Who knows the history of photography?

Draw the main meaning and take pictures.

Picturesque photography is an art school that flourished in the field of photography at the beginning of the twentieth century. It originated in England in the mid-19th century.

Photographers of this school pursue the effect of painting or the realm of "poetic" in their creation. It has gone through three stages: imitation stage; An elegant stage; Art stage.

The painter put forward "Raphael of photography, Titian of photography."

Painting photography has experienced a long period of development. The first photographic disc for painting was the British painter Shiloh (1802- 1870). He is good at portrait photography, and his works are rigorous in structure and elegant in shape. 185 1 to 1853 is the growth period of painting photography. 1869, British photographer HP Robinson (1830-1901) published a book about the picturesque effect of photography. He proposed: "A photographer must have rich emotions and in-depth artistic understanding in order to become an excellent photographer. Undoubtedly, the continuous progress and invention of photography technology inspire higher goals, which is enough to make photographers play more freely; But the progress of technology does not mean the progress of art. Because photography itself, no matter how exquisite and complete, is just a belt leading to a higher goal. " It laid a theoretical foundation for this school.

1857, Og Relander (18 13- 1875) created a Renaissance-style work composed of more than 30 negatives: two lifestyles, which marked the maturity of painting and photography.

Most of the works in this period are full of religious colors and contain certain metaphors. When shooting, make a sketch in advance, then use models and props to organize and arrange the scene, and deal with it through the darkroom. Pursue the painting effect of the photo screen.

Subsequently, the content of painting photography has been expanded, but the style still advocates classicism, and the modeling and composition still have academic rules, so it appears frugal, heavy and elegant.

When the genre develops to the painting stage, it is still characterized by the pursuit of emotional beauty, artistic conception beauty and formal beauty.

Because the painter emphasizes artistic accomplishment: "In order to make photography have a place in art, photographers must first cultivate their aesthetic ability and artistic accomplishment." Therefore, its historical achievement is to guide photography from the initial mechanical imitation object to the field of plastic arts, which promotes the development of photography art.

Because the creation of paintings is mostly divorced from real life, photographic equipment is improving day by day, and people's interest in early beauty is constantly developing, which is impacted by naturalism. Nevertheless, it still occupies a place in today's photography art hall.

The main photographers and works of this genre are: Pledge (? -1896) Baron's banquet, Robinson Crusoe, pagoda scene; Robin Hood's "At the end of the day, autumn, two little girls, dying, Juliet with poison bottles, dawn and sunset"; Relander the Baptist, the leader of Sunglow Covenant, Evy, Virginia, You Dite and Holofernes; Thomas Carlyle and Nida (1820- 19 10) of Mrs. Cameron (15-1897) are dying.

Yinxiangpai photography

1889, the first French impressionist painting exhibition was held in England. Under the influence of the painter Robinson, he put forward the aesthetic standard that "soft tone photography is more beautiful than sharp tone photography" and advocated "soft tone" photography. This school is the reflection of painting impressionism in the field of photography.

At first, they shot with a soft-focus lens, developed and printed with woven paper, and pursued a vague artistic expression effect. With the appearance of "silver bromide development method" and paper development method with dichromate glue in pigment, impressionist works developed from the control of lens imaging to darkroom processing. They put forward that "works should look nothing like photos" and "if there is no painting, there is no real photography."

Under the guidance of this theory, impressionist photographers also use brushes, pencils and erasers to process pictures, deliberately changing their original light and shade changes and pursuing the effect of "painting". For example, La Croia's Park Sweeper, written in 1900, is like a charcoal pen drawn on a canvas. Impressionist photographers have completely lost their photographic characteristics, so some people call them "imitators". It can be said to be a branch of painting photography.

The artistic features of this genre are gloomy tone, rough shadow lines and rich decoration, but lack of sense of space. Its famous photographer is Du Masi (? -1937), Puyue (1857- 1933), Qiu En (1866- 1944), Watsek (1848-/) 187 1- 1937), Durkheim (1848- 1965438), Evre (1874-1998)

Write and take pictures.

Realistic photography is a school of photography with a long history, which continues to this day and is still the basis and main school of photography. It is the embodiment of realistic creation method in the field of photography art.

Photographers of this genre insist on the documentary characteristics of photography in their creation. In their view, photography should have the loyalty of "equality with nature itself". Only when every detail in the picture has "mathematical accuracy" can the work exert its appeal and persuasiveness that other art media do not have. A. Stiglitz once said, "Only discussing loyalty is our mission." On the other hand, they reflect objects coldly and objectively like objective mirrors, and advocate that creation should be selective, and artists should have their own aesthetic judgment on what they reflect. The famous realistic photographer Lewis Haine once said such a famous saying: "I want to expose those things that should be corrected;" At the same time, we must also reflect on what should be praised. " It can be seen that they advocate that art should "reflect life". They dare to face up to reality, and most of their creative themes are taken from social life. The artistic style is unpretentious, but it has strong witness and prompt power.

The earliest realistic photography works were those collodion documentaries shot by British photographer Philip Delamotte in 1853. Later, it was Ross Fenton's battlefield photography in the late 1960s and the Yellowstone Wonder in willian jackson. After 1870, realistic photography gradually matured and began to turn its lens to society and life. For example, Dr. Barnardo, a photographer at that time, photographed the tragic situation of street children, which was shocking.

Realistic photography has gradually occupied its own position in the news field because of its great cognitive function and extraordinary appeal. In the 1990s, Jacob August Riis, an American photographer, made a groundbreaking work on slum life in new york.

Subsequently, a large number of realistic photographers emerged, and their works were famous for their strong authenticity and profundity in the history of photography. For example, British Brandt's "Coal Miner"; American R. Kappa's "The Dead French Woman was Shaved and Showed in the Street"; French Weiss's "Girl" and so on, too numerous to mention.

Self-righteous, righteous words

1889, photographer Peter Henry Emerson published a paper entitled "Naturalistic Photography" in view of the weakness of painting creation, criticizing painting photography as fragmented photography, and advocating photographers to return to nature and seek creative inspiration. He believes that nature is the starting point and end point of art, and only the art that is closest to and most like nature is the highest art. He said that there is no art that reflects nature more accurately, meticulously and faithfully than photography. "Emotionally and psychologically, the effect of photographic works lies in the unadorned lens scenes recorded by photosensitive materials." Another master of this school, A·L· Pacho, put it more clearly: "Art should be left to artists. As far as our photography is concerned, there is nothing to rely on art, and we must engage in independent creation. "

It can be seen that this artistic concept is a reaction to painting, which urges people to liberate photography from the shackles of academic school and promote the full play of their own characteristics.

The creative themes of this school are mostly natural scenery and social life.

Because naturalistic photography is satisfied with describing the surface truth of reality and the "absolute" truth of details, it ignores the excavation of the essence of reality and the refinement of surface objects. In short, it does not pay attention to the typicality of artistic creation and artistic image. So it is essentially the vulgarization of realism. Sometimes it leads to a distortion of reality.

The famous photographers in this school are Dwieson (1856- 1930), Wilkinson (1857- 192 1), Geer (? -1906), scratch music (1856-? ), Sutcliffe (1859-1940), etc.

Chunessence school photography

Pure photography is a genre of photographic art, which matured in the early 20th century. Its founder is American photographer Stie Grize (1864- 1946). They advocate that photography should give full play to its own characteristics and expression, get rid of the influence of painting, and pursue the unique aesthetic effect of photography with pure photography technology-high definition, rich tone levels, subtle changes in light and shadow, pure black and white tones, meticulous texture expression and accurate image depiction. In a word, this school of photographers deliberately pursue the so-called "photographic quality": accurately, directly, subtly and naturally express the light, color, line, shape, grain and quality of the subject, without any other modeling art media.

19 13 The new york exhibited in the training class is a masterpiece of pure schools. The photographer overlooks a square in new york from a height. Although there is no processing and decoration, the novel composition and unique shape are refreshing. Another example is frank K Sandberg of E. He used the method of multiple exposures to avoid the limitation of space and time in a single work, and depicted the poet's emotional transformation, the combination of colors and the change of composition in one picture, which was very rhythmic.

From a certain point of view, some thoughts and creations of purists are "hybrids" of formalism and naturalism, and later evolved into "new objectivism". However, this genre has promoted people's exploration and research on the characteristics and performance skills of photography to a certain extent.

The famous photographer of this genre is strand (1890-? ) and young photographers in the group f 6.2 photography institutions, such as Ardanz and Gen Linghan.

The works in the later period of Pure School developed to the abstraction of lines, patterns and distorted images, and its influential photographers included Yabo, Steiner, Steven and Evans.

Novelty is the main meaning of things.

Neo-objectivism photography is also called "dominant photography" and "new realistic photography". It is a school of photography art that appeared in the 1920s.

The artistic feature of this school is to seek "beauty" in ordinary things. By means of close-up, close-up and other means, the subject is "separated" from the whole, a certain detail of the subject is highlighted, and its surface structure is accurately and truly described, thus achieving dazzling visual effects. It does not think that the essence of art lies in the essence of objects, so its aesthetic thought belongs to naturalism. For example, in 1923, photographer Pacho took a close-up shot of the locomotive shaft, showing the state of the locomotive shaft in operation, which gave the audience a strong visual impression because the picture abandoned other details.

The theoretical pioneer of neo-objectivism is strand, who made the following provisions on the artistic characteristics of objectivism: "Neo-objectivism is the essence of photography, as well as the product and boundary of photography." In his view, photography "is very expressive of life and needs to observe the eyes of things." Therefore, it is not based on perfunctory processes and operating methods, but pure photography. "The pioneers of neo-objectivism photography are Ajie and Steichen. The actual founder is Pacho mentioned above.

Pacho objected to photography relying on painting. He emphasized that the art of photography must rely on its own characteristics, and believed that the aesthetic value of photography was hidden in its own characteristics. Only by giving full play to their own characteristics can we create beauty. He said, "Painting should be painted by the artist at will. Only according to its inherent characteristics can we create independent photography works, and there is nothing to borrow in painting."

The achievement of neo-objectivism photographers is to urge people to study and explore the characteristics of photography itself and bring photography back to real life from the illusory world of aesthetics. However, due to over-emphasis on the description of the surface structure of detailed materials, it provided a germination soil for later abstract photography.

Around 1925, due to the appearance of large-caliber small cameras, the performance field of neo-objectivism has made new development, resulting in many portrait works and works reflecting social life and natural scenery.

Famous photographers of neo-objectivism are Sander (1876- 1964), Lasky (1871-956) and Haig (1893-/kloc-). ), Eft (1874- 1948), Weston, Adams (? -1902), etc.