Briefly describe the characteristics and achievements of Gothic art.

At first, the Goths were remembered by the world as a branch of the ancient German nation. They once defeated and invaded the Roman Empire, which eventually split and collapsed. /kloc-In the 5th century, Italian Renaissance artists called the long period from the end of the ancient Greek and Roman civilization to the beginning of the Renaissance, which was ruled by the forces of the Christian church, "the dark Middle Ages". All the artistic forms produced in this period were classified as Gothic art. Naturally, from the original intention of the Renaissance artists at that time, the word Goth was by no means a kind of praise or reverence at first (because Italians hated the Goths for destroying their Roman empire). It means rude and uncivilized. In fact, from a modern point of view, medieval art is not as useless as they described at the beginning. On the contrary, many successful works have been handed down and influenced later generations. Such as Gothic architecture, sculpture, glassware, lamps, decorative paintings and so on. In these Gothic arts, religious themes play an extremely important role.

/kloc-the romantic cultural movement that began in Europe at the end of 0/8 and the beginning of 09 made Gothic and Medieval once again attract the attention of the cultural circles at that time. Romanticism advocates individual liberation, emotion and freedom. It is a reaction to rationalism and materialism in modern western countries. It is the resistance of human nature to industrial civilization. It is unconventional and irrational, in which "ugliness" first appeared as an aesthetic concept in front of the public. They created their own art through various means, among which religious, supernatural and medieval themes frequently appeared. Goth, as a metaphysical striking, dark and peculiar symbol, was endowed with new connotations by romantic art, among which decadent writers Byron, Shelley, Baudelaire and Wei Erlun were all very interested in the dark side of human beings. Sexual harassment has become another important theme of romantic literature. The desire to betray morality and sin, and the distress and joy after taking action are often thought deeply by writers and readers. In the field of visual arts, many romantic painters (such as Caspar David Friedrich) like Gothic themes very much, and those desolate, bleak and dark scenes emerge on the canvas. Neo-Gothic churches in the field of architecture have once again become fashionable. In these works of art, Gothic novels should be introduced to everyone. This kind of popular novel was quite fashionable in the18th century. The book depicts a large number of fantasy stories and dark adventure stories, blending horror, mystery and pornography. Poe's The Raven, bram stoker's Dracula and mary shelley's Frankenstein are all famous works, especially the vampire culture created by Stoke is enduring and can attract countless followers and fans in today's era. For example, anne rice, a contemporary writer, wrote neo-Gothic novels such as Interview with Vampires at Night. These works greatly exceeded the capacity of society at that time, so they were despised by the official cultural circles.

English Renaissance drama inspired later Gothic novels. British drama in this period was deeply influenced by Seneca, an ancient Roman playwright, and was full of revenge, conspiracy, violence and murder, and even haunted by ghosts, so the plot was thrilling. Shakespeare's plays and James I's tragedies, in particular, have exerted great influence on the appearance and development of Gothic novels.

Romanticism: Only one step away from darkness and terror.

In the romantic movement around 1800, medieval culture gradually became the fashion in some people's eyes. Romanticism became the center of this cultural movement. Romanticists hope to transcend the boundaries of history, some hope to return to the Middle Ages, some seek ideals from religious or mysterious concerns, and some writers try to get answers from nature. They achieve their goals in different ways. In the whole romantic movement, Goth began to be associated with darkness, strangeness and ghosts. Romantic and Gothic writers such as Byron, Shelley, Baudelaire and Wei Erlun are keen to show the dark side of human beings. Gothic sentiment is also clearly reflected in visual art, and painters like Caspar David Friedrich show darkness and desolation. In architecture, the neo-Gothic style has gradually become fashionable. Many Gothic novelists emerged in this period. They not only showed the dark side of human beings, but also challenged the orthodox thinking mode of society at that time. They were a mixture of horror and mystery. The typical characters in Gothic novels are vampires, such as Frankenstein in mary shelley's works, Dracula in brian stock's works, and descriptions in Edgar Allen's poems. The description of vampire incarnation in Stoke's novels has entered an opposite angle compared with the past. Anne rice's Interview with a Vampire and Poppy Z. Brite's Lost Soul are also the continuation of Stoke's style. )

Medieval art was once regarded as grotesque art, the product of foreigners and barbarians. Later, people tried to use this definition to express the art that originated in France in the middle of17th century.

By the late18th century, the word Goth had become the name of a new novel genre. This kind of novel is usually set in castles, ruins or wilderness, and the story often takes place in the past, especially in the Middle Ages. The story is thrilling and exciting, full of murder, violence, revenge, rape, incest, and even ghosts and other supernatural phenomena often appear; The atmosphere of the novel is gloomy, mysterious, scary and full of suspense. Gothic novel, as a novel genre, came into being in 1764. That year, Horace? Horace wapol published the famous novel The Castle of Otranto. The novel was an unexpected success, and the second edition was published in less than four months. In this edition, Valpur added the subtitle "A Gothic Story" to the title. Therefore, this novel was named Gothic novel.

For more than 200 years, in Britain and America, not only popular writers are keen on the creation of Gothic works, but also many first-class poets and writers, such as Scott, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats, Dickens, Bronte sisters, Connard, Foster, Golding and Brown, and Washington? Owen Allen. Poe, Hawthorne, Mark? Twain, James, Faulkner, O 'Connor, Morrison and others directly created well-known Gothic stories, or applied the techniques of Gothic novels in their creation, which made Gothic novels enter the center of literature and the mainstream of literary development from the "marginal position" of popular novels, thus gradually forming a very prominent Gothic tradition in British and American literature.

On the level of architectural culture and writing from18th century to19th century, the so-called "Gothic Renaissance" excavated the gloomy mood of the Middle Ages from the historical context. At the same time, some texts since the end of 18 are classified as gothic novels, such as walpole's (the castle of Otranto), ann radcliff's The Mystery of Udolph, Louis's The Friar, and of course mary shelley's Frankenstein.

These works are devoted to dealing with cruel passion and supernatural horror themes, and the background of novels is usually set in desolate castles or secluded monasteries. The protagonist (usually a young girl/man) is trapped in the irresistible evil sex/gender and the abuser (usually a man) begins to suffer death. The extreme erotic climax of ............................................................................................... comes from the moment of disillusionment (that is, the "completion" of the ceremony).

The religious system symbolizing patriarchy and the dark (negative) forces trying to surpass it, in a certain unspeakable level, actually share the pleasure mode of "sexual mating and death" in a secret and cool way. In the contemporary horror fiction camp, such as anne rice's Chronicle of Vampires, it reveals the complex interaction between homosexual desire and paternal mechanism.

Most of the above information is taken from enchanting night/bid/index.htm.

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The following is only my personal opinion: in Europe ruled by Christianity, the Goths were obviously regarded as the products of pagans and were suppressed by them, which led to the fate of the Goths being exiled and exiled (especially when they captured the seat of the Holy See), and the tragic beauty of despair revealed in this displacement was even more touching. In fact, perhaps, as The Da Vinci Code said, the current Bible was written by the pagan Constantine the Great in Rome to consolidate his political power and rule, confusing paganism with Christianity. He deified Jesus, banned and burned the gospel about Jesus as a man, his marriage with Mary Magdalene and Mary's royal lineage, thus creating a new Christianity. Christians who read the forbidden gospel but respect the historical truth become so-called heretics. At that time, the Roman Catholic Church destroyed all pagans and their cultures, belittled the sacred ability of women to have children, belittled this beautiful culture, belittled the goddess, and used the greatness of Jesus to confuse Christians. In fact, there are many similarities between Goth and ancient religious culture. For example, Goths like the five-pointed star, that is, the five-pointed star, which automatically conforms to the golden ratio, representing Venus, representing women's sex and Venus, the goddess with nothing. Christianity was a symbol of nature worship and goddess worship before it came into being, but now it is misunderstood as a symbol of the devil, which is the result of Constantine's creation of Christianity to suppress paganism. There are also praises to women and goddesses, which can be seen in many Gothic works of art and music, such as the fairy sound in MV and the image of the female lead singer in the dark tide. The five-petal rose used in many Gothic pictures is also a symbol of praising femininity. There is also the sacred wedding ceremony "God's Marriage" mentioned in the Gothic novel above. The ancients believed that only by physically combining with a woman could a man achieve spiritual perfection, thus gaining a cognitive perception of divinity. Sexual ritual is considered to be an act that men and women perceive the existence of God.

All these make us think that Goth may be as mysterious and sacred as other early ancient religions. I say this to show that Gothic culture has been handed down with the mixture of Christianity and paganism, and has penetrated into religion, just like European cathedrals, it is not difficult to find it as long as you feel it with your heart.

Personally, I think the current horror movies have more or less added Gothic elements, which are related to religion and darkness. For example, I have seen Edward Scissorhands, Todd Barber, Night Visit Vampire, Vampire Queen, Legend of the Night, Silent Hill, Dracula, Van Helsing, The Lord of the Rings, Pirates of the Caribbean (pirates) and Harry Potter (Voldemort). Later films were mostly modern blockbusters, and Gothic elements were used on villains. After all, most people still like justice and beauty that ordinary people can accept.

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The following information comes from Baidu Gothic Fiction /f? kz=440 178575

As early as 192 1, a Swede named Christensen made a film called Witchcraft in Past Dynasties. As we all know, the film at that time was just born and still in its infancy. There are few complete movies with storylines, and the movie stunts are simple and rough, so Christensen reproduces some images about witchcraft for us on the screen in the form of documentary. It is said to be a documentary, but the scenes inside are basically staged. In our view today, it is more like a feature film. However, this is the first time that Gothic culture has been integrated into the expression field of film art, and dark elements such as heresy, death and witchcraft have become the theme of the film for the first time. In this sense, this is an out-and-out Gothic film. Because the theme of the film was too advanced, Witchcraft of Past Dynasties was banned for decades, and it was not lifted until after World War II. It is worth pondering that the Goths in history may also come from Scandinavia, where Sweden is located. One thousand years later, it was in this land that the first Gothic film was born.

However, the first influential Gothic film came from Germany. One year after the birth of Witchcraft of Past Dynasties, German director Mona filmed The Vampire Nosferatu. Since then, the famous vampire has officially appeared on the big screen. In fact, the protagonist in the film is the infamous Dracula written by Irish writer Stoke. Maunau changed her name just to avoid copyright disputes, but it didn't have the expected effect. After the film was released, the copyright has been in constant trouble, and no dust has been settled until now. However, the film itself is really very successful, and it caused a sensation as soon as it was released. Mao nao also established his position as a master director with this film. The vampire Nosferatu has also become the first landmark Gothic film in the history of human film. It is worth mentioning that at that time, the German film industry was in the dominant stage of expressionist films. Besides the vampire Nosferatu, another expressionist film, Clay Fighter, was also an excellent Gothic film. It's just that the vampire Nosferatu's light is so dazzling that Clay Fighter Company is almost forgotten.

The great influence of vampire Nosferatu soon spread to the other side of the ocean. At this time, Hollywood, which is on the rise, is naturally open to all the themes that have box office appeal. 193 1 year, American director browning put the story of vampire Dracula on the big screen according to Stoke's original novel, that is, the movie Vampire. This film is the first Gothic film with sound in the world. After the release, it also received rave reviews and achieved unexpected great success. Especially bela lugosi, the star of this film, whose vampire image is so deeply rooted in people's hearts that many years after his death, some people still believe that he is a real vampire.

The rising wave of Gothic films was quickly broken by the arrival of World War II. The horror in the real world is obviously much more terrible than the horror on the screen. In wartime, what people need in movies is spiritual comfort and soul comfort, not Gothic movies that preach death and pain.

After World War II, with the economic and social recovery, the film industry gradually recovered, and Gothic films were once again brought into the track of film creation. 1958, in Britain where Dracula's novel was born, the famous vampire count appeared on the big screen again. This is the film Dracula's Nightmare shot by Tracy Fischer. The film created a brand-new vampire image. From the beginning of this movie, vampires began to have long, sharp fangs, and their mouths would be exposed. Christopher lee's outstanding performance is even more superb: in his fifties, he is tall and handsome, with gray temples, dignified manner and elegant and animal expression, which has become a model for future generations to imitate. It can be said that Dracula's nightmare has established the standard model of vampire image in Gothic movies so far.

From 65438 to 0959, Eyes Without a Face, which was shot by French director George French, became the first classic Gothic film without vampire image. This film with black and white images is unforgettable with exquisite photography, exquisite picture effect and bizarre plot. In particular, the poetic atmosphere of the film gives Gothic films another brand-new temperament, which greatly enriches the expression techniques of Gothic films. But generally speaking, from the post-war to the 1980s, Gothic films are still in the development stage, with weak momentum, fewer works with great influence. In addition to the above, Herzog's predecessor Mona, who was remake in 1979, is a masterpiece. Herzog is known as one of the "four German directors". With klaus kinski's outstanding interpretation, Herzog's version of Nosferatu was as successful as Maunau's after 50 years.

Throughout the 1980s, the gothic film worth mentioning was 1983 Hollywood's Desire. This film, directed by Tony Sugert and starring catherine deneuve and susan sarandon, is also about vampires, but in this film, the vampire role is no longer a male patent, but a female vampire is the protagonist. Of course, there have been female vampires in previous movies, but none of them have much influence. This film completely broke through the existing vampire image, created an elegant, charming and dangerous female vampire standard image for us, and became the standard for future generations to follow. Most of the female vampire characters in the follow-up movies can not be separated from the models created in Desire.

It was not until the 1990s that Gothic films really ushered in the golden age of development. During this period, Gothic films set off waves of upsurge, not only in Europe and America, but also all over the world. 1990, a director named tim burton found an actor named Johnny Depp and jointly contributed a film called Edward Scissorhands to us-since then, the curtain of the revival of Gothic films has been completely opened in Hollywood. As a contemporary landmark Gothic film, the significance of Edward Scissorhands cannot be overestimated. This film has no vampire, witchcraft or religious background, but it also weaves a wonderful black Gothic picture about loneliness, death and pain ... The talented tim burton seamlessly integrates the ancient Gothic culture with the current background, injecting new vitality into the Gothic theme, thus fundamentally expanding the scope of Gothic films. Tim burton has gradually become the greatest Gothic movie master of our time, and he and Johnny Depp, the golden partner, have also cooperated perfectly. Sleepless Valley (1999) is the crystallization of their cooperation again. This time, Burton unexpectedly began to paint a sad, bitter and unforgettable gothic elegy at the end of the century with witchcraft as the theme.

The success of Edward Scissorhands strengthened the determination of Hollywood producers to invest in Gothic films. 1992, the famous Dracula finally appeared in black and pink again. This time, Coppola, the godfather of Hollywood, took charge of the magic mirror. Coppola recruited a large number of Hollywood stars and told us a cross-century love story. This is the movie "Amazing 400 Years". Surprise for 400 Years completely reconstructs the story of Count Drakula in Hollywood way, thus giving the legend of Drakula, which has been circulating for hundreds of years, a brand-new meaning. The film's magnificent atmosphere and dazzling stunts, coupled with Hollywood's propaganda offensive, quickly swept the global film market.

The wave of Gothic films in the early 1990s did not stop there. More and more filmmakers are becoming interested in Gothic themes. 1994, Irish director neil jordan raised his arm, and three handsome Hollywood guys gathered together, presenting us with another great gothic film that can be called epic-Night Interview with Vampires. For ordinary fans, the biggest attraction of Interview with Vampires at Night is probably the joint performance of Tom Cruise, Brad Pitt and antonio banderas, but the film itself is not inferior, and it can definitely be called a master of vampire themes. The film spans hundreds of years, and the region also spans Europe and America. It shows us a vampire world that coexists with human society in a panoramic way, and describes their own mental journey from the perspective of vampires. Interview with Vampires at Night is so successful that we can even assert that the story of vampires can come to an end, and there will be no more movies of the same type than them in the next 20, 30 or even longer years.

While the vampire movie was a great success, another movie called Crow broke into the vision of Gothic fans. Compared with the mainstream Hollywood movies, The Crow is more independent, different and admired.

Time has entered 2 1 century, and Gothic films have blossomed all over the world. The French, who have always been famous for their strong artistic flavor, have never let go of the creation of Gothic films. In 200 1 year, a French film called Wolf Clan surprised Gothic fans all over the world. The film is based on the true legend of the cannibal beast in the French countryside, which combines suspense, witchcraft, horror and exotic colors, and exquisitely restores a fascinating and wonderful story with Gothic culture as the background for us on the screen. Two years later, in 2003, the French brought more surprises to Gothic fans. This year, the French produced an excellent 3D cartoon "Gai Na". Gai Na is the first widely influential Gothic animated feature film in the world. The whole film not only absorbs the sci-fi elements commonly used in Hollywood, but also retains the French understanding of Gothic culture. In particular, the evil alien life image in the film is enchanting, noble, dangerous and dark, which conforms to the characteristics of typical images in Gothic culture. In this movie, evil alien life feeds on plant juice, forcing people to risk their lives to collect it. In fact, the plant juice here is dealing with human blood in traditional Gothic culture. In addition, alien domination is achieved through the spiritual control of wizards and sacrifices, which can be understood as a brand-new interpretation of religious content by film creators based on sci-fi background, which reflects the unique reflection of religious traditions by creators, which is the inheritance of pagan traditions in Gothic culture.

Today, the epic wave of Gothic films has passed, but the themes of Gothic films are more and more extensive. At the same time, Gothic films began to move closer to traditional films, and gradually merged the characteristics of other traditional films, making them more acceptable to the audience. The American film The Vampire Queen in 2003 is a typical example. This is a classic vampire movie, but in this movie, the characteristics of street culture and black culture are combined, and vampires get rid of the identity setting of white male aristocrats in the past, but show themselves as black women. The whole movie has a lively rhythm and strong musicality. It can be said that this is a black street version of the vampire story. In addition, The Legend of the Night in 2003 and Van Helsing in 2004 reflect the latest development trend of Gothic films. These two films combine the characteristics of Hollywood action movies, and achieve the ultimate in action and fighting. If you remove the gothic background, they are nothing but action movies. Moreover, both films are based on vampires and Jinlu: Wolf Brigade, the two most classic traditional images in Gothic culture, and let them kill each other on the screen. The Legend of the Night tells the story of Romeo and Juliet falling in love with vampires in the Gothic version of Jinlu: Wolf Travel, and Van Helsing directly turned Dr. Van Helsing, the nemesis of vampires, into Jinlu: Wolf Travel with the traditional Dracula story as the motif, which is also very interesting.