Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Photography and portraiture - Historical Problems of the Western Han Dynasty

Historical Problems of the Western Han Dynasty

Fengguo in the Han Dynasty

Fengguo

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;c1j3S!O-a'e0C%r+g%M.r0RHistory and Culture|Military Weapons |Literary novels|Film and television entertainment|Travel photography|Military literature|Fantasy novels|Martial arts novels|Leisure and entertainment In view of the enfeoffment system implemented in the Zhou Dynasty, the princes have been fighting for hundreds of years. After the Qin Dynasty destroyed the six kingdoms of Shandong, it implemented the county system nationwide. Not only did it not enfeoff princes and princes, but the princes also did not set up fiefdoms, so the Qin Dynasty had a single system of counties and counties. This was not the case in the Han Dynasty. While implementing the system of counties and counties, it also implemented a feudal system including kingdoms and princes. , is an important system of local government in Han Dynasty. This system has changed greatly and is described below.

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2J2j N/\5Y3z5y Ebbs.cqzg.cn In the Chu-Han War In order to gain the support of important generals to defeat Xiang Yu, Liu Bang made Han Xin and others kings. In this way, at the beginning of the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, there were eight kings with different surnames, namely King Han Xin of Qi (who later moved to Chu). Wang), Liang Wang Peng Yue, Huainan Wang Yingbu, Han Wangxin, Zhao Yu Zhanger, Yan Wang Zangcha (later established Lu Wan), Hengshan King Wu Rui (later changed to Changsha King), and the Minyue King died. The fiefdoms ranged from more than a hundred cities to thirty or forty counties, with a total area larger than the counties directly under the imperial government. Moreover, each king had soldiers, which posed a great threat to the imperial court for almost the rest of his life. After spending most of their time and energy, they were eliminated one by one. Before Liu Bang's death, there was only one Changsha Kingdom, which was later abolished because the king died without an heir. Chinese Community

4u,d9a$|;X3V! Nine people are kings, "Historical Records: Preface to the Chronology of the Princes since the rise of the Han Dynasty" says:

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From the east of Yanmen and Taiyuan to Liaoyang, it is the state of Yan and Dai; south of Changshan, turn left from Taihang, and cross the Bohai Sea to the east of He, Ji, A, and Zhen, and it is the state of Qi and Zhao; From Chen to the west, to Jiuyi in the south, to the east with Jiang, Huai, Gu, Si, and Kuaiji, they were the kingdoms of Liang, Chu, Wu, Huainan, and Changsha. ...The Han Dynasty only had Sanhe, Dongjun, Yingchuan, and Nanyang, from Jiangling to Shu in the west, and from Yunzhong to Longxi in the north, and fifteen counties in Neishifan, among which the princesses and princes lived. 1r!L(m7Y!G7G;B

The purpose of conferring a king with the same surname was to consolidate his rule over the local area and protect the imperial court. However, as time went by, the power of the king with the same surname developed rapidly, and by the time of Emperor Wen, it had become a powerful force. Jia Yi commented on the situation at that time. It was said that he was suffering from bloated disease, his calves were swollen almost like his waist, his fingers were swollen almost like his arms, and it was difficult to move his body. He proposed the solution of "building more princes but less strength". Emperor Wen adopted his suggestion. , divided Qi into seven kingdoms, and Huainan into three kingdoms. During the reign of Emperor Jing, he adopted Chao Cuo's policy of "cutting away Fan" and successively cut off Donghai County from Chu, Yuzhang County and Kuaiji County from Wu, Hejian County from Zhao, and six counties in Jiaoxi. After returning to the imperial court, rebellions broke out among the seven kingdoms of Wu, Chu, Zhao, Jiaodong, Jiaoxi, Jinan, and Zichuan. After the rebellion was put down, the rebel kingdoms were divided or destroyed, and the kingdom's political power was returned to the imperial court, and its independent status was revoked during the reign of Emperor Wu. He also adopted Zhufu Yan's suggestion and issued the Tuen Order: In addition to inheriting the throne with his eldest son, the princes can also allocate their fiefs to other children. The emperor will determine the titles and they will belong to Han County. Many small princely states were continuously divided, and the kingdom's fiefdom became smaller and smaller. In addition, the Han Dynasty's restrictions on the kingdom became weaker and weaker. The princes and kings actually became feudal aristocrats with only titles but no real power.

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;W*n#w)I2W'V.E3n.}:M.[Before the Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu and Chu, the imperial court had legislative restrictions on the kingdom.

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&E)V:f6A-y Spring and Autumn Chinese Community 1. The princes and kings are not allowed to steal the emperor's ritual system: Jingqi, Zhengzhi and Daihuangwu are all the emperor's ritual system, and the princes and kings can steal it , it is illegal to transgress. Liu Chang, the king of Huainan, died on his way to move because of the crime of stealing the emperor's ritual system. #m,a+c:E4s

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2. The princes and kings must follow the Han system when appointing officials: the legislation in the early Han Dynasty stipulated that the kingdom should have two thousand stones Officials are all appointed by the imperial court: officials below two thousand shi are appointed by the kingdom. After Emperor Jingdi ordered officials of more than 400 shi to be appointed and removed by the court. Strategy, equipment, games, investment, financial management, stocks, Internet, securities, SOHO, virtual literature, Chinese forum, Spring and Autumn Chinese, stickers, novels, history, war history, Chinese history, y6p'h#K K:e#r'z2L

*]:i2W6x8q,[*e&U strategy, equipment, games, investment, financial management, stocks, network, securities, SOHO, virtual literature, Chinese forum, Spring and Autumn Chinese, stickers, novels, history, war history , Chinese History 3. The princes and kings are not allowed to send troops without authorization without the tiger talisman. For example, "Hanshu·Gao Wu Wang Biography": "If a king wants to send troops, he must have the Han Tiger Talisman to prove it."

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4. The princes and kings are not allowed to boil salt and smelt it privately in the country: Shanhai The profit belongs to the emperor, so the princes and kings are not allowed to cook and cast it without authorization in the country. Chao Cuo accused King Wu of "casting money from the mountains and boiling the sea to make salt". After the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms was settled, "famous mountains and seas were accepted by the Han Dynasty." The imperial court further restricted the economics of princes and kings, and they were not allowed to take advantage of the mountains and seas, otherwise they would be punished with death.

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6. The princes and kings are not allowed to accept the dead and hide their lives in exile.

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7. The princes and kings must enter the court on time: The princes and kings must meet the emperor on time. If they fail to enter the court on time, they will be punished by death. In the early Han Dynasty, October was the first month of the year, so the princes and kings in the early Han Dynasty took the tenth month in winter as the beginning of the year. After Emperor Wu changed the calendar in Taichu, the first month was used as the first month of the year. The princes and kings entered the dynasty in the first month, which was called the "Spring Dynasty". The princes and kings had to go there in person. In addition to the Spring Dynasty, there is also the "Autumn Invitation", and the Autumn Invitation can be replaced by others. When the princes and kings go to court, they must make three kinds of contributions to the emperor: one is a tribute, which is determined according to the household registration number of the kingdom. It is sixty-three coins per person per year. The system is the same as that of the county. It is the population tax that the county submits to the court from the calculation of taxes. One is the betrothal coin, which is a personal tribute from the princes and kings to the emperor. It was originally a cangbi, worth only a few thousand, but Emperor Wu changed it to a leather coin, worth 400,000. One is gold mint, which is a kind of fee for assisting sacrifices. "Han Jin Bu Ling" says: "The princes each give four taels of gold to each thousand people according to the number of people. If the number is less than a thousand to five hundred people, four taels of gold will be given." And the princes and kings also offer four taels of gold. After entering the dynasty, one was not allowed to stay in the capital. Anyone who stayed in Chang'an for more than twenty days would be illegal after the expiration date. bbs.cqzg.cn:x*G!p2|3X9`-~

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8. The princes and kings are not allowed to have private conversations with their relatives Intercourse. Strategy, equipment, games, investment, financial management, stocks, Internet, securities, SOHO, virtual literature, Chinese forum, Spring and Autumn Chinese, stickers, novels, history, war history, Chinese history +n(M u2k,a

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9. The princes and kings are not allowed to meet privately with other kings.

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.V!V&Q5w;P!}(qbbs.cqzg.cn 10. The princes and kings are not allowed to leave the country privately.

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11. The princes and kings are not allowed to give private rewards to court ministers. Strategy, equipment, games, investment, financial management, stocks, Internet, securities, SOHO, virtual literature, Chinese forum, Spring and Autumn Chinese, stickers, novels, history, war history, Chinese history -]'P9y-D7G

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6e:i&_$l&p,j8d:f5P*H'L After the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu and Chu was settled, the imperial court not only directly deprived the political power of the princes and kings but also reduced the number of official officials in the kingdom. In addition, the law of Zuoguan was also established, and the laws of A Party and Fuyi were set up to further restrict the princes and kings:

4w:Y/z7D'z0B-X Academy, Literary Forum, Books, Strategy, Equipment , games, investment, financial management, stocks, Internet, securities, SOHO, virtual literature, Chinese forum, Spring and Autumn Chinese, stickers, novels, history, war history, Chinese History Academy, literature forum, books, strategy, equipment, games, investment, Financial management, stocks, Internet, securities, SOHO, virtual literature, Chinese forum, Spring and Autumn Chinese, stickers, novels, history, war history, Chinese history! : Regarding the law of Zuoguan, there is no detailed historical text. The annotation of "Hanshu: Preface to the List of Princes and Kings" quotes Ying Shao as saying: "Humanity is right, and now I have given up the emperor to serve the princes, so I am called Zuoguan." He also quoted Fu Qian: "Official official" A person who serves as a Zuoguan among the princes must not serve as a prince (as a dynasty). "One says that serving in the court is respected, and serving in the princes is humble. Those who serve in the princes are called Zuoguan; the other is that serving in the princes is called a Zuoguan. They are not allowed to serve in the imperial court anymore. There is no contradiction between the two statements. Probably in the early Han Dynasty, serving in the kingdom was far less respected than serving in the imperial court. After the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, the imperial court made it a rule that left officials were not allowed to serve in the imperial court again. This is evidenced by the fact that people in the kingdom are not allowed to stay in the guard for many times. However, since Emperor Wu, the kingdom's power has gradually declined, and the Zuoguan law has gradually become a formal document and has not been strictly enforced. , investment, financial management, stocks, Internet, securities, SOHO, virtual literature, Chinese forum, Spring and Autumn Chinese, stickers, novels, history, war history, Chinese history (m1^*w5d/I1}(H#U*U)S/ ]

7I)v8L4}7c6Z.nHistory and culture|Military weapons|Literary novels|Film and television entertainment|Travel photography|Military literature|Fantasy novels|Martial arts novels|Leisure and entertainment 2. A Party Law: "Han Shu" The annotation of "Gao Wu Wang Biography" quotes Zhang Yan: "The princes are guilty, and Prime Minister Fu does not raise the memorial, which is a party." It can be seen that there was a party law in the early Han Dynasty, but because the princes and kings had the power to remove officials at that time, the party was attached to it. The situation was unavoidable, so Emperor Jing later reaffirmed the A Dang law and made it into laws and regulations in order to strengthen the control of the kingdom. If the princes and kings were guilty, but the officials knew about it and did not report it, they would be A Dang and subject to severe sanctions from the court. The officials of the kingdom were also ordered to be strict in enforcing Han law, rather than being lenient. '@!Y4V8D#j2{

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3. The method of supplementary benefit: "Hanshu: Preface to the Tables of Lords and Kings" Yan Shigu notes: "The supplementary benefit is based on the meaning of Confucius' saying, 'Ask for it, collect it and attach benefit to it'. They all go against the correct law and are thicker than private households. Also. "The crime of Wu King Liu Bi, the leader of the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, was boiling salt and casting money. In order to economically restrict the efforts of princes and kings, the Han Dynasty set up special benefit laws to prevent officials at all levels from violating the law and seeking personal gains. Gather for the king. Dr. Xu Yan, the imperial censor Zhang Tanggai, and Xu Yanjiao ordered Jiaodong and Lu to boil salt and cast iron until death, and their "method" was immediately followed by a method of benefit. In addition, in order to facilitate the supervision of the kingdom, the imperial court also allowed officials at all levels and subjects of the kingdom to report the wrongdoings of princes and kings. )J+s |$O2?*q5j

7]2F!h7]3m3x7W During the Guangwu Zhongxing of the Eastern Han Dynasty, although the princes and kings were also granted the title, due to the rebellion in the Western Han Dynasty, the restrictions on the power of the kingdom were particularly strict. At that time, the kingdom's fiefdoms were very small. According to "Book of Jin·Geography", the East China Sea Kingdom had a ritual tradition, and it was best to grant a large fiefdom, and then it was able to occupy the twenty-nine counties of Lu County. The others, called Chongxi, could only occupy one county. That’s all. During the Ming Dynasty, the fiefdom was more clearly based on the amount of rent and tax, rather than the size of the fiefdom. In other words, the name "fengguo" no longer meant the actual fiefdom.

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After Qin unified China, the princes who had closed households but had no power to govern the people were "rewarded heavily with public taxes", that is, the court generals The taxes from the closed households were rewarded to the princes. The princes in the early Han Dynasty generally inherited the Qin system, but the difference was that the princes had feudal households. "Book of Han: Table of Meritorious Officials of Empress Gao Hui and Gao Wen" says.

$c /j"w/|-nbbs.cqzg.cn (in the fifth year of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang) was the emperor. After eight years, the world was at peace, and the title was determined based on merit. In the 12th year (195 BC), the marquis There were three people in the hundred and forty. At that time, the people in the big city were scattered, and the number of household registrations was reduced to ten or three. Therefore, there were no more than ten thousand households in the big house, and five or six hundred households in the small ones... In the four and five worlds of Jiawen and Jing, there were refugees. After returning home, the household registration will be restored, and the number of large princes will be as high as 30,000 or 40,000, and the small country will be as rich as that. Books, strategy, equipment, games, investment, financial management, stocks, Internet, securities, SOHO, virtual literature, Chinese forum, Spring and Autumn Chinese, stickers, novels, history, war history, Chinese History Academy, literature forum, books, strategy, equipment , games, investment, financial management, stocks, Internet, securities, SOHO, virtual literature, Chinese forum, Spring and Autumn Chinese, stickers, novels, history, war history, Chinese history i+d0b!U&Y

That is to say , the household registration of Fan Yan in the feudal city was completely owned by the feudal lord, which was very different from the Qin Dynasty. Liu Bang's purpose of conferring meritorious officials as lords was also to protect the imperial court, but in this way, the power of the great lords gradually expanded. There were also conflicts with the imperial court bbs.cqzg.cn;e&N9M8G+I'y

-N"r"p8d:H!j-|,B;v4@bbs.cqzg.cn Qin and early Han Dynasty. In the imperial court, the lord and lieutenant were in charge of the princes. During the reign of Emperor Jing, the lord and lieutenant were renamed as captains. During the reign of Emperor Wu, the princes were under the control of Dahonglu. Management. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, most of the feudal lords lived in the capital, and were granted residences by the imperial court. Their food and tax were transferred to the capital from their fiefdoms to support expenses. The control of the princes. Emperor Wen took over the throne on behalf of the king. In order to prevent the princes and ministers from controlling the government, he began to send the princes to live in the country, and he was strict about collecting corvees and taxes from the people. The law stipulates that neither "exceeding the law" nor "promoting without permission" will be punished; otherwise, the princes will be punished by being exempted from the title or having their title reduced. The princes are not allowed to cross the national border without authorization. They are not allowed to have illicit affairs with princes and kings, and offenders may be exempted from the title, or executed in serious cases. In addition, the princes are still guilty of hiding the death penalty, casting platinum, being good at sending soldiers as guards, buying land and houses illegally, and entering and leaving the country. The actions of the princes were not only supervised by the county guards, but also the common people and slaves had the right to report any illegal behavior.

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%Z;}7t"O:o$vStrategy, equipment, games, investment, financial management, stocks, network, securities, SOHO, virtual literature, Chinese forum, Spring and Autumn Chinese, stickers, novels, history, war History, Chinese history While restricting the power of princes and kings, the imperial court also constantly attacked the heroes and princes. For example, in the fifth year of Emperor Wu's Yuanding period (112 BC), the court regarded the gold offered by the princes as inferior to the law. One hundred and six people were cut off at one time. Most of the people who had their titles reduced were meritorious officials and princes. In addition, the descendants of the meritorious officials were extravagant, extravagant and lawless. Therefore, "most of them fell into legal prohibitions and perished and the country was subjugated." As for the Yuan Dynasty after Xiaowu, "there were many survivors." After Liu Bang, every emperor during his reign would grant a group of princes, including those for military merit, those for Confucianism and officialdom, some for clan princes, and some for the kindness of relatives. Among the princes, At the same time, a large number of princes were deposed for various reasons. In general, although there were many princely states in the Western Han Dynasty, the princes sealed their households but did not govern the people. They had no political power and were not respected by the people. Their status was no different from that of wealthy families, and they eventually tended to decline. The Eastern Han Dynasty followed the old system of the Western Han Dynasty, with fewer feudal lords sealing households and stricter control, and they were already in an insignificant position locally. Some of the princely states of the Western Han Dynasty were equivalent to counties, and some were equivalent to townships, but they were all independent states. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, except for the county marquis. There are also Duxiang Marquis, Xianghou, Duting Marquis, and all levels of Tinghou. Those below Duxiang Marquis do not have an independent country. They only count as households, and their status is getting worse and worse.

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The political system of the Qin and Han Dynasties was a bureaucratic system centered on imperial power and a centralized system of authoritarianism. From the above-mentioned imperial courts, counties and In the feudal government and its internal changes, it is not difficult to see that all the changes, abolitions, additions, and modifications are all for the purpose of strengthening the centralization of power. In other words, all of them are for the purpose of strengthening the imperial power. Feudal despotism is a form of centralization. , this was the case during the Qin and Han dynasties. When the Qin Dynasty destroyed the six kingdoms, all power was returned to the imperial court and concentrated on the emperor. The main reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty was due to the cruel politics of the peasants. Oppression and economic exploitation, but the rapid demise of Qin cannot be said to have nothing to do with the lack of defending power. In view of this lesson, Liu Bang's feudal state played a role in stabilizing the political situation in the early Han Dynasty, but it soon turned to the opposite. The imperial court took a series of measures to gradually solve the problem of the kingdom, but the power of the state and county pastors came one after another, and gradually evolved into the feudal separatist situation of warlords in the late Han Dynasty. History shows that despite the feudal rulers. We have racked our brains and invested a lot of energy in consolidating the political power, but no system can ensure the absolute concentration of power in the court and the infallibility of the imperial power; only when a relatively complete system is implemented normally can the imperial power be relatively stable and thus protect the country. For example, the local administrative system of Qin and Han Dynasties, whether it was the single county system of Qin or the parallel system of prefectures and states of Han, for most of the time, administrative, military and supervisory powers were separated in local government agencies, especially It is a supervisory power that is independent and directly under the command of the imperial court, allowing the imperial court to firmly control local administrative agencies and the army, thereby exercising overall rule over a vast unified country.

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