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Leonardo da Vinci

Da? Da Vinci (1452 ~ 15 19), a painter and scientist in the Italian Renaissance. Born in Finch, a suburb of Florence, 15 19 died near Amboise, France. Da? Finch/Kloc-started painting at the age of 0/5. Del verrocchio is studying in a workshop. 1472 Join the Painters' Guild. In the middle of 65438+70' s, personal painting style gradually matured. From 1482 to 1499, he lived in France and engaged in other artistic and scientific activities besides serving the Duke of Milan. During this period, his paintings were not many, but The Virgin in the Rock and The Last Supper were his masterpieces. 1500 Travel to mantua and Venice. 1506, he returned to Florence to create the Madonna and Santa Anna and the Mona Lisa, and began to paint murals for the city hall. 1507 Go to Milan again to serve the French court. 15 13 moved to Rome, 15 16 went to France and finally settled in Amboise. In his later years, he seldom painted, devoted himself to scientific research, and left a lot of notes and manuscripts after his death, covering almost everything from physics, mathematics to biological anatomy. Few paintings have been completed in his life, but they are all immortal. His works have obvious personal style and are good at combining artistic creation with scientific discussion, which is unique in the history of world art. Academics generally divide his creative activities into two stages: early stage and prosperous stage.

When he was studying in a workshop in verrocchio, he showed extraordinary painting talent. About 1470 When he assisted verrocchio in drawing a picture of Christ's baptism, although he only drew an angel standing beside Christ, his manner, expression and gentle tone obviously surpassed that of verrocchio. There is no innovation in the composition of his earliest work "Informing Pregnancy", but the description of the background landscape pays attention to the expression of air atmosphere. This shows that he devoted himself to solving the dialectical relationship between realism and typical processing from the beginning. Later, he created "Genefra? Debenham's portrait, contrary to the tradition that15th century art pursues clear lines, renders the perspective effect he advocates with the tone of backlit sunset. 148 1 The Doctor Comes to Worship (also translated as Three Kings Comes to Worship) marks the maturity of its artistic style. Although the painting was not finished because he went to Milan, it can be seen from the original manuscript that the artistic innovation in composition and image-building greatly surpassed that of his teachers and colleagues: the stable composition of the triangle composed of the virgin baby and three doctors, and the accurate perspective of the painted architectural relics and galloping horses show that he no longer simply lists the relevant figures from the narrative point of view, but completely transforms the traditional theme. The dark painting method he adopted made the characters stand out from the shadows, broke through the characteristics clearly revealed in traditional painting, and heralded the arrival of the Renaissance.

Reached 1482 in the heyday of creation? Finch came to Milan, and at the invitation of the church of San Francisco, he painted the altar painting "Madonna of the Rock". Although this work in Paris is still a traditional theme, the depiction of characters, the profound description of caves and the realistic description of flowers and plants among rocks prove that his smoky brushwork has made it a new height in fax realism and artistic treatment. The Last Supper is the most famous work of his period. This wet mural shows the farewell scene of Christ to his disciples before his arrest. It was painted in Santa Maria, Milan. Restaurant in Derlager Hin Monastery. The ingenious composition and layout of the commercial camp make the hall on the screen closely connected with the building structure of the restaurant in life, making the viewer feel that the scene in the painting seems to happen right in front of him. In the layout of characters, Christ is placed in the form of a table, which makes him independent from the center of the picture. Other disciples expressed fear, anger, doubt, repentance and panic through their different gestures and expressions. This description of typical personality highlights the theme of painting and complements the unified effect of composition, which is the most perfect model in the history of art. 1500? When Finch returned to Florence, with the restoration of the system, the cultural atmosphere was once active, and outstanding figures such as Michelangelo and Raphael appeared in the painting world. He showed the public a well-conceived sketch of the Virgin and Santa Anna, which immediately caused a sensation. Its composition principle and painting method have a great influence on the art world, and Michelangelo and Raphael are also inspired by it. /kloc-in 0/503, he began to paint murals for the conference hall of the city hall (because he went to Milan again, he never finished painting), and at the same time he created Mona Lisa, The Virgin and Santa Anna. These are two works that he cherishes very much, and he always carries them with him. He emigrated to France in his later years and stayed in Paris.

In da? In Finch's artistic heritage, a large number of sketches are also worthy of attention. These sketches, like his official works, have reached a high level and are regarded as models of sketch art, which are characterized by meticulous observation, rigid and flexible lines, and especially good at expressing subtle changes of light and shadow with oblique lines of different densities. Every work of his is based on sketches. His artistic theory is scattered in more than 5,000 notes and his unfinished painting theory, which is also a great achievement in the study of agency theory in the Renaissance.

1452 April 15, Saier, the suburb of Wenxi Village, Florence, Italy? Pierrot? Leonardo da Vinci and Katrina were born.

/kloc-entered the studio of Verrocchio in 0/465 and became an introductory disciple (13 ~ 14 years old).

1473, he created the "sacred proclamation"

1476, he was accused of having same-sex love with other disciples of Vero Joe. Because he denied it, he was finally released (24 years old).

1482 painting "pilgrimage to the three sages" and returning to Milan (30 years old)

1483 was accepted by San Francisco, and the cathedral ordered the Madonna on the rock (3 1 year old).

1495 began to draw the last supper (43 years old).

1502 ~ 03 returned to Florence and began to paint the Mona Lisa (50 years old).

15 16 went to Amboise, France (64 years old) at the invitation of the French king.

1565438+ passed away in Amboise on May 2, 2009 (at the age of 67).

Leonardo da vinci analysis

First, "painting is a science"

"This is the most beautiful right hand in the history of world art; This pair of faces, once seen, will never be separated from our memory. " Mona Lisa. "This is the best in human painting, and the great success of this painting makes no one dare to set foot in this subject again." -Last supper. "This is a self-portrait of the painter at the age of 62. A few strokes left a model in the history of sketch art for future generations. " -A self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci.

In the eyes of his contemporaries, Leonardo da Vinci was like a legendary magician with a reputation of omnipotent genius. In the eyes of modern people, it is remarkable that he established himself as the greatest painter with only twelve complete works.

It is generally believed that art is not science. But according to Da Vinci's definition, art, especially painting, is not only a science, but even "after all, it is a science".

Leonardo da Vinci not only found the fascinating beauty on the surface of things, but also lost the perspective of physicists and anatomists. He has both the observation of scientists and the expressive power of artists, and is the first artist in the history of art to systematically study the ratio of human body to animals. He studied anatomy for 40 years and personally dissected more than 30 bodies of all ages. He is not only familiar with the proportion outside the human body, but also understands the structure inside the human body, so the proportion, structure and dynamics of the characters in his works are very accurate and impeccable. This famous sketch of human anatomy contains a perfect figure of a circle and a square, which is considered as the most successful idea.

Leonardo da vinci was fascinated by geometric proportions and composition. In addition to the eternal mysterious smile, Mona Lisa also creatively solved the composition problem of the bust. For more than three centuries, all outstanding busts in the west have been influenced by this painting. He also enriched and developed the pyramid-shaped composition of predecessors. In The Virgin of the Rock, the isosceles triangle formed by the group images with the head of the Virgin as the vertex is as stable and harmonious as a pyramid. The Last Supper, like other works, designs pictures based on geometric figures, which embodies the symmetrical beauty of mathematics. Some people commented that this painting is a marriage of science and art, and philosophy left a kiss on this perfect combination.

Leonardo da vinci's greatest artistic contribution is to use light and shade to make the plane picture show a sense of space and three-dimensionality. In the early Renaissance, painters generally used lines to express perspective, single-line flat painting and monotonous colors. Leonardo da vinci studied light and shadow, initiated the gradual change method of light and shade, and used the technique of light and shadow to depict people and scenery, so that it presented a realistic three-dimensional sense. Until the emergence of Impressionism for hundreds of years, no one could surpass the stereoscopic painting system established by Leonardo da Vinci. The method of light and shade initiated by him changed the painting in this period, which is generally regarded by art historians as a turning point in painting art, and his artistic achievements directly influenced later artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael. Starting from The Last Supper, western painting really entered the heyday of the Renaissance.

Leonardo da vinci further summarized and sorted out fragmentary technical knowledge such as anatomy, perspective, shading and composition, and examined it from a scientific perspective. In his manuscript On Painting, he initially wanted to record an objective description of the physical world, but soon turned to perspective, proportion, geometry and optics, followed by anatomy and mechanics, and finally explored the mechanical function of the universe itself. On Painting was compiled by later generations from 18 notes of Leonardo da Vinci. Some people call it the most precious document in the whole art history.

Although sometimes his interest in science is so strong that he doesn't want to start painting, painting is his initial career after all. Just like learning other knowledge, Leonardo da Vinci tried to regard painting as a kind of science and spent his whole life in unremitting exploration. In the eyes of contemporaries, da? Like a legendary magician, Finch is known as an omnipotent genius. In the eyes of modern people, it is remarkable that he established himself as the greatest painter with only twelve complete works.

Although sometimes his interest in science is so strong that he doesn't want to start painting, painting is his initial career after all. Just like learning other knowledge, Leonardo da Vinci tried to regard painting as a kind of science and spent his whole life in unremitting exploration.

Second, "I would rather fail in the exploration"

He once painted a giant mural comparable to The Last Supper, but it was destroyed at the last minute because of a low-level mistake.

He looked forward to flapping his wings like a bird, but his dream of flying was dashed in an instant. He wanted to carve the world's largest bronze horse statue with flying forepaws, but two years later he had to change it to a walking posture because of the difficulty in casting.

Leonardo da vinci, who was called "the giant among giants" by Engels during the Renaissance, made remarkable achievements in many fields of human knowledge. At the same time, with him, there are little-known bitterness, suffering and failure. However, he would rather fail in the exploration than live a happy life without any intention. He has been practicing this philosophy of life all his life.

When painting the giant mural Battle of Angalli, which can be compared with The Last Supper, he personally developed a new pigment and coated it with oil. Murals have stood on the wall with great momentum and vividness, but the paint on the wall has not dried thoroughly. He couldn't wait to test the outer coating he made, so he asked his assistant to move two large braziers and bake them under the murals, and the oil was baked. He ruined eight months' hard work with two braziers.

Shortly after the mural turned into a colorful stream, he started the test flight with indifference. 5 1 year-old Leonardo da Vinci moved his homemade giant bird to the top of the mountain like a fanatical teenager. The little apprentice grabbed the wooden frame of the giant bird and flew down the mountain. It didn't take long to fall. This kind of aircraft is driven by the muscles of arms and legs, but it ignores the weight problem that the human body can't overcome: the muscles used by birds to fly account for half of the whole body weight, while humans only have one fifth. But if the failure of his flight exploration is too demanding, it is tantamount to blaming Franklin, who used kites to attract lightning, for not inventing the electric light. At that time, church thought dominated all the ideas in the world. For example, almost everyone believes that the earth is flat, and the ocean near the equator must be as hot as boiling water.

He was appointed as a court architect and carved the world's largest bronze statue of a knight, in which the horse's front hoof was thought to jump in the air. He used wax models to test countless times, and stumps with a thickness of more than ten centimeters piled up on the shed floor. The most difficult thing is that 10 ton metal solution must be injected into the mold quickly, and the problem of uneven cooling should be considered. The technical conditions at that time obviously could not support this idea. When the two-year deadline came, he couldn't get the horse to stand up, so he had to walk. After his death 100, the Spanish continued to try this technique, and then built a monument for the knight on horseback.

The inspiration of whimsy can make him catch what others can't, but he often gives up halfway. Perhaps he had to stop his work from time to time in pursuit of the idea of flying forever. At that time, the wool textile industry in Italy was very developed, and knitting needles were the most easily worn in the textile workshop. He drew various machines for grinding needles in his notebook. After repeated comparisons, he finally chose the most ideal one. But he immediately had the idea of a loom, and then he was immersed in the invention and design of looms and ball bearing machines. Unfortunately, these design drawings were just lying on the draft paper, and eventually they did not become machines. He turned to other research.

Most of leonardo da vinci's works and manuscripts were not published until many years after his death. Dampier, a historian of science, commented: "If he publishes his works, science will jump to the situation a hundred years later."

Da Vinci, an outstanding genius, left a wealth full of wisdom to future generations. His predictive ability and insatiable spirit of exploration are still amazing after centuries.

Third, "what hinders me is the lack of time"

He has endless dreams like a god, but only mortal life and strength; He conceived thousands of plans, but only completed a few; His greatest ambition is to discover everything, study everything and create everything, but only the art of lines and colors brings him eternal praise.

Leonardo da vinci's life is an endless road, which is full of chapters and pages of unfinished works. He said: "I have never been hindered by greed or laziness. What hinders me is the lack of time. " He wants to be an engineer, strategist, musician, mathematician, philosopher and architect, but the world thinks he is just a painter who paints an eternal smile.

Leonardo da Vinci worked for the Duke of Milan for seventeen years, as a military engineer, architect, painter, sculptor and musician. He was the most popular court emcee at that time, responsible for organizing court festivals and celebrations, and independently played a variety of roles equivalent to the general director, host, screenwriter, composer, costume designer, choreographer and so on of CCTV Spring Festival Evening.

From the 12 paintings and more than 7,000 pages of manuscripts and design drawings left to future generations, it can be seen that Leonardo da Vinci was much more interested in science than painting. His achievements in scientific research are no less than his artistic achievements.

In astronomy, he observed celestial bodies and came to the conclusion that "the sun does not move". Before Copernicus, he denied the geocentric theory and fantasized about how to use solar energy. He thinks that the moon itself does not shine, but only reflects the brightness of the sun.

In physics, he discovered the liquid pressure, put forward the concept of connecting device, developed the lever principle, and deduced the relationship between the acting force and the arm length. His description of the inertia of objects was later confirmed by Galileo's experiments. He also denied the possibility of creating perpetual motion machines.

Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated by anatomy and physiology. At first, he studied anatomy to make artistic modeling more accurate, but later it developed into an independent scientific research field. His greatest contribution to anatomy is to create a set of charts, which are still widely used today. He was the first person to show the internal structure of the human brain with wax, and the first person to imagine making hearts and eyes with glass and ceramics. He even drew a picture of the baby developing inside the mother. Leonardo da Vinci studied the heart and blood circulation system, found that the heart has four chambers, and drew the heart valve, which is the first anatomical map of arteriosclerosis in history.

Leonardo da Vinci's research and inventions also involve military and mechanical fields. He designed aircraft, helicopters, parachutes, machine guns, tanks, submarines, double-hull warships, cranes, spinning wheels, machine tools, punching machines, bicycles and so on. He also made great contributions in the fields of mathematics and hydraulic engineering.

Leonardo da Vinci was also an outstanding thinker. He firmly believes in science and often shows suspicion and boredom with religion. He once wrote: There is only one truth, and it is not in religion, but in science. He proposed to take nature as a teacher and encourage people to learn from nature. He believes that knowledge comes from practice and its acquisition depends on direct observation and experience. His experimental working method was developed by Galileo in practice, and then summarized by British philosopher Bacon in theory, which became the most basic research method of modern natural science. It paved the way for the inventions of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and others.

Art historians have commented that there is only one Leonardo da Vinci ahead of the times. He is an all-encompassing and exquisite genius and an insatiable lonely explorer. The tentacles of his thinking are far beyond his time, and some of them can actually meet our time.

Later generations' practice of Da Vinci's research thought

It is said that it is a practice of Leonardo da Vinci's "research ideas" because in his time, Leonardo da Vinci's research can only stay in the "ideas" stage and there is no way to advance to the "results" stage. But some of his ideas have been successfully realized by modern people.

First, Leonardo da Vinci "designed" a parachute, and one person successfully copied it.

South African newspapers reported on 28th that a British man used a parachute made according to the design sketch of Leonardo da Vinci in the 5th century to descend 2120m in the air, which proved that this pyramid-shaped landing device worked well. The parachute descended slowly in the air until it reached an altitude of 900 meters. He cut off the connection with the parachute and completed the landing action with a modern parachute. He said that although the landing device designed by the inventor in the15th century could be used for safe landing, he could not operate it to accurately select the landing site.

Leonardo da Vinci had never made a draft parachute before 1485, because experts doubted its feasibility. The parachute consists of tarpaulins, ropes and six wooden sticks 1 m long, weighing 180 kg.

Secondly, Norway built a bridge designed by Leonardo da Vinci.

101October 3 1 day, the Queen of Norway and more than 500 guests from all walks of life cut the ribbon for a unique bridge in the cold wind and drizzle in northern Europe. Helicopters hover over people's heads, and cranes slowly lift four feet. 80,000 square feet of white cloth, a wooden bridge 100 meters long and 8 meters high is displayed in front of everyone. Three light-colored wooden arches, like three hard bows pulled back by the shooter, firmly support the bridge. Incredibly, the designer of this bridge was Leonardo da Vinci 500 years ago. For this reason, the bridge was named "Mona Lisa".

1502, Leonardo da Vinci drew a wonderful sketch of arch bridge design for Istanbul, Turkey, which spans two continents. The bridge is 346 meters long and spans the Bosphorus. If it can be built, it will be the longest bridge in the world at that time. But the Sultan of Turkey refused to build the bridge. He thought it was too difficult and expensive. Therefore, the bridge stayed on the drawing for 500 years.

1995, Norwegian artist Vebjoern? Thornton came across this design sketch. He recalled: "The first time I saw her, I was conquered by her exquisite appearance. She is the perfect combination of function and aesthetics. " Through various efforts, Sander finally persuaded the Norwegian Highway Administration that the principle of Leonardo da Vinci's design of the bridge was completely established and the bridge could be built. After investigation, the location of the bridge is determined to be Australia, more than 30 kilometers south of Oslo, Norway, just adjacent to the European highway 18 from Stockholm to Oslo.

At present, the cost of the completed footbridge is $65,438+0,360,000. Except for the stainless steel handrails, it is completely made of wood. In fact, Leonardo da Vinci's design was made of stone, but the Norwegians thought that stone was too expensive, so they changed the material for building the bridge to wood.

It is reported that this is the first time that leonardo da vinci's architectural design has been put into practice, and this design is a classic example of aesthetics and design. Thornton proudly said, "Five centuries ago, people thought it was impossible to build this bridge, but we built it. We have successfully proved that the principle of Da Vinci's design of this bridge is feasible. " Sander said that he still has a dream, "We want to promote this kind of bridge all over the world so that every continent can build the Mona Lisa Bridge".

In fact, Leonardo da Vinci's ideas have been realized by modern people far more than the above two, and there are many more, such as the aforementioned planes, helicopters, submarines, spinning wheels, bicycles and so on. Taken together, these thoughts fully show that Leonardo da Vinci's thoughts have transcended his times, as if the limitations of the times did not affect his thoughts. I think this is the most unforgettable place for Leonardo da Vinci.

1452, 15 on April 5th, Xavier pierrot da Vinci and Katrina were born in the suburb of Wenxi village in Florence?

/kloc-entered verrocchio Studio in 0/465 and became an introductory disciple (age 13 ~ 14)?

1473 creation of imperial edict?

1476, he was accused of same-sex love with other disciples of verrocchio. Because he denied it, he was finally released (24 years old)?

1482 painting "Worship the Three Sages" and returning to Milan (30 years old)?

1483 was accepted by San Francisco, and the cathedral ordered the Madonna on the rock (3 1 year old)?

1495 began to draw the last supper (43 years old)?

1502 ~ 03 returned to Florence to start painting the Mona Lisa (50 years old)?

15 16 at the invitation of the French king, went to Amboise, France (64 years old)?

1565438+ passed away in Amboise on May 2, 2009 (at the age of 67).