History and Society (People's Education Edition) Unit 5 The Coming of Industrial Civilization in Grade Eight Review Outline

The knowledge points in the second volume of History and Society, the eighth grade of People's Education Press, are listed.

The fifth

single

yuan

industry

article

Ming

Lai

Pro factory developed from here and the origin of modern factory; The time and historical significance of the emergence of handicraft workshop;

the status of businessmen has changed, which causes the change of businessmen's status; The rise of businessmen and the decline of nobles; Two emerging classes are taking shape;

Mona Lisa's smile: the time, reason and essence of the Renaissance; The profound connotation of smile in Meng; The conflict between man and God;

"Pope Cow" liberates the connotation of "Pope Cow"; The time, essence and significance of religious reform;

the background of the birth of modern science; Meaning science (meaning and social meaning);

the light of rationality "rationality" connotation (democracy and science); The essence and significance of that enlightenment;

the discovery of the new continent and the opening up of new air routes; "New World"; Highlight "new"; The impact of the opening of new air routes on human society;

the strengthening of global contact and the spread of species; Development of trade; Civilized communication;

How did the blacks come to America for colonial plunder? Evaluation of opening up new air routes; The evil slave trade; Contact the black problem in America today; The origin of Latin America;

Parliament's victory over kingship, the root cause of the British revolution; Interpretation of the subject (the victory of capital over expensive, the victory of capitalist system over feudal system); The symbol of the establishment of the new system-the Bill of Rights, the incompleteness of the British revolution; Constitutional interpretation of monarchy;

A series of events of the first president's North American independence movement in history, the prologue and scope of the war of independence, the time when North America declared independence, the American regime and its significance determined by the American Constitution in 1789 in the Declaration of Independence, and the explanation of the structural diagram of separation of powers.

The understanding of the three levels of French citizens who are selfless and dedicated, the people included in the third level, the signs of the outbreak of the Great Revolution, the diagram of the capture of the Bastille, the ideological source of the Declaration of Human Rights, the people's contribution to the French Revolution, the peak period of the Great Revolution, and the political system finally established in France.

Understanding of the subject in the last prosperous period (China is still in the leading position in the world, but it is already full of crises). During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of commodity economy and famous business gangs in the south of the Yangtze River, as a whole, China was still in a natural economy.

the consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country, the reasons why the Great Wall was not built in the Qing Dynasty, the measures taken by the Qing rulers to consolidate the country, the return of the Turku Ministry, the strengthening of the central government's management of Tibet, the time set by the golden urn lottery system, the direct dispatch of officials from the central government to manage the southwest minority areas when the Ming Dynasty became the ancestor, and the Qing Dynasty laid the territory of today's multi-ethnic country in China. The Battle of jaxa and the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu

The secret service, the removal of staff, the establishment of military department and the "literary prison" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Autocracy is embodied in politics, culture, economy and social life. This means that there will be a gap between feudal autocratic China and foreign countries after ideological liberation and bourgeois revolution.

Challenges from the Sea: The time, frequency, destination and purpose of Zheng He's voyage to the West, and the influence brought by Western Europe's coming to China by sea (the spread of Catholicism to the East in Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi and The Elements of Geometry, the analysis of the world map drawn by Matteo Ricci, the occupation of Macau in 1553, the capture of Taiwan Province and Zheng Chenggong's recovery of Taiwan Province). The western ideological invasion and military invasion made the rulers adopt a closed-door policy and discuss the impact of this policy on China.

the sixth

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yuan

seats

volume

full

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industry

article

Ming

wave

the rise of the industrial revolution.

The reason why countries attach importance to scientific research in the century of science, Origin of Species

In the second half of the 19th century, the widespread application of electric power led to the invention of the electric motor in 187, the electric light in 1879, the steam engine era and the electrical era, and the United States and Germany surpassed Britain at this stage.

The differences in working environment between handicraft workshop and modern factories and the reform of production mode: standardized production and assembly line production.

The reason why the earth has become smaller is that the appearance of new communication tools and means of transportation has brought about the proliferation of factories, the extension of railway tracks, the convenience of navigation, the flow of population, cultural exchanges and the spread of science and technology. The first modern Olympic Games was held in Athens in 1896, and the world finally became one in the early 2th century.

Civilization and barbarism are intertwined. The reasons why western capitalist countries seized colonies, the influence of western civilization on colonies and the plunder of colonies by capitalism.

Challenge and Response: The influence of the background content of Meiji Restoration in Haiti and Japan, the first independent countries in Latin America.

Unit 5 The Coming of Industrial Civilization

1. handicraft workshop first appeared in Italy in the 14th century. The characteristics of handicraft workshop are large-scale, and many workers are employed. The division of labor and cooperation among workers have improved production efficiency.

2. handicraft workshop in early Western Europe was concentrated in textile, mining, metallurgy, shipbuilding and other industries.

3. After the 16th century, western European countries carried out policies in favor of businessmen in order to make Qiang Bing rich. The class that changed after the appearance of handicraft workshop was the merchant class, a new class bourgeoisie.

4. China handicraft workshop appeared in Jingdezhen during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

5. Being called "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance" is Da? Finch, masterpieces of Mona Lisa and The Last Supper; The famous playwright in Renaissance England was Shakespeare, whose masterpiece Romeo and Juliet.

6. The "Pope's Cow" was German, the religious reformer was Luther, Bacon put forward "knowledge is power", Copernicus put forward "Heliocentrism", Heliocentrism was hailed as "the beginning of the scientific revolution", Newton's outstanding achievement was to put forward the law of gravity, Voltaire was the thinker who advocated natural human rights, and he was called the standard-bearer of the Enlightenment.

7. Columbus, the navigator, first discovered the new continent. The original inhabitants of America were Indians and yellow people. He first discovered that the route from Western Europe to India was Da? Gamma, Magellan was the first person to sail around the world. Known as the "sea coachman" is Dutch.

8. Reasons for opening new air routes:

① At the end of the 15th century, the extensive development of commodity economy and the continuous expansion of exchanges among western European countries made gold the most important means of payment in commodity trade, and gold from eastern countries became the dream of western Europeans.

(2) But at this time, the Ottoman Empire controlled the main trade routes between the East and the West, blocking the traditional trade routes of western European countries to the East; Those aristocrats and emerging businessmen in western Europe who fervently pursue oriental wealth (gold, jewelry, spices, silk, etc.) urgently need to explore a direct sea route to India and China.

(3) Portugal and Spain, which are located in the southwest of Europe and are close to the Atlantic Ocean, have started overseas adventures and colonial activities earlier, mastered advanced navigation knowledge and shipbuilding technology, and have certain financial resources, thus becoming the starting points for opening up new sea routes.

generally speaking, the direct reasons for the opening of new air routes are: pursuing wealth and gaining benefits; The fundamental reason is the development of commodity economy.

Impact:

① The opening of new air routes has changed the economic life in Europe, and since then, the European market has expanded, developed to the world, and the types of circulating commodities have increased.

(2) The opening of new air routes has changed the European trade center, and the main trade routes have shifted from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast, which has promoted the development of Italian economy, which is one reason why the seeds of European capitalism first appeared in Italy. At the same time, it also made the commercial and economic prosperity of Spain, Portugal, Britain, the Netherlands and other countries.

(3) The opening of new sea routes enabled European countries to join the colonial ranks, Western European colonists plundered wealth from the colonies, and European countries quickly became rich, forming a new bourgeoisie, which accelerated the disintegration of European feudal system and the germination and development of capitalist relations of production.

④ It promoted overseas expansion and the initial formation of the world market, and promoted primitive accumulation of capital. At the same time, it broke the closed and isolated state of the regions around the world, linked the old continent with the new continent, and the world history took a crucial step from decentralization to integration.

9. The countries that took the lead in colonial plunder were Portugal and Spain, and the country that occupied the most colonies was Britain.

1. The kings of Britain and France on the eve of the bourgeois revolution were Charles I and Louis XVI respectively; The leaders are Cromwell and robespierre; The Bill of Rights is the most important law restricting the kingship in Britain, and the political system established after the revolution is constitutional monarchy.

11. The event that opened the prelude to the American War of Independence was the gunfire from Lexington. The document published in the American War of Independence was the Declaration of Independence, and the leader of the War of Independence was Washington.

12. The French Revolution was marked by the conquest of the Bastille. The document promulgated was the Declaration of Human Rights, the national anthem of France was La Marseillaise, and the founder of the French Empire was Napoleon.

13. Zhu Yuanzhang was the founder of the Ming Dynasty, and Songjiang was the developed area of cotton textile industry in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. A large number of China products entered the international market, such as silk, tea and porcelain.

14. In the early 18th century, the Qing government set up a minister stationed in Tibet to manage Tibet on behalf of the central government, and the Qing government put down the aristocratic rebellion in Junggar and Huibu, and legally determined that the vast areas of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins were the territory of China.

15. The institutions set up in Ming and Qing Dynasties to strengthen the royal power were the factory guards and military department, while in Qing Dynasty, in order to strengthen ideological control, a literary inquisition was set up in Daxing, and the style of imperial examination papers in that period was eight-part essay.

16. The China thinker who opposed autocratic imperial power was Huang Zongxi.

17. Matteo Ricci, an Italian missionary, painted great universal geographic map, and Lang Shining, an Italian missionary who was a painter of China court and participated in the western-style architectural design of Yuanmingyuan.

In 1853, the Portuguese occupied Macau, the Dutch occupied Taiwan Province in the early 17th century, and the hero who successfully recovered Taiwan Province was Zheng Chenggong. In 1793, the British envoy Macartney led a mission to China, whose main purpose was to expand the overseas market of Britain.

Unit 6 The Wave of Industrial Civilization Sweeping the World

1. In the mid-18th century, an industrial revolution in which manual labor was replaced by machine production began in Britain. The first industry that appeared was cotton textile industry. The invention and application of a new power machine, the steam engine, brought human society into age of steam.

2. It is called the "century of science" in the 19th century, and the earliest industrialized country in the world is Britain. The most prominent feature of the new stage of industrial revolution is the wide application of electricity in production and life, thus making mankind enter the electrical age.

3. Comparing the early stage and the new stage of the industrial revolution

The early stage and the new stage of the industrial revolution

The main technical inventions and inventors Jenny spinning machine (Hargreaves), hydraulic spinning machine (Akelet), steam engine (Watt), steam locomotive (Stephenson) motor (Gram), electromagnetic induction principle (Faraday), and practical generators. Paris's electric railway, film projector, telephone (Bell), automobile (Ford) and airplane (Wright brothers)

The leading countries in industrial development are Britain and the United States, and Germany

The main industrial categories are textiles, machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, mining, paper making, transportation, power industry, steel industry, chemical industry,

petroleum industry and automobile industry

.

5. At the beginning of the 2th century, the world finally formed a whole, which was mainly manifested as follows:

Performance in the field

The economic world basically formed a unified market, and goods from all countries flowed in this huge market

Traffic tracks extended all over the world, and a number of port cities developed in all countries

The population flow accelerated, and there was an upsurge of overseas immigration

Cultural and cultural exchanges were more extensive. The advanced ideas, science and technology and lifestyle of industrial civilization spread all over the world

There have been some world-wide sports activities, such as the Olympic Games

6. Haiti was the first independent country in Latin America, and Japan strengthened itself through the Meiji Restoration and became the first industrialized country in Asia.

Comprehensive questions

1. Compare Zheng He's voyages to the Western Ocean and Columbus' voyages

(1) Zheng He's farthest voyage reached: the Red Sea coast and the east coast of Africa's farthest voyage reached: America

(2) What were the purposes of Zheng He's voyages to the Western Ocean and Columbus' voyages respectively?

The main purposes of Zheng He's voyages to the West are: to publicize national prestige; Strengthen ties with overseas countries; Meet the ruler's demand for exotic jewelry. The purpose of Columbus's voyage was to find gold; It is Europe's need for eastern trade.

(3) What impact did Zheng He's voyage to the West and Columbus's voyage have on the world respectively?

Zheng He's voyage to the West strengthened the ties and friendly exchanges between the Ming Dynasty and overseas countries, but it brought a heavy economic burden to the Ming Dynasty, which eventually led to the quiet end of navigation.

Columbus's voyage made Europeans discover America, accelerated the development of America and promoted the development of capitalism in Western Europe. But at the same time, it has also caused great disasters to the Latin American people.

2. Read the following materials to answer:

Material 1: China has abundant products and everything, and it didn't borrow foreign goods to exchange needed goods. -"Guangdong Customs Records" Volume 23

Material 2: Zhejiang people's customs are easy to make noise, and foreign businessmen's mistakes will inevitably lead to trouble. -

material 3: most of this generation (note: overseas Chinese and businessmen) are people who are uneasy about their duties. If they are allowed to come and go at will, Iraq will benefit without scruple, and those who go to their hometown lightly and drift abroad will benefit the public. Later, a time limit should be set. If he fails to return within the time limit, he is willing to move to the foreign country, and I will not allow him to return. In this way, the trade wants to belong to the owner, and dare not stay out late. -

(1) Volume 33 of General Examination of Qing Literature shows that "China" is unwilling to trade with foreign countries. We call this policy a closed-door policy

(2) Combining materials I and II, talk about the reasons for implementing this policy.

in the early Qing dynasty, the self-sufficient feudal natural economy dominated, and the development of commodity economy was very limited; The ruler thinks that China is rich in products and short-sighted and disdains to exchange needed goods with foreign countries; The rulers are also afraid that contacts between foreign businessmen and coastal people will cause trouble and facilitate foreigners' invasion of China.

(3) What are the direct consequences of such restrictions on coastal people's trade in the sea in Material 3?

China's foreign trade was blocked and hit, and it gradually lost its initiative in foreign trade. Since the Ming Dynasty, the grand navigation industry has also declined.

(4) according to the above materials and knowledge, say