The Influence of the Failure of Crimean War on Russia

The failure of the Crimean War was the direct cause of the Russian serfdom reform in 186 1.

Crimean War (also known as the Crimean War)

Crimean war

Crimean war; 1853, Turkey, Britain, France and Sardinia successively declared war on Russia for the control of the Balkan Peninsula, and the war lasted until 1856, ending in the failure of czarist Russia.

Remarks: The Kingdom of Sardinia is the scope of Sardinia in Italy today.

The cause of war

The apparent cause of this war is religious problems. Russia asked the Ottoman Empire to establish a Russian protectorate in the "Holy Land" to protect the Orthodox Christians of the Ottoman Empire, but it was rejected by the Ottoman Sultan of Constantinople. Catholics in France and Protestants in Britain also oppose Russia's attempt to establish a stronghold in Palestine. After Sudan refused, Russia decided to take military action on this ground. 1853, Russia broke off diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire and began to occupy Turkey's subordinate countries in the Danube River basin.

The real cause of the war was the gradual internal disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Russia believes that this is a good opportunity for it to expand its influence in Europe, especially for it to gain access to the Mediterranean and occupy the Balkans. The Ottoman Empire's rule in the Balkans was obviously crumbling at this time, while the Russians were fighting for control of the canakkale Strait and Istanbul Strait. Britain and France oppose Russian expansion. They don't want Russia to acquire these strategic locations in order to safeguard its power and interests in Southeast Europe.

War process

1Britain and France declared war on Russia at the end of 854, 1855 Piedmont-Sardinia joined the alliance. Austria forced Russia to withdraw its troops from the Danube, but did not help Britain and France to besiege the fleet of fortress Sevastopol in Crimea. Therefore, Austria played an important role in this war, although it did not take the initiative to participate in it. Nearly a year after the siege of Sevastopol, the British and French allied forces occupied an important fortress, and then the Russian army withdrew from the Crimean peninsula.

Timetable of war

13 July 853: Russian troops enter the Danube country.

1853 10 10/6: The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia.

1854 March 27-28: Britain and France declare war on Russia.

1April 20, 854: Austria and Prussia signed a defense alliance agreement, which is valid in this war.

From the end of July to September, 1854: Russia withdrew from the Danube countries under the pressure of Austria.

1854 August 16: Russia was occupied in a fortress in Oran, Baltic Sea.

1854 September 14: British and French forces landed in Crimea and began to besiege Sevastopol.

1854 65438+February 2: Britain, France and Austria sign an anti-Russian alliance in Vienna.

1855 65438+1October 16: Piedmont-Sardinia participated in the war.

1May 22, 855: The British and French fleets entered the Sea of Azov, but found nothing.

1September 8, 855: After 349 days of siege, the British and French allied forces occupied Sevastopol. The Russian army was defeated.

130 March 856: The Ottoman Empire, Russia, Sardinia, France, Britain, Austria and Prussia signed the Paris Peace Treaty, officially ending the Crimean War. Russia gave up all the occupied areas, the territory of the Ottoman Empire was guaranteed, and the Black Sea region could not be stationed.

[Edit this paragraph] The consequences of the war

One of the consequences of the Crimean War was the end of the sacred alliance between Austria, Prussia and Russia. Prussia remained neutral in this war. After the war, Prussia's relations with Russia became better, relations with Austria deteriorated, and relations between Russia and Austria deteriorated. Britain and France also began to mend fences with Russia after the war, so Austria became more and more isolated. So far, Austria is in a dominant position in the German Federation, but this position is weakening, while Prussia's position is strengthening. Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck launched the Puo-Austrian War, defeated Austria and excluded it from Germany. Later, the Franco-Prussian War was launched, and Prussia won and led the establishment of the German Empire. As a result, the balance of power among European powers began to shift in a direction unfavorable to Austria. At the same time, Austria's weakness made Piedmont Sardinia stronger. Piedmont Sardinia played a leading role in the Italian unification movement. 186 1 year, with the support of France, Piedmont-Sardinia achieved the goal of establishing an Italian kingdom.

The meaning of war

The Crimean War was the first modern war in the history of the world. Today, most people have forgotten this war, but it has changed the status and relations of European powers militarily and politically. Its peace treaty with Paris is the second major event after the19th century Vienna Conference.

In the Crimean War, armored ships and modern explosive shells were used for the first time. It is also the first trench war in history, silent war. Telegrams were first used in wars, and trains were first used to transport materials and reinforce troops.

For the first time, military reporters can report the war situation to their hometown newspapers on the same day. Due to the mistake of a British officer, about 900 British cavalry were killed in an attack in less than 20 minutes. The London Times reported the loss that night, which triggered a crisis in Britain. In addition, in this war, journalists used photography to record the cruelty and heroic deeds of the war for the first time.

War losses and the reform of British field hospitals.

About 500 thousand people died in this war, among which the British suffered the most. Most soldiers died not in battle, but from war wounds, because of hunger, malnutrition, poor sanitation and poor conditions in field hospitals. At this time, nightingale led 38 nurses to the front line and began nursing work. The sanitary conditions of field hospitals have been improved, and this reform alone has greatly improved the survival rate of wounded soldiers. After the war, Nightingale founded the first nursing school in London.

The Influence of War Losses on Russia

The failure of the Crimean War was the direct cause of the Russian serfdom reform in 186 1.