body. The water quality is pure and the temperature is suitable, so it can be drunk and bathed. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once said with emotion that "the philosopher dies far away, and this water is really my teacher".

Pines are evergreen trees, and a few are shrubs. Bark is scaly, with needle-shaped leaves and spherical fruits. The seeds are called pine nuts and can be eaten. Wood and resin are widely used.

There are more than 100 kinds of pine trees in the world, all of which are fast-growing trees. In addition to the need for some shade at the seedling stage, people like light and fertile and moist soil during the growing period. The native native varieties in our province are Pinus armandii, Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus bungeana, Pinus massoniana, Pinus Bashan and juniper, and the imported varieties at home and abroad are Larix principis-rupprechtii, Cedar, Pinus yunnanensis and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Pinus elliottii and Pinus taeda. These tree species have different biological characteristics, some like warm and humid climate, and some like mild and cold climate. Some are cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant, while others are not cold-tolerant and afraid of drought. This paper mainly introduces the suitable cultivation range of several pine trees.

L Pinus armandii, also known as Pinus armandii and Pinus pentaphylla, can be planted in Qinba Mountain area and some mountainous hills in Weibei. The annual average temperature should be lower than 15℃, and the annual precipitation should be 600-1500mm. It has strong adaptability to soil and can grow on mountain cinnamon soil, red yellow soil and red lime soil. However, the requirements for soil moisture are strict, and it is not resistant to drought, barren, saline-alkali and poor drainage. Pinus armandii is cold-tolerant, and can grow normally at the low temperature of -7- 10℃ or at the absolute low temperature of -3 1℃. Huashan pine tree is tall, with green needles and many cones. It is also a kind of dried fruit tree with rich nutrition and delicious taste.

2. Pinus massoniana, also known as Pinus tabulaeformis and Abies fargesii, is the main afforestation tree species in subtropical areas, and is only planted in some places such as the southern slope of Bashan Mountain and Qinling Mountains. Suitable for warm and humid climate, it grows in the place where the annual average temperature is 13-22℃ and the annual precipitation is more than 800 mm, and it is not tolerant to low temperature. Young tree needles will wither in winter at-15℃. Pinus massoniana is not strict with soil requirements, is drought-resistant and barren, and can grow in clay, sandy soil, gravel soil and thin soil layers or cracks on sunny slopes. I like acidic and slightly acidic soils, and the mountains with PH value of 4.5-6.5 grow best.

Pinus massoniana, with its fast growth, long life, strong adaptability, tall and straight tree potential and majestic vigor, is not only the main pioneer tree species for afforestation in barren hills, but also an excellent tree species for creating scenic forests and convalescent forests.

3. Pinus tabulaeformis, also known as Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus thunbergii, has the widest adaptability and can grow from south to north in Shaanxi Province. It is the best pine variety to adapt to continental climate. Cold-resistant, drought-resistant, low temperature of-25℃, can grow in the northern part of northern Shaanxi with precipitation of 300-400 mm. Pinus tabulaeformis is not strict with soil, and prefers slightly acidic and neutral soil. It will not grow well in alkaline soil above 7.5. Salt-tolerant alkaline soil, but it grows well in limestone mountain area, with deep soil layer, high water content of organic matter, abundant precipitation and good drainage. Therefore, Pinus tabulaeformis is one of the main coniferous tree species for windbreak, sand fixation and soil and water conservation in the loess hilly and gully region of northern Shaanxi.

4. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is the main fast-growing timber tree species in Northeast China, and it is also an excellent tree species for shelter forest and "greening all around". In 1960s, it was introduced into Yulin area of our province and grew well. Strong cold resistance, can withstand the low temperature of MINUS 40-50℃. At the same time, it is also a tree species with strong drought resistance, which has low requirements for soil moisture and well-developed roots and can make full use of soil moisture. The soil requirement is not high, and it is suitable for growing on aeolian sandy soil, gravelly coarse sandy soil, sandy soil, chernozem and albic soil. It is not conducive to the growth of alkaline soil with PH greater than 8 and places with salt content greater than 0. 1% or waterlogging.

According to the requirements of suitable environmental conditions, Pinus sylvestris var. Quercus mongolica, as a tree species for sand prevention, sand fixation, gully control and "all around" greening, is only suitable for large-scale planting in northern Shaanxi.

5. Cedar, also known as Himalayan pine and Himalayan cedar, is tall and majestic. It is a precious timber tree species and a world-famous ornamental tree species. Cedar is a subtropical tree species, which is suitable for growing in a warm and humid climate. The annual rainfall is 600- 1000 mm, and the soil is deep, fertile and loose, acidic or slightly acidic. However, it can grow in cohesive loess, barren soil and exposed rock, and is not suitable for growing in low-lying stagnant water or places with too high groundwater level. Otherwise, it will grow poorly and even die. Poor anti-smoking ability, vulnerable to tobacco injury.

Cedar is suitable for planting in Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi. Cedar is mainly supplied from other provinces because of its low seed bearing and low cutting survival rate, so it is used for landscaping and street tree planting every year. There are many natural types of cedar, which can be divided into three types according to tree type and branching: thick-leaved cedar, drooping cedar and upturned cedar.

Pinaceae is the largest family in gymnosperms, with 10 genus and more than 230 species, including more than 90 species of Pinaceae, which is the largest genus in the whole gymnosperms. Pine is the most important forest tree species in the northern hemisphere. Except Sumatran pine distributed at 2 degrees south latitude, all other species naturally grow on the Yuan Ye, a mountain and river from the equator to 72 degrees north latitude. Especially in temperate regions, pine trees are not only varied, but also often form vast forests, so pine trees are known as "the mother of forests in the northern hemisphere".

Pine trees are very adaptable to the land environment. They can tolerate the low temperature of -60℃ or the high temperature of 50℃, can grow in bare mineral soil, sandy soil, volcanic ash, calcareous soil, limestone soil and various soils from calcareous soil to red soil, and are drought-tolerant, barren and sunny, so they are famous pioneer trees.

The most obvious feature of pine trees is that their leaves are needle-shaped, usually in bundles of 2, 3 or 5 needles. For example, the leaves of Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus massoniana and Pinus taiwanensis are in bundles of 2 needles, the leaves of Pinus bungeana are in bundles of 3 needles, and the leaves of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus armandii and Pinus pentaphylla are in bundles of 5 needles.

Pine is a monoecious plant, and its spore leaves are arranged like cones, forming female cones and male cones. Single or 2 14 female cones are attached to the top of new branches, and most male cones gather in the lower part of new branches. Pine cones usually bloom in spring and summer, but after the pollen reaches the female cones, it will not germinate until the early summer of the following year, so that the female flowers will fertilize and develop into cones (commonly known as pinecones or cones, not fruits). The cones mature after autumn, and the seed scales open, and each seed scale has two seeds.

Pinus species are mostly tall and straight trees with good materials and many columns. Korean pine, the "king of wood" in the northeast of China, tall Pinus ponderosa (up to 75 meters) widely distributed in the west of North America, the fastest growing pine radial pine originated in the coastal area of California, slash pine originated in the southeast of the United States, Caribbean pine originated in the Caribbean of America, and Pinus densiflora widely distributed in the west and north of Eurasia. , are famous timber trees.

The ornamental value of pine trees is obvious to all. In China, beautiful images of pine trees can be seen from the royal classical gardens to the homes of modern residents, such as Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus bungeana in Beihai and Summer Palace, and Pinus pentaphylla widely used in stump bonsai. Some famous mountain resorts are famous for their majestic mountains and pine trees. Huangshan pine in Huangshan, Huashan pine in Huashan and Meiren pine in Changbai Mountain ... all amaze tourists.

China is one of the countries with the richest gymnosperms in the world. From the perspective of Pinaceae, it can be fully explained that China is a veritable "hometown of gymnosperms". In China's vast mountainous Yuan Ye, there are not only lush pine, larch, spruce and fir forests, but also many extremely precious and rare Pinaceae trees hidden in some deep mountains and forests. Among the first batch of rare and endangered plants under special state protection, there are 39 species of Pinaceae, accounting for110 of the total (389 species). Among them, Cryptomeria fortunei is listed as the first-class key protected plants, Abies baishanzu and Pinus yunnanensis 17 species are listed as the second-class key protected plants, and Taxodium mexicana and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica/0 species are listed as the third-class key protected plants.