Manchu descent

Manchu originated from Nuzhen Ding in Ming Dynasty and is divided into three parts: Jianzhou, Haixi (Hulun) and Donghai (Savage). 16 16, Aisinjueluo Nurhachi began to unify the tribes of Jurchen and establish the post-Jin Dynasty. 1635, Huang taiji abolished the clan name of "Nuzhen" and renamed it "Manchuria", and put several ethnic groups living in the northeast of China, such as Jianzhou Nuzhen, Haixi Nuzhen, Savage Nuzhen, Mongolia, Korea, Han nationality, Huerha and Suolun, under the same clan name, thus forming Manchu. As the most "pure" part of the lineage, the Jurchen people in Jianzhou are called "Buddha Manchuria" (old Manchuria), while others are called "Che Yi Manchuria" (new Manchuria).

The origin of Manchu Eight Banners The Eight Banners is the social organization form of Manchu in Qing Dynasty. The Eight Banners System was founded by Nurhachi in the 29th year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (160 1). When it was founded, there were four flags: yellow flag, white flag, red flag and blue flag. 16 14, the four banners were changed to yellow, white, red and blue because of "for the benefit of the broad", and four yellow, white, red and blue banners were added to command the Manchu, Mongolian and Han armies.

1, the origin of the Eight Banners Manchuria:

During the Ming Dynasty, the Nuzhen nationality living in the northeast grew stronger and stronger under the command of Nuerhachi, the leader of the Nuzhen nationality, and the post-Jin State was established in 16 16. Nurhachi organized his men into an army according to the banner. First of all, there are four flags, that is, flags of four colors. Later, the number of people increased and became the Eight Banners, which is the origin of the Eight Banners. Manchu people are all incorporated into the flag, which is called the flag bearer, also called the flag bearer. Since all Manchu people are incorporated into its flag, there has always been a saying that all Manchu people are flag bearers.

2. Organizational form:

Main Seal of Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty

The jurchen ancestors of Manchu took hunting as their occupation. Every year in the hunting season, a prestigious person is the leader in the clan or village. This organizational form of collective hunting based on consanguinity and geography is called cattle farming record. The general leader is called Lu Niu's truth (Lu Niu means big arrow; Erzhen, also known as Erzhen, means main. Manchu: Niru Iejin). It is stipulated that every 300 people have Lu Niu 1 person, Lu Niu 1 person,, Lu Niu, Party A (team) 1 person, Party A (team leader) 1 person, Party A 1 person, and Gushan/kloc-0.

3. Specific source analysis: Twenty-four Banners

After Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, he created the Eight Banners of Mongolia and the Eight Banners of Han Army on the basis of the Eight Banners of Manchu Dynasty, and their establishment was the same as that of Manchu Eight Banners. The Manchu, Mongolian and Han Eight Banners, with a total of 24 banners, constitute the whole system of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. After the Qing Dynasty entered Shanhaiguan, the Eight Banners Army was divided into the Eight Banners who were forbidden to travel and the Eight Banners who were stationed.

Classification of the Eight Banners:

Zhenghuangqi

One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (160 1), so it was named after its pure yellow flag. Yellow flag, yellow flag and white flag are listed as the upper three flags. There is no king on the three flags, all of them belong to the emperor. Soldiers are the emperor's own soldiers, and members of the royal family are also selected from the three flags. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was the most populous one in Eight Banners Manchuria, with 92 full-time assistants, 2 part-time assistants and about 30,000 soldiers. The total population of men, women and children was about 6.5438+0.5 million.

Border yellow flag

One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), so it was named after the yellow edge of the flag. The yellow flag is one of the three flags, and there is no king in it. The soldiers are all the emperor's own soldiers, and the members of the Royal Guards are also selected from the upper three flags. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 84 full-time assistants and 2 part-time assistants, with about 26,000 soldiers and a total population of 65,438+3,000 men, women and children. Many members of the Qing royal family were decorated with yellow flags. For example, filial piety in Qianlong, filial piety and Rui in Jiaqing, and many senior officials in the imperial court are all from Huangqi. Empress Dowager Cixi in history was decorated with a blue flag, which was later carried as a yellow flag.

Zhengbaiqi

One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. Nurhachi was founded in the 29th year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (160 1), and was named after its pure white flag when it was first built. Zhengbaiqi is one of the first three of the Eight Banners. Before Shunzhi, there was no white flag in the upper three flags, but a blue flag. At the beginning of Shunzhi, Dourgen brought the white flag into the upper three flags and lowered the blue flag into the lower five flags. After the death of Dourgen, Shunzhi incorporated Zhengbai Banner into the Three Flags, which became a custom in the Qing Dynasty. Zhengbaiqi is one of the flags of the emperor's pro-unification. There is no king in the flag, and the soldiers are the emperor's own soldiers, and the members of the royal family are selected from them. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 86 full-time commanders (basic hukou and military establishment units, with 1 0,000-300 people as one unit), about 26,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children was about 654,380+0,300. Cao Xueqin, the author of A Dream of Red Mansions, and Wan Rong, the last empress of Qing Dynasty (Daur nationality) are both Zhengbaiqi people.

Xiangbaiqi

One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. Built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), it was named after the white flag with red inlay. The white flag is one of the later five flags, which was not unified by the emperor, but divided by the kings, Baylor and Beizi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 84 full-time leaders with about 26,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children was about 6.5438+0.3 million.

Zhenghongqi

One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (160 1), so it was named for its pure flag color. The red flag is the next five flags, which are divided by the king, Baylor and Beizi. By the end of Qing Dynasty, it was the flag with the least population among the Eight Banners, with 74 generals and 23,000 soldiers, men, women and children ... >>

The origin of Manchu Manchu is one of the oldest nationalities in China. In the legendary Shun and Yu dynasties, it established contact with the Central Plains Dynasty. When Kyushu was its capital, all the surrounding ethnic groups paid tribute to each other according to their posts, including "Northeast Yi", "Xi Shen" and "Xi Shen", that is, they were cautious. When I was in Zhou Wuwang, Sushen people contributed to this "luxury". When he became king, Su Shen sent envoys to pay tribute. The king ordered Rong Bo, the minister, to live a life of bribery and caution. When Zhou people listed the four boundaries of their territory, they said, "I am cautious, Yan and Hao, and I am also from the north." After the Han Dynasty, Lou (Three Kingdoms of Han Dynasty), Buji (Northern Dynasty), H (Sui and Tang Dynasties) and Nuzhen (Liao, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties) recorded in the history books of various dynasties were all descendants and ancestors of Manchu.

Their descendants are not only related by blood but also unequal to Manchu. Therefore, the development process of Lou, Buji, H and Nuzhen should not be regarded as the development process of Manchu itself. However, in the history of Manchu, if the connection between Su Shen in Ming Dynasty and Jurchen generation is separated from Manchu, it is impossible to correctly reflect the long historical origin of Manchu. During the Liao Dynasty (equivalent to the Northern Song Dynasty), there were Nuzhen in Northeast China, including Nanzhen (* * * Zhen), Beizhen, Shengzhen, Huanglongfu Nuzhen, Hue Nuzhen and Changbai Mountain Nuzhen. Apart from similar language and customs, these Jurchen tribes have no affiliation. Among them, Saint Hong Yan's department grew stronger and stronger, established the Jin State, destroyed the Liao State, and occupied the Central Plains in the Northern Song Dynasty. The Jin Dynasty inherited the imperial system of the Northern Song Dynasty and Liao State, and the Jin people who moved to the Central Plains gradually merged with the Central Plains people in culture and descent. After the development of the Jin Dynasty, the concept of Jurchen was clearer than that of the previous generation, but with the destruction of the Jin Dynasty by the Mongolian Empire, the title of Jurchen was generalized. Some jurchen died in the war, and some were sinicized. For example, some people in the Hong Yan family were changed to Han surnames. The Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty collectively referred to the descendants of Khitan, Nuzhen and Han nationality who were gradually sinicized in the Central Plains as * * *, while the descendants of the Southern Song Dynasty were collectively referred to as Nanren. However, some Nuzhen who did not enter the Central Plains and those who returned to the Northeast continued to live near Liaoning, and other new tribes moved in. In the Ming Dynasty, three health centers were established in the northeast, namely Jianzhou, Yeren and Haixi, and their directors were all under the control of the Ming army. Therefore, all ethnic groups in Northeast China are divided into three Nuzhen, which are called Savage Nuzhen, Jianzhou Nuzhen and Haixi Nuzhen, but they are not necessarily related to each other. Hercynian Jurchen Yehe Department originated from Mongolian marginal tribes. The savage Jurchen nationality was closely related to the Jurchen nationality in the previous Jin Dynasty, but many of its tribes were later excluded from the Manchu nationality and became Hezhe nationality, Ewenki nationality and Oroqen nationality. Manchuria is the name of a tribe in Jianzhou Jurchen. Later, Manchuria rose and conquered all the tribes in Northeast China. The unified title was "Manchuria", including Mongols, Koreans and Liaodong people.

The origin of Manchu people The origin of Manchu and the origin of Manchu language (1) Although strictly speaking, the history of Manchu is only about 400 years. But the history of Manchu ancestors has a long history, which can be traced back to the cautious people in the pre-Qin period. From the Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms, Su Shen, the Manchu ancestor, was also called Lou Ren. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, people were called unlucky. Don't take any chances, it is the sound of "Woji" in Jurchen language, but it means "forest". Manchu ancestors were also called H in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and Nuzhen in Song and Liao Dynasties. In Liao Dynasty, Nuzhen was divided into two parts, namely "* * * Town" to the south of Kaiyuan (now Kaiyuan, Liaoning) and "Born Nuzhen" to the north of Kaiyuan. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/2 century, the Jurchen Wanyan Department rose. After Akuta, its leader, unified some tribes of Jurchen, he became emperor in115, with the title of Daikin and its capital in Beijing (now Acheng, Heilongjiang Province). /kloc-Mongolian down.manchuren/...eID=82 in northern China in the 0/2nd century

The origin of Manchu surnames? Manchu surnames are mainly compound surnames, which come from three aspects:

1, with tribe or place name as surname.

For example, Empress Dowager Cixi at the end of the Qing Dynasty, her surname was Ye Henala, which was a tribal name of the Jurchen nationality before the Qing Dynasty. Nala is now located in a place called Nala River in the northeast of China.

Now everyone with this surname has changed his surname to Ye and Na.

2. Borrow the surnames of ethnic minorities as surnames.

For example, in the early Qing Dynasty, sourdrang queen's surname "Bolzigit's surname" originated from Mongolian surname, which was the surname of Temujin, a girl who weighed only one catty in the Yuan Dynasty, and translated it as "the person with blue eyes".

Now everyone with this surname has changed his surname to "Bo" and "Bao".

3. Take totem worship as the surname.

For example, Chen Quanhe | In the Qing Dynasty, his surname was Niu Zhilu, the oldest of the 647 surnames of Manchu. This surname is translated as "fierce animal-wolf".

Now everyone with this surname has changed his surname to "Button", "Lang" and so on.

For example: Lang Ping (a famous contemporary volleyball player)

I also have a general understanding of Yu Jia. Now everyone with this surname has changed their surnames to Lou, Yu, Yu and Yu.

Among them, Yu Deling and Yu Rongling are the most famous surnames. They are the first female officials of Empress Dowager Cixi, and Princess De Ling and Princess Rong Ling (Princess Shoushan) are them.

Princess Delingha and thaddeus, Vice Consul of the US Consulate in Shanghai (later changed to a newspaper reporter)? White got married and went to America with her husband. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, De Ling followed Soong Ching Ling to carry out patriotic national salvation movement overseas, and made contributions to raising funds and materials for the anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians. 1944165438+1On October 22nd, Delingshi died in a car accident in Canada at the age of 58. Princess Rongling was once a famous prostitute in Beijing Presidential Palace, a correspondent of Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Government Affairs Committee, and worked as a librarian in the State Council Literature and History Museum after liberation.

The origin of Manchu. How did Manchu evolve in history? The origin of Manchu: Manchu has a long history. According to documents, the ancestor of Manchu sent envoys to pay tribute to Zhou as early as 1000 BC. Su Shen was called Lou in the Han Dynasty, Buji in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and H. Da in the Sui Dynasty was called the leader of the late Jin Dynasty. He was named the king of Bohai County by the Tang Dynasty and established the Bohai Kingdom, which was the first local regime in the history of Manchu Dynasty. /kloc-in the 20th century, the descendants of Heishui H, a tribe in Wan Yan, rose. In115, the Jin State was established, which was the second local regime established by Manchu ancestors. By the end of16th century, Nuerhachi, the outstanding leader of Jianzhou Jurchen, unified all the departments of Jurchen, took Jurchen as the core, absorbed Ewenki, Oroqen, Xibe, Hezhe, Daur and other ethnic groups, and formed a national community with Manchu ancestors as the main body.

The early Eight Banners Manchuria included Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen, Donghai Jurchen and Heilongjiang Jurchen. During the clan system, Nuzhen "sent troops to hunt everywhere ... and camped with the clan party." The kinship party mentioned here is a blood relationship, a family with blood relationship; Tunzhai is about geographical relations. To put it bluntly, it is a stockade, a village, a village or a larger ethnic group. Its grass-roots organization is called Lu Niu, and its manager is called Lu Niu Zhang Jing, which translates into Chinese as assistant leader. After Jurchen is merged into the flag, the work and life will always be managed by the deputy leader.

Clans, parties and villages are naturally formed, while flags are compiled in accordance with the * * * decree, which is extremely mandatory and binding. Manchu people in Qing dynasty were strictly fixed under the assistant leader. If you live, you will live in one place; Line, and then unified action; Hunting and sending troops to fight were managed by Zuo Ling. They were moved to a new place and still lived together. Listen to the assistant leader in public affairs and the patriarch in family affairs. The patriarch is in charge of which branch, which generation and what old surname. Children are registered with the heads of families, no close relatives are married, and they will not * * *. After the Revolution of 1911, the Eight Banners system was abandoned. Zuo Ling and his father (Mukunda in Manchu) died one after another, and most of the ancient books were lost and burned, so it is difficult for many Manchu people to know their old names now.

After Nurhachi's death, his ninth son, Huang Taiji, proclaimed himself emperor in 1635, and designated the lunar calendar 13 as the golden festival, changing the gold to the Qing dynasty, and changing the Nuzhen nationality to Manchu or Manchu, but the word Manchu still did not appear. Before the Revolution of 1911, Sun Yat-sen called for the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty with the slogan of "expelling Tatars and restoring China". After the founding of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen changed the five-ethnic republic: Manchu was first mentioned when Han Manchu returned to Tibet, but it was still a vague title, and most people in the society called it the flag family or flag bearer. People chat and ask, are you in the flag? The answer is yes or no, not whether it is full, Mongolian or Chinese. It was not until 1949 that the new China was born that it was officially called Manchu.

There is a statistic in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China that Beijing, as the second hometown of Manchu, has a population of more than 600,000. During the period of zhang xun restoration, some relatives of the upper class went to Regent's Palace to mobilize Zai Feng to support the restoration and come out again. Zai Feng sternly refused, saying that the restoration was unpopular. As a result, people either went belly-up, or more than 600,000 people were deported back to their hometown in Northeast China.

1949 The registered population of Manchu in Beijing was 20,000, accounting for 1% of the population in Beijing.

In the third census of 1982, the number of Manchu was 1 16000, accounting for 1.3% of Beijing's population, accounting for 36% of the ethnic minority population, ranking second among Beijing's ethnic minorities. * * * is 654.38+0.85 million, ranking first, accounting for 2% of Beijing's population and 57.8% of the minority population.

During the fourth national census from 65438 to 0990, there were 9.82 million Manchu people, ranking third in the country, second only to Han and Zhuang.

In 2000, the population of Manchu in Beijing was 250,000, only less than that of Han nationality, ranking second in the city. At that time, Manchu in Beijing only accounted for 2% of the Manchu population in China.

What is the origin of Manchu? Manchu is one of the ethnic minorities with a particularly prominent historical influence and a large number in China. At present, the total population of Manchu in China has exceeded 1 000,000 (according to the national census 1 990, the Manchu population is 9,846,776), which is second only to the Zhuang nationality and ranks second among the ethnic minorities in China. The Manchu population is mainly distributed in Liaoning province, accounting for more than half of the Manchu population in China. Followed by Hebei, Beijing, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Gansu, Fujian, Shandong and other provinces, as well as some large and medium-sized cities, such as Guangzhou, Lanzhou, Hohhot, Chengdu, Xi 'an and other places. In addition to these major concentrated areas, the Manchu population is also distributed all over the country. Manchu calls itself "Manchuria" (Manchu translation means "noble"). 19 1 1 After the Revolution of 1911, the official abbreviation was "Manchu". Manchu is the only minority in the history of China who established the Central Plains Dynasty twice. Manchu has a long history, which can be traced back to Sushen in Shang and Zhou Dynasties BC, Lou in Han and Jin Dynasties, Buji in Northern Wei Dynasty, H in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and Jurchen from Northern Song Dynasty to Ming Dynasty. "White Mountain and Black Water"-the vast area north of Changbai Mountain, the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang and the Wusuli River Basin, is the birthplace of Manchu ancestors. "Manchu" (Chinese Pinyin m?NZú, English Manchu, standard Roman transliteration Manju) has a long history, with more than 6,800 years of archaeological evidence. 1972, the archaeological team of China discovered cultural relics such as "Haidongqing", the totem "Fish God" and sand pottery carved by horse antlers more than 6,800 years ago in the Xingkai Lake area adjacent to Russia.

From the Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms, Su Shen, the Manchu ancestor, was also called Lou Ren. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, people were called unlucky. Don't take any chances, it is the sound of "Woji" in Jurchen language, but it means "forest". During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Manchu ancestors, also known as H, scattered around Jilin, and the Songhua River Basin and Heilongjiang River Basin were blackwater H. In 669-926, Su Mo established the Bohai Kingdom, which experienced 15 kings and was destroyed by the Khitan. During the Song and Liao Dynasties, it was called Jurchen. The Liao Dynasty divided Jurchen into two parts, namely, the "* * * Town" south of Kaiyuan (now Kaiyuan, Liaoning) and the "Birth Jurchen" north of Kaiyuan. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/2 century, the Jurchen Wanyan Department rose. After Akuta, its leader, unified some tribes of Jurchen, he became emperor in115, with the title of Daikin and its capital in Beijing (now Acheng, Heilongjiang Province). /kloc-In the 20th century, Mongols in northern China rose, established a vast Yuan Dynasty and unified China. Jurchen was placed under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty.

Jurchen is divided into three parts: Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen and Savage Jurchen. Nurhachi's ancestors belonged to Jianzhou Jurchen. According to the Records of the Qing Emperor Taizu, "All ministries claim to be kings for power and profit, killing each other, even killing each other, bullying the weak, and the masses are violent." Disputes between ministries and commissions continue, and vendettas continue. Therefore, it is not only a strong requirement for the industrial and economic development of the Jurchen society, but also a strong requirement for the development of the Jurchen nation.

It was in this situation that Nuerhachi, the leader of Jianzhou Nuerhachi, began the great cause of national reunification, absorbed a large number of Han and Mongolian people to form a Manchu community, and completed the construction from tribe to country.

The History of Manchu briefly introduces the origin of Manchu (Manchu, transliteration: manju), formerly known as Manchu, which is one of the ethnic minorities in China and the largest branch of Tungusic language family. Mainly distributed in Northeast China, among which Liaoning has the largest population. In addition, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Taiwan Province and Beijing also have a wide population distribution.

Manchu has a long history, which can be traced back to the period of Sushen New Liu Kai Culture and Chaachong Culture more than 7,000 years ago. Sushen, Lou, Buji, H, Bohai and Nvzhen are the ancestors of modern Manchu. Heishui H is the direct ancestor of Manchu, and later developed into Jurchen. Manchu is the only minority in the history of China who established the Central Plains Dynasty twice.

Manchu people live in the northeast of the motherland and are widely distributed. Changbai Mountain is regarded as the birthplace and holy mountain by Manchu people.

It is speculated that the history of Manchu can be traced back as early as 7000 years ago to the period of the new culture and tea culture of Sushen. Sushen, Lou, Buji, H, Bohai and Nvzhen are the ancestors of modern Manchu.

In the 22nd century BC, the center of Su Shen civilization was Xi Du, where the second generation royal family of the early kingdom of Su Shen began to build adobe city walls and

Palace, at this time has a population of about 1000 households. Chinese archaeologists believe that the primitive social site of Ying Ge Ridge at the southern end of Jingbo Lake in Ning 'an City, Heilongjiang Province is about 3,000 years ago, which is equivalent to the Western Zhou Dynasty and should be regarded as a cultural relic of Su Shen. Many stone tools and pottery were unearthed, including pottery pigs, dogs and bears. Pig breeding shows that ancient ethnic tribes have lived a relatively stable primitive life based on primitive agriculture and fishing and hunting. Pottery pig, dog and bear were buried in the tomb as funerary objects, which is a powerful proof of the soul worship of the deceased. "

Manchu belongs to the Manchu-Tungusic language family of Altai language family. . /kloc-In the middle of the 0/7th century, after Manchu and Han lived together for a long time, Chinese was widely used. Most of them have mastered Chinese and reached a fairly high level, and the number of people who are proficient in using Manchu has begun to decline. Now most people switch to Chinese and Chinese characters. With the help of local * * *, Manchu teaching began to enter the formal classroom of Manchu primary and secondary schools around the country.

The origin of Manchu 1. The origin of Manchu and the origin of Manchu 1. Although strictly speaking, the history of Manchu is only about 400 years. But the history of Manchu ancestors has a long history, which can be traced back to the cautious people in the pre-Qin period. From the Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms, Su Shen, the Manchu ancestor, was also called Lou Ren. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, people were called unlucky. Don't take any chances, it is the sound of "Woji" in Jurchen language, but it means "forest". Manchu ancestors were also called H in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and Nuzhen in Song and Liao Dynasties. In Liao Dynasty, Nuzhen was divided into two parts, namely "* * * Town" to the south of Kaiyuan (now Kaiyuan, Liaoning) and "Born Nuzhen" to the north of Kaiyuan. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/2 century, the Jurchen Wanyan Department rose. After Akuta, its leader, unified some tribes of Jurchen, he became emperor in115, with the title of Daikin and its capital in Beijing (now Acheng, Heilongjiang Province). /kloc-In the 20th century, Mongols in northern China rose, established a vast Yuan Dynasty and unified China. Jurchen was placed under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. Jurchen is divided into three parts: Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen and Savage Jurchen. Nurhachi's ancestors belonged to Jianzhou Jurchen. Jianzhou Jurchen helped the Ming Dynasty explore Mongolia in the north many times. Jianzhou Wei was named Li Chengshan by the Ming Dynasty because of his repeated meritorious military service, and his son, Shi Gunv, was named Li Chengshan. At the end of Yongle, Shi Jianu died, and his son Li Manzhu attacked the leader of Jianzhou Wei. 1423, Li Manzhu led his troops to Pozhu River (Hunjiang River) basin. By the time Nuerhachi went to war, the ministries of Jurchen had been divided into more than 40. According to the Records of the Qing Emperor Taizu, "All ministries claim to be kings for power and profit, killing each other, even killing each other, bullying the weak, and the masses are violent." Disputes between ministries and commissions continue, and vendettas continue. Therefore, it is not only a strong requirement for the social and economic development of the Jurchen to unify the ministries, but also a strong requirement for the development of the Jurchen nation. Nuerhachi, the leader of Jianzhou Jurchen, started the great cause of national reunification under this situation. Through the efforts of two generations of father and son, he finally unified the ministries of Jurchen, absorbed some other ethnic groups in northern China, formed the Manchu community, and completed the construction from tribe to country. 1665438+In 2006, Nurhachi established the State of Jin (known as the Later Jin) and made its capital Shengjing (now Shenyang). 1635, Huang taiji ordered the abolition of the old name of Nuzhen and changed her surname to "Manchuria". 1636, Huang taiji announced that he had given up Khan and changed his name to Emperor and changed his country name to Qing Dynasty. 1644, his son Fu Lin went to Beijing and began the era of Qing dynasty ruling China. (II) The Origin of Manchu In the long historical evolution, through the continuous integration with the surrounding ethnic groups, the ancient Jurchen finally formed a new ethnic group-Manchu in the17th century, and Manchu also evolved from Jurchen. The formation of Manchu is influenced by Mongolian, Chinese and other national languages. Manchu belongs to Manchu branch of Manchu-Tungusic language family of Altai language family. Historians and historical comparative linguists agree that people who use Altaic languages originated in northern China in the early days. Scholars in China generally believe that the Manchu-Tungusic language family has 12 languages, which are mainly distributed in China, Russian and Mongolian. There are six languages in China: Manchu, Xibe, Hezhe, Ewenki, Oroqen and Jurchen. Manchu, also known as "Qing language" and "Mandarin", has 25 consonants, three of which are only used to spell Chinese loanwords. There are six vowels, regardless of length, with polyphony. There is vowel harmony law, but it is not very strict, and there is phonetic assimilation. Having the characteristics of adhesive language. The basic word order is that the subject comes first, the object comes in, and the predicate comes last. Function words are rich and can express grammatical meaning flexibly. Nouns have case, which refers to the change of people's nouns Verbs change with time, form, aspect, form, verb form and auxiliary verb form. It is a language with rich meanings and various forms. There is no doubt that Manchu originated from Jurchen language, but Manchu is not Jurchen language, it is a new language that has evolved through a long history. Second, the creation and perfection of Manchu (1) the background of Manchu creation. For a long time, Jurchen only had language but no words. Until Nurhachi, she was still borrowing Mongolian and Chinese. Jurchen speaks Jurchen and writes Mongolian, which is not conducive to the adoption of government decrees, especially in wartime, which often delays fighter planes. The contradiction between Jurchen language and writing greatly restricts the great cause of Nuerhachi's reunification, which is far from meeting the needs of the development of Jurchen society. 1583, nuerhachi set out to unify the nuzhen tribes, which were originally not unified and fragmented. 1587 established a new regime. After the establishment of the regime, Nurhachi had more frequent internal and external contacts. Issue decrees, circulars, record all kinds of official duties, etc. There is no written language inside and outside, and everything needs the help of Mongolians, which not only brings a lot of inconvenience to the new regime, especially because it is difficult to get up and down because of the lack of many people who know Mongolian ... >>

The origin of Manchu festival legend Manchu Golden Festival means the day when Manchu was named in Manchu. In the eighth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1635 10/3), Aisingiorro, son of Nuerhachi, king of the late Jin Dynasty, abolished the old name of Nuzhen (translated as Shen Zhu) and renamed it Manchu clan. Huang Taiji officially announced that the Manchu people celebrated this day as a festival. On 10 and 13, Manchu people in Xinjiang gathered together to celebrate their festivals with songs and dances. Many Manchu compatriots put on cheongsam and other national costumes, danced traditional folk dances, sang folk songs and carried out various celebrations. At the same time, we also prepared milk tea, satsuma, cakes, golden silk cakes and other delicious foods for everyone to taste. Many Manchu writers, calligraphers, painters, artists and photographers wrote poems, drew pictures and performed superb skills for everyone, making the celebration very warm and interesting.