Exhibition of National Museum of History during the Republic of China

In the early years of the Republic of China, the Beijing government "took the capital city as its capital, took all directions as its vision, and the cultural relics department could not be abandoned" (Notes on Publication of the National Museum of History, vol. 19 2 6,No. 1), and "the capital has no special department to protect cultural relics, so it is planned to set up a museum in Beijing first". 1912 In July, the Ministry of Education set up the National History Museum in imperial academy, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was the first museum organized and directly managed by the government in China.

During the Republic of China, due to the political turmoil, the name and affiliation of the National Museum of History changed several times, and the funds were seriously insufficient, which led to repeated setbacks. However, through the unremitting efforts and painstaking efforts of museum people, before 1949 10, the National Museum of History held more than a dozen exhibitions with a wide range of topics according to social needs. In addition to more than ten outdoor exhibition halls that are open all year round, they are used to display gold, jade, stone carvings, archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties, old cultural relics of imperial academy, soldiers, instruments of torture and excavations. In addition, according to the needs of society, they also held several temporary exhibitions individually or in cooperation with other academic institutions to carry out social education.

Basic exhibition

In August 1924, 1, the National Museum of History opened the Wumen Tower to preview some cultural relics. In the East Wing of Wumen Building, cultural relics unearthed from Xinyang Han Tomb and Julu Ancient City and archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties are exhibited. In the west wing, there are three rubbings of Shi Sanpan, stone carvings of Tianlong Mountain, rubbings of stone classics of Han and Wei Dynasties, and books and films sent to the Pope by the Empress Dowager Ningshengsu in the fourth year of Nanming. During the exhibition, the Museum of History invited people from all walks of life to visit the museum to conduct "research and textual research" on the exhibition (The Archives of the Palace Museum "Research and textual research on the letters received by the Museum of History in the Antiquities Exhibition" is scheduled for August 1 day (1July 25, 924).

1 in the spring of 926, "sponsored by foreign scholars, mediated by Mr. Hong" (Volume VI of the Complete Works of the Preparatory Office of the History Museum of Academia Sinica, edited by Ouyang, Hunan Education Press, 2003, 90 pages), the history museum raised the start-up cost of110,000 yuan, which was used to purchase equipment and prepare for its opening. In the same year, 10, 10, the history museum officially opened, and the 10 exhibition hall was opened for tourists to visit. "One is to store goods for sale; The second is the golden jade; The third is to carve stones; Fourth, educational treasure; Fifth, archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties, imperial academy's old cultural relics, funerary wares and models; Six, acupuncture bronze statues, miscellaneous objects, cultural relics; Seven are soldiers and torturers; Eighth, excavating cultural relics; Nine is the model diagram; Ten is an international souvenir "(80 Years History Museum compiled by China History Museum).

After the opening of the exhibition, people from all walks of life came to visit and guide. After visiting the exhibition, a scholar of the Republic of China Xu wrote a poem describing the exhibits one by one:

The pavilion opens at noon and the two pavilions are towering. The treasures of China and Tibet are rare in the world.

The emperor is handsome and looks strange. The imperial edict was written on the bow and the words were well typed.

The jade seal holds the gold belt, and the seal bears the yin turtle. The monetary value began in Qin and Han Dynasties, and the square hole was a compass.

Take a systematic ceremony to celebrate the week, and start learning by taking off your coat. Fight with bows and arrows, trade bags and skins.

The measuring ruler and the ritual vessel are Ding Yi. Miscellaneous merchants are better than Jin Wei Bei.

One by one, they came into my eyes and looked at the ruins. Don't bemoan the lack of literature, we should compile history together. (Lei Mengshui series "Continued Folk Songs in Beijing", Beijing Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987, 193)

1929 August 13, after the History Museum was transferred to Academia Sinica, the showroom was changed from 10 to 7, with 2,958 exhibits, including large and small glass tables and cabinets 120. The display status of each room is as follows (18th Annual Report of the Preparatory Office of the History Museum of Academia Sinica, Volume VI of Complete Works of Fu Sinian, page 9 1- 100):

Special exhibition room: Dr. Sun Yat-sen's relics, including the national flag made by the Premier, the flag-removing sign of the first funeral of the Prime Minister, etiquette signs, and 49 statues of Biyun Temple, stone platform cushions, coffin enclosures, coffins, table curtains and gauze lanterns.

The second exhibition hall: displaying unearthed objects, including 655 old objects and 27 separate glass tables and cabinets, among which the important objects can be divided into four parts:

1. The utensils of Julu Song Cheng include tables and chairs and various kinds of porcelain, such as vases, jars, plates, pots, bowls, porcelain, urns, porcelain pillows, bricks and tiles, stone piers, copper pots, bronze swords, bronze stirrups, iron ding, coins for worshipping Ning, etc.

2. Xinyang Han Dynasty funerary objects, such as washing, porcelain pots, pottery pots, human bones, wooden nails, five baht, four breast mirrors, iron sickles, iron axes, gold rings, pottery ding, pottery pots, pottery bells, pottery bottles, bricks of the 11th year of Yongyuan tomb, etc. Together with the unearthed pictures, there are 223 pieces.

There are 35 ancient funerary objects in Zhijiang, Hubei Province, including tomb bricks, nails and bronze medals.

4. The items donated by the Central Geological Survey include ancient stone tools, axes and chisels, knives and sickles, Tao Ge fragments and painted pottery, totaling 65,438+083 pieces.

The third showroom displays all kinds of stone carvings and brick carvings, including 66 kinds of stone carvings and brick carvings, of which 77 are stone carvings and 3 are text bricks, and their properties can be divided into five types:

1. Portraits, including figures of eminent monks, sages and wisdom in the Northern Wei Dynasty, giant figures in the Western Wei Dynasty, portrait of many people in Hongmao's book in the Northern Wei Dynasty (remnant), portrait of A Huan's husband and wife in the Northern Qi Dynasty (remnant), and portrait of Ni in Guang Lin Temple in the Northern Qi Dynasty (remnant), can be carved in five ways.

2. There are 46 kinds of epitaphs, including the epitaph of Yuan Yu in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the epitaph of Yuan Xianyu in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the epitaph of Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties, with a total of 48 stone carvings.

3. There are three kinds of classic architecture: the Tang Buddha called the Buddha's top wonderful, the later Jin Buddha's top superior to the classic architecture in Toronyi, and the Song Buddha's top superior to the Yan array architecture in Dalagni.

4. There are 265,438+0 square stones in the old stone carvings of Chinese studies.

5. Write bricks, write Tang's epitaph in ink and cover it. Zhu Shuming should always be listed as a land bought by residents, with two types and three bricks.

The fourth showroom: 955 pieces of gold and jade are displayed, with 27 separate glass tables and cabinets. Important projects:

1. Jin, Ge and Qi in the Zhou Dynasty, including bronze washers, carts and crossbows in the Han Dynasty, Tang Li, Tang Jian, silver bracelets and silver pins, official seals of Xixia, spring coins of past dynasties, bronze and iron Buddha statues in the Han and Tang Dynasties, bronze maps made by Hubei Geographic Society, and arrows donated by Japanese East Asian Archaeological Institute unearthed in Jinan, Shandong and Taiyuan, Shanxi.

2. Jade articles, including 17 pieces of cong, Huang, Gui, Bi, Dragon and Tiger.

The fifth exhibition hall: it is divided into three parts: east, west and east, and a total of 9 10 items are exhibited.

Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties, imperial examination policies and official seals are displayed in the east. Such as Ming Taizu's memoir, Taizong's memoir, Sejong's memoir, Ming Shenzong's training, Daming Dian, Mingrenzong's imperial collection catalogue, Xuanzong's imperial collection; Records of Emperor Taizu of Qing Dynasty, Records of Tiancong, Records of Sai-zu, Preaching by Emperor Wenzong of Qing Dynasty, Preaching by Mu Zong, Records of Ganlong Prefecture, Records of Emperor Taizu Prefecture, etc. There is also the imperial examination policy in the Qing Dynasty, the examination paper for studying poetry, and various official seals.

In the middle, there are Zhou Dynasty Yi wares and traditional Chinese culture wares, such as bottles, Kang Hou Ding, internal flame bottles, Su bottles, pots, longevity bottles, viscount, Wang Shi bottles, Zun bottles and Lei Wen bottles. The items used by Emperor Gaozong in Qing Dynasty included thrones, cabinets, screens, cauldrons, brushes and inks, Confucian classic treasures, sacrificial vessels of jade, copper, tin and bamboo, and imperial academy's drawings. A total of 18 1 piece.

Western charts showing Ming dynasty porcelain and various historical and geographical models. Besides the suspension, there are 55 glass tables and cabinets. Its important projects are:

1. Ming Dynasty pottery figurines, including pottery houses, pottery stoves, car wells, glazed Hu bottles, cups, plates and Tang porcelain statues in the Tang Dynasty, various pottery figurines in the Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Tang and Song Dynasties, and two pottery warehouses unearthed from the Han Tomb in Dengfeng, Henan Province, totaling 247 pieces.

2. Model, showing the costumes of the Zhou Dynasty created by Luo Yong in the History Museum, the system of weights and measures in past dynasties, the evolution of calculators, "Zhou Li copied Gong Ji", chariot model, hearse model, etc.

3. Chart, showing 2 1 frame historical geography chart.

The sixth exhibition hall: 208 items transferred and donated by all parties are displayed, including 8 glass tables and cabinets in addition to hanging frames. Among them, the important projects are:

1. Items transferred from different places: acupuncture bronze man 1, each with 15 new seals, 1 batch of medals, a total of 42 pieces.

2. Donations from all parties: Mr. Shi donated bronzes, Mr. Mi Hebo donated pottery bottles and lacquer plates, Mr. Mi donated Song porcelain bowls, Mr. Liu Miancheng donated Ying celadon bowls, Mr. Zhou Yucai donated Ming blue and white porcelain bowls, and the Siamese Chief Education Officer Prince donated Berewen cups and other pieces.

Showroom 7: There are 10 1 articles for soldiers and prisoners, including three important articles:

65438+

2. Military test supplies: 13 pieces of bows, knives and stones used in military tests in Qing Dynasty.

3. Criminal knives, the Ministry of Justice handed over 65,438+08 former prisoners kopis and 65,438+03 knives sentenced by the Ministry of Justice.

For the basic display of these showrooms, Mr. Fu Zhenlun later concluded: "Today, it seems that the cultural relics in the museum are chaotic, just like antique shops and goods shops, but at that time, it was still dazzling. It is indispensable for the predecessors to create the first work. "

Temporary exhibition

The Preparatory Office of the Museum of History of the Academia Sinica "in addition to opening the museum for people to visit on weekdays, it is necessary to hold a temporary exhibition on a specified date in case of new collections, old objects or sponsoring social welfare matters" (Report of the Preparatory Office of the Museum of History of the Academia Sinica, Volume VI, Complete Works of Fu Sinian, page 352). Some of these exhibitions are to "sell coupons to raise money to comfort the soldiers in front", some are to inspire Chinese people to fight against the Japanese army, and some are to raise money to help refugees.

Exhibition of Ancient Firearms: 193 1 year, with the efforts of Zhu Xizu, Chen Yinque, Xu Zhongshu, Qiu Shanyuan, executive directors of the Museum of History of Academia Sinica, etc., the museum collected more than 1460 ancient firearms and a number of Ming Dynasty cannons, shells and powder bowls. At the request of people from all walks of life, the History Museum will "set up all the East Gallery Rooms and one West Gallery Room at the end gate as exhibition places, set up artillery positions, mark instructions, record hanging information, build forts and prepare gun racks respectively, and open the exhibition for three days from the 10th of the 20th year".

Exhibition of Nestorianism Stone Carvings: 193 1 year, the preparatory office of the History Museum of Academia Sinica collected two Nestorianism stone carvings, which were "envied by academic circles", and were originally planned to be "publicly exhibited for public study". But "because the change of the shrine shocked Shi Ping, it was not held." 1932 new year's day, "public exhibition for five days".

Ming and Qing Archives Exhibition: In order to comfort the anti-Japanese soldiers, the preparatory office of the History Museum of Academia Sinica, together with the Palace Museum and the Antiquities Exhibition, "jointly opened for three days, and from March 1932 18, the coupons were sold, all of which were used as gifts for the soldiers in front." "History Museum" not only completely opens all showrooms and adds new products, but also negotiates with the Institute of History and Language of our institute (Academia Sinica). The important historical archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties collected in recent two years include Ming Taizu Zongshen Baoxun, Emperor Taizong, Sejong, Xizong Record, Qing Taizu, Emperor Taizong, Sejong Record, Saint Zuju, and Jin Guohan's Letter to Emperor Chongzhen, Yuan Chonghuan and Kong Youde's Letter to the Minister of Ming Dynasty. He also played more than 100 pieces with Ming officials' students' military and civilian letters, Qing Taizong's rough life manuscript, Yuan Chonghuan's Jin Khan's letter, Wu Sangui's Qing Regent Zheng Wang Jilang's congratulatory watch when he entered the DPRK, Korea's King Lea Coco's congratulatory watch, Sulu Su's congratulatory watch to India's sub-country, the strategy of pacifying Haikou, pacifying Chahar, Kangxi's posthumous edict and Zhao Shengtai.

Hong Chengchou's relics and historical materials display: Because "the national disaster is approaching, the Manchukuo in Northeast China appears, and the story of Hong's personality is quite wonderful, so as to alert the Chinese people", the History Museum of Academia Sinica plans to make a systematic Lan Chen on June 1932 and plan to inspect the southwest topography in the early years of Shunzhi, and it is expected to open up three roads in Yunnan, Guizhou and Liu Zeqing. The Qing soldiers fought a bloody battle in Xingshan, Jinzhou. Wu Sangui newspaper and the Ministry of War lost Jin Song, and Hong Chengchou was captured and died. And more than 60 stories about Chengdu accepting new letters and posts from five provinces, Ming Ruichang, Wang Zhu, Yi Shu and Huang Daozhou being arrested and killed. At the same time, the film rubbings such as "The Tomb of the Old Residence in Hongzhuang" were mounted separately, and the chronology of Hongshi was adapted, and the genealogy was made into a genealogical table. From June 18 to June 26, the time in Lan Chen lasted for nine days, and most of the tourists were scholars.

Yuanmingyuan Cultural Relics Exhibition: Yuanmingyuan was destroyed by western anti-fascism during the ten-year battle of British and French allied forces in Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty. 1August, 932, "Beiping academic circles failed to set up maintenance as early as possible because the ruins of the famous garden were destroyed, and the remnants of the robbery will also be lost. Therefore, the enterprise and the municipal government jointly established the "Yuanmingyuan Site Protection Committee", hoping to collect the remains. The "Preparatory Office of the History Museum of Academia Sinica" held the Yuanmingyuan Cultural Relics Exhibition from/kloc-0 to 17 September, 932. "The special exhibition lasted for seven days for the public to visit and attract the attention of ordinary people" (Complete Works of Fu Sinian, Volume VI, page 404, "21st Annual Report of the Preparatory Office of the History Museum of Academia Sinica").

Exhibition of Japanese invaders in Ming Dynasty: 1932 10 "When the national disaster strikes", the preparatory office of the History Museum of Academia Sinica "specially collects historical materials about Japanese invaders in Ming Dynasty and takes them to Lan Chen for warning. In its exhibits, in addition to borrowing a number of files from Chen Institute of History and Linguistics about the deeds of Japanese pirates in the Ming Dynasty, it also copied the portrait of Qi Jiguang, a great Japanese man, reprinted Li Zongcheng and other frames, and hung them with the photo of Emperor Xiuji in Wanli. In addition, I borrowed the Records of the Ming Empire from the Beiping Library, collected Zhang Shuinan's works and the Collection of Self-knowledge Hall, and displayed them according to the chronological system of the Ming history for people to visit. A week-long special exhibition was held from June to 10 in 5438, and many visitors came to visit it, especially academics "(ibid., p. 408).

Joint Exhibition:1932165438+1from October 5 to 14, the preparatory office of the History Museum of the National Academia Sinica was jointly opened with the Palace Museum, the Antiquities Exhibition Hall, the Antiquities Preservation Committee Beiping Branch, the Astronomical Exhibition Hall of Beiping Research Institute and Jingshan. "All the income will be used to buy warm clothes and send them to the front line", which will be used for the northeast anti-enemy soldiers to keep out the cold and resist Japan. In the preparatory office of the History Museum of Academia Sinica, a special room was set up on the upper floor of the Wumen Gate to display precious objects such as tortoise shells, deer heads, bronzes, bones and mussels unearthed in Yin Ruins. The China Construction Society also set up the measured maps and frames of Dule Temple and Baodi Guangji Temple in the preparatory office of the History Museum of Academia Sinica to participate in the grand event. The exhibits in the History Museum "will be displayed in thirteen categories, such as unearthed stone carvings and charts, and pottery horses and figurines from the Han Tomb in Dingxing will be added, and many pieces of pottery from Yanxiadu in Yixian will be matched with Lan Chen" (ibid., p. 408). From May to May 27th, 65438, 1934, the Preparatory Office of the History Museum of Academia Sinica hosted the "Beijing yenching university Million Fund Activity" and "opened a joint exhibition in the city for three days to donate the proceeds from ticket sales to schools" (22nd Annual Report of the Preparatory Office of the History Museum of Academia Sinica, Volume VI, Complete Works of Fu Sinian, p. 446).

Northwest Cultural Relics Exhibition: 1933, Northwest Cultural Relics Exhibition was held in the preparatory office of the History Museum of Academia Sinica. In addition to the collection of "Statues and murals of Dunhuang Thousand Buddha Cave in Jintian Taoist Temple in Lanzhou, Gansu, ancient pottery in Gansu, stone tools in Xinjiang, old maps", there are also large items left by Miao Changhui, such as Dunhuang clay bodhisattva, clay bodhisattva, Uighur, Tibet and Indian Sanskrit.

In the early days of Japanese and Puppet rule in Beiping, the exhibition work of the history museum was basically in a state of stagnation. After 1939, the history museum gradually resumed its work. In addition to daily affairs, the external and external doors and castles in various places were trimmed, the stored items were gradually updated, and various basic displays were gradually restored. 1In August, 938, the Museum of History sorted out the unearthed cultural relics in Xi 'an handed over by Beiping Research Institute, and then put them in the "Part Trial Exhibition in Room 2". 194 1 year1October "The East Corridor Ancient Cultural Relics Exhibition Department was specially built and sent to Lan Chen, with a total of more than 20,000 pieces, which is still a grand occasion". In the same year, after sorting out the pottery bones unearthed in Wanquan County, Shanxi Province, the industry selected classified displays to sort out and keep the remaining Bing Gu, old guns, ceramics, seals, plaques, models, iron lions, Kang Nanhai relics and portraits of Zheng Chenggong in Hong Chengchou's former residence (work report of the History Museum of the occupied period of China National Museum).

After the peaceful liberation of Beiping,1on March 25th, 949, He Kongcai donated 537 pieces of cultural relics to the History Museum, which was awarded by Beiping Military Management Committee, and the museum held the "Special Exhibition of Cultural Relics Donation by Mr. He Kongcai" for this purpose. On June 5th, Wang, Wang, Xu Beihong, Shen Congwen and others donated more than 10,000 pieces of cultural relics. Up to now, 16962 cultural relics have been donated. Therefore, the Museum of History held the "Exhibition of Cultural Relics Donated by the People of New China" and "Exhibition of New Cultural Relics". /kloc-0 "Photo Exhibition of Lu Xun's Former Residence" was held in July, 949.

In addition, during the Republic of China, the National Museum of History transported important cultural relics to participate in international expositions many times and won many awards. For example, 19 13 participated in the international printing exhibition in Leipzig, Germany; 1926, participated in the Philadelphia Games; 1930, participated in the Belgian World Expo; 1933, participated in the Chicago World Expo.