Introduction of various lamp positions of stage lighting with lights.

The two lighting lamps are used as the main light source and the auxiliary light source respectively when shooting.

(1) main light. That is, the brightest and most important light source in lighting. It is used to express the basic form of the subject, the three-dimensional space of the picture and the surface structure of the object. Its main function is to show the direction and nature of the light source, produce obvious shadows and contrasts, and shape the images of people and scenery, so it is also called plastic light. Generally speaking, it is necessary to form a certain contrast between light and shade to highlight the three-dimensional sense and texture, so the direct light of spotlight is often used as the light source of the main light, which makes the surface of the object produce spots and flashes. If the scattered light is used as the main light, it can produce rich intermediate tones, but the modeling effect will be weakened. The light largely determines the size of the aperture used by the camera and becomes the benchmark for adjusting the position, brightness and light ratio of other lamps. Because people are used to the sun light source (sunlight) from above, the main light must have obvious directionality, which is generally set at the position of 30 ~ 45 in the axial direction of the camera (see Figure 5-5), but this position is not an absolute standard, so it should be arranged flexibly according to the actual shooting conditions and program design requirements.

(2) auxiliary lights. Used to weaken the obvious shadow caused by the main light, so as to increase the picture level and detail of the part that the main light can't reach, and reduce the density of the shadow. Therefore, the auxiliary light should be located on the other side of the camera axis corresponding to the main light. Lamps and lanterns often use soft scattered light or reflected light without obvious direction. When the brightness of the main light is determined, the auxiliary light becomes the main factor to determine the contrast of the picture: the brightness of the auxiliary light is lower than that of the main light, the greater the intensity ratio and contrast between the main light and the auxiliary light, the thicker the shadow of the picture, and the stronger the stereoscopic effect, forming a "low-key" effect; The smaller the intensity ratio and contrast between the main light and the auxiliary light, the weaker the shadow of the picture, the brighter the picture and the weaker the stereoscopic effect, forming a "high-profile" effect; When the brightness of the auxiliary light and the main light is close to the same, the shadow will disappear and the stereoscopic effect will be offset. At the corresponding position of the auxiliary lamp, a reflector can also be used instead of the auxiliary lamp. The reflector can scatter the light of the main light, reduce the wrinkles on people's faces and form a soft and beautiful image effect. Three-point light distribution method, also known as three-light illumination or triangle light distribution method, is the most commonly used traditional light distribution method in photography, which consists of main light, auxiliary light and backlight (see Figure 5-6). These three kinds of lights are placed in a basic position respectively, and each has its own duties. * * * Create a three-dimensional illusion picture space-the main light establishes the shape of the subject, the auxiliary light increases the softness and weakens the shadow caused by the main light, and the backlight separates the subject from the background.

Backlight, also known as side light, is similar to backlight under natural light. It projects from the back of the subject and outlines a bright light edge along the edge of the subject or the head and shoulders of the person, which helps to separate the subject from the background, establish the hierarchical relationship and three-dimensional clarity of the picture, add vitality to the picture and make it more vivid. Due to the outstanding modeling effect of backlight, it should be used as much as possible when conditions permit. Backlight is generally illuminated by spotlight, which is placed directly behind or slightly above the subject, but its light cannot be seen by the camera, otherwise it will cause glare that interferes with the lens and even damage the camera tube. Sometimes, people use reflected light as backlight, that is, the light is projected on the ceiling or wall behind the subject, and then reflected on the back of the subject to form a softer backlight. In order to effectively highlight the three-dimensional modeling of the picture, the intensity of the backlight should usually be controlled at least equal to the intensity level of the main light, or even greater.

It is customary to set the light ratio of main light, auxiliary light and backlight in three-point light distribution according to the ratio standard of 1: 0.5: 1.5~2, that is, based on the main light, the intensity of auxiliary light is 1/2 of the main light and the backlight is 1.5~2 of the main light. This is because, if the main light is too dark or the auxiliary light is too bright, the picture modeling effect will be weakened; However, if the backlight is too weak, the subject and the background will be inseparable, and the picture lacks three-dimensional sense and depth. But in the actual operation process, there is no absolutely unchangeable mode. It is necessary to judge the light efficiency requirements according to the actual situation reflected by the camera viewfinder, and make the three-light lighting achieve a balanced relationship according to the needs and clear intentions of the light ratio change.

The triangular position arrangement of main light, auxiliary light and backlight has always been considered as the standard light distribution method in photography, but it is usually only suitable for single lens shooting. If multiple cameras are used to shoot a large scene, the angle needs to be changed during shooting, and the position of lamps should be adjusted and changed at any time. The way of film production emphasizes accurate lighting effect, and every shot has strict lighting according to the specification, which consumes a lot of time; In TV programs, there are many live productions, and the timeliness requirements are fast. Too standard three-point lighting method is sometimes difficult to achieve. Therefore, to make full use of the original lamps, more lamps should be used. For example, when shooting people from different angles, we can use the method of crossing triangles or main lights (see Figure 5-7), or combine the three-point lighting method with general area lighting to adapt to the dynamic performance of TV and the lighting requirements of large-scale scenes. After arranging the main light, auxiliary light and backlight, the most basic lighting basic light is established. But in order to create a more comprehensive and ideal lighting effect, more auxiliary light sources are needed, and one of the most important auxiliary light sources is background light, which is also commonly known as landscape light. In addition, there are other decorative lights and eye lights that need to adapt to various local lighting.

(1) background light. Background light is the light used to illuminate the surrounding environment and background of an object. It highlights the subject by explaining the environment, sets off and explains the relationship between the subject and the environment, enhances the realism of the space, and can manipulate and influence the audience's understanding of the time factors of the scene and their feelings about the color of the picture. For example, it is manifested as bright day or dark night, bright emotional color or deep emotional characteristics, and so on. The use of astigmatism lamps can be used to illuminate the whole environment or plane background, while spotlights are often used to illuminate local areas, resulting in strong light and dark levels of the background. When using the background light, attention should be paid to avoid affecting the light distribution effect of the main body. The intensity of the background light is generally 1/2 or 3/4 of the main light. An excessively bright background will weaken the relative brightness of the foreground subject, leading to the usurpation of the host's role.

(2) decorative lights. Decorative lights, also known as decorative lights, are used to make up for the lack of various lighting or to decorate a particularly emphasized part. For example, the light used to illuminate hair and make it reflect light to express the characteristics and texture of hair is called head light; The light used to illuminate clothing to express some of its characteristics and texture is called clothing light; The light used to illuminate props to express their characteristics and texture is called prop light. Decorative lights can weaken the stiff contrast of local details from the main light to the auxiliary light, increase the middle tone of the picture, and play the role of polishing and adjusting the overall effect of light. The decorative lamp is suitable for spotlights that emit small beams, and the beam size can be adjusted according to the decorative range. Because it is only used to decorate a local and quite limited area, special attention should be paid to prevent interference with other lighting effects, and appropriate shielding should be done when necessary.

(3) eyes. Eye refers to the light that a person's eyeball can reflect when illuminated by a light source. In order to increase the vivid effect and portray the characteristics of people's expressions, we should be good at using our eyes. Special eye protection lamp is a kind of lamp with low luminous power, soft light and large lighting area. When used in close-up frontal shooting of people in camera position, it is enough to make the eyes produce bright reflected light points and illuminate the shadows around the eyes at the same time, without affecting other light effects. The application of eye light is to produce a bright spot. Universal lighting method refers to the lighting method that uses scattered light and reflected light to evenly illuminate the whole shooting scene to form the basic light level required for panoramic lighting. This kind of light is similar to the shooting effect under natural light and cloudy conditions. In the case of high astigmatism and diffuse lighting, the light spreads all over every part of the scene without forming a specific directionality, that is, the light intensity in all directions is the same, the shadows of objects cancel each other out, and the three-dimensional sense and texture are poor.

General lighting is widely used because it is different from stage lighting. In filming, the ideal light modeling is emphasized, that is, the dramatic effect produced by high-contrast lighting and heavy shadows is required. In TV shooting, the camera is more suitable for shooting an ideal picture at a lower basic light level. Soft and uniform scattered light illumination can just adapt to the dynamic changes of TV shooting and scene scheduling. In addition, with the continuous improvement of camera performance, the camera has been able to work at a low basic illumination level. Therefore, modern TV lighting often breaks the light ratio change standard of "three-point lighting" and tends to change to the low light ratio mode with small contrast between light and dark. In all kinds of programs, the use of this kind of light has almost become a common trick, and it has gradually become a style of light use, especially in the scene shooting of news reports, which can provide light conditions that meet the technical requirements of cameras in less time and satisfy photographers. In the choice of lamps and lanterns, we can use several reflector spotlights to reflect the light to the ceiling or wall, or use a fiber reflector to replace the previous spotlights, or use soft covers, reflective umbrellas and other scattered beams to replace the traditional light distribution methods, and use generally uniform diffused light.

However, the basic task of TV lighting, after all, is to create a three-dimensional picture space and reproduce the shape and structural characteristics of objects. Therefore, people think that providing universal basic lighting only solves half of the lighting problems, and only by completing three-dimensional expression at the same time can the ultimate goal of lighting be truly realized. If we can combine three-point lighting with general lighting, we can provide a more comprehensive and ideal lighting effect, that is, general lighting can provide basic lighting for TV dynamic shooting and large-scale scene scheduling, and then three-point lighting can focus on strengthening the local area lighting of specific subjects. Practice has proved that many excellent TV programs can use light according to the specific conditions of technical facilities, which can completely break the dull picture caused by lack of shadows, and can also rival the accurate and delicate light ratio relationship and modeling effect required in movies.