The development trend of modern design

A brief discussion on modern design and its development trends

Zhou Liang (Department of Architectural Environmental Art, Xi'an Academy of Fine Arts, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065)

The development time of modern design is just In just over a hundred years, it has experienced many changes and genre changes in the period since its birth. So how did modern design come into being and develop?

In what direction should we continue to move forward? This article will briefly discuss this.

Modern design; modernism; style school

1. Historical background of modern design

As early as the 18th century, design activities were mainly based on handicraft industry. Design and production are often done independently by individuals, and there is no fine division of labor at all. The target of design services is only for the upper class, and the power of design is completely controlled by the ruling class such as the royal power and the church. Therefore, the design inevitably reflects a coquettish style.

The Baroque and Roquecratic styles of the 18th century and the Victorian style of the 19th century are typical examples of this situation

By the end of the eighteenth century, society was increasingly polarized, and industrialized production and bourgeois ideology began to flourish on a large scale. It is precisely with the large-scale development of industrial production that modern design emerged.

From the perspective of the history of modern design, it has been developing for more than a hundred years, but until the end of the Second World War

its development was still limited. In terms of application, there are very few people engaged in theoretical research.

The reason for this situation is very simple. The development time of modern design is still short. In addition, it is an applied discipline. Many people think that there is no need to study it. It is only in recent decades that research on the history and theory of modern design has gradually received attention.

2. The concept and scope of modern design

2.1 The basic concept of design

Design refers to a plan, planning, assumption, and problem solving Method, convey the activity process through visual means

. Its core content includes three aspects: 1. The formation of plans and ideas; (influenced by modern marketing, social psychology, ergonomics, etc.) 2. Visual communication methods; ( Manual drawing

, computer production, model review, etc. are determined according to the needs of the specific situation) 3. Specific application after the plan is communicated

(the same as the technical conditions arising from the design requirements) closely related). From a historical perspective, its definition is also very simple, mostly focusing on the relationship between function and form. Such as use function (purpose); material technology conditions (basis); design shape (aesthetic conception). Modern design is also seen as a means to solve functions, create markets, and change behaviors. It is no longer just a means to solve the relationship between function and form.

Because the factors that affect planning and conception are different, there is a distinction between traditional design and modern design. The most

fundamental difference between the two is that modern design is closely connected with industrialized mass production and modern civilization, which is something that traditional design

does not have. Therefore, modern design is an inevitable product of industrial mass production technology.

2.2 The scope of modern design

The scope of modern design is very broad, and it involves architectural design, environmental art design, modern interior design

design, and display Design, landscape garden design, etc.; also includes graphic design, industrial design, advertising planning, clothing design, textile design, photography, film and television production, etc. Today's professional classification of design

is becoming more and more detailed, and many new design disciplines and categories are constantly derived, such as: urban furniture design, product design, and jewelry processing design , film and television animation design, etc. With the development of time and the growth of human social needs, new design industries will continue to emerge.

2.3 Attributes of modern design

Whether modern design should belong to engineering or to the liberal arts category centered on art is an issue that has always received much attention

. The scope of design itself is very wide and complex, so to distinguish its attributes, it is necessary to determine its attributes according to different design types. For example, industrial design and architectural design are more inclined to engineering categories because they are closely related to engineering technology, while graphic design, interior design, advertising design, etc. are related to the expression of beauty. If you are relatively close, you should lean toward liberal arts.

As a pure artistic activity, art is a relatively personal expression process for artists. It is a catharsis and expression process of self-emotions. Design, on the other hand, is more about serving others. this activity process. The former is for oneself

The latter is for others, society, and the market. There is a certain difference between the two in terms of the nature of the service objects.

Although engineering design and artistic design both belong to the big concept of "design", they are also fundamentally different

. Engineering design is to solve the relationship between objects in man-made objects and the coordination problem between the objects themselves. For example, the relationship between the clutch and the accelerator of a car; while art design solves the relationship between man-made objects and people, and is the coordination problem between people and objects. Such as the beauty and comfort of the car, etc. In this way, it is not so difficult to distinguish the conceptual attributes of engineering design and artistic design. The design concepts in this article belong exclusively to the conceptual category of related art design.

2.4 Universal performance of modern design

Modern design has universal performance all over the world. In today's society, people's communication methods are basically divided into two types: one is direct communication between people through language and body movements, and the other is direct communication between people through large-scale communication

It is relatively common to communicate with a large number of common signs, advertisements, illustrations and general products, such as: the designs of international airports around the world are relatively similar; the designs of computer windows around the world are relatively similar. The keyboards are also basically the same;

The outer packaging design and opening methods of all soft drinks are also basically the same, etc. These fully reflect the huge role of design in promoting communication. It is precisely because of the role of design that the world is getting closer and people are communicating more and more. The easier and more convenient it is, thus prompting the emergence of the concept of "global village".

3. The huge influence of Bauhaus and modern design education

3.1 Bauhaus

Design education in most countries is in the academy of fine arts On the basis of which design education is established. However, in the early days

science and engineering design education was conducted separately. The most famous one was the Bauhaus School of Design

established in Germany in 1919, which was also the first in the world. The college established entirely for the development of design education can be said to be an unprecedented reform of design education. This college was founded by the famous German architect and theorist Gropius. During this period, it experienced two school moves (Weimar and Dessau) and three changes of presidents (Gropius). Pace, Hans Mayer, Mies van der Rohe) until it was forcibly closed by the Nazi government in 1933. From the time period, it can be concluded that the Baochu School of Design (1919-1933) historically existed during the First World War (1914-1918)

and the Between World War II (1936-1945). Although it did not last long, its impact on modern design and its education is immeasurable.

3.2 Modern design education

Bao Maosi’s great contribution to modern design education is mainly reflected in: emphasizing standardization, emphasizing collective working methods

Scientific working methods, changing the education center from external to internal problem solving, creating various studios, creating basic courses of education, innovative ergonomics, etc. Its creation indeed laid a solid foundation for modern

design.

Modern design education and modern design basically started to develop at the same time. Now through the continuous development of their own systems,

the discipline has begun to become more complete and the teaching direction has begun to become clearer. However, modern and even current design education

is still inseparable from the founding and contribution of the Bauhaus.

4. The content and essence of modernist design and its representative figures

4.1 Three basic factors in the emergence of modernist thought:

The negative attitude towards tradition: it It denies that previous designs were only for the form of serving the royal power, the church, and the nobility, and

denies the traditional concepts and working methods to a great extent; it emphasizes that the design should have a strong sense of the times: every piece

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Design works can reflect the strong spirit of the times; changes in the way of thinking of design service objects: modern design

The change in the service objects of modern design also determines a major reversal in its way of thinking. Design Luxury and pretentiousness are no longer the aesthetic standards, and the aesthetic trend has turned to practicality, elegance and beauty.

4.2 The first generation of modernist design masters

The representative first generation of modernist design masters are:

a) Gropius: He opposed Mannerism, emphasizing design for the people;

b) Mies van der Rohe: advocated the design concept of "less is more", and he also advocated subtractive design

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Admired;

c) Le Corbusier: "Mechanical beauty" is The design technique he pursued throughout his life, "Langxiang Church" is his famous representative work. Later he became a representative figure of "Brutalism", one of the branches of internationalism;

e) Wright: pursuing style and designing for the rich all his life, in a sense, cannot truly represent modernism

The entire spiritual essence of righteous architecture.

As the first generation of modernist designers, these masters played an important role in the development of modern design. However,

due to the outbreak of World War II, these designers I also had to make a choice again. After the end of World War II

a large number of Bauhaus teachers and students immigrated to the United States, including the first batch of modernist designers

who were in tune with the affluent society of the United States. The combination ultimately developed the influence of Bauhaus into a new design style

—Internationalist style. Therefore, it can also be said that the internationalist style is the development of modernism after the war.

5. The decline of modernism and internationalist style

After the end of the Second World War, the internationalist design developed from the German Bauhaus became the style of Western countries

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The main style of home design was popular from the 1950s to the 1970s.

Internationalism is the development of modernism after the war. It is in the same vein in terms of design style. Both pre-war modernism and post-war internationalism have simple forms. , anti-decoration, emphasis on function, highly rational

, and systematic characteristics. Internationalist designers were influenced by Mies's "less is more". In the second half of the 1950s, their development was characterized by formal reductionism. In order to achieve the basic principles of reductionist design, they began to depart from it

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Rebellious to the basic principles of modernist design, it only maintains and exaggerates the characteristics of modernism in form. Therefore, the challenges and criticisms from

postmodernism (high-tech style, deconstruction style, neo-modernism style, "Pop" style)

are also being cleaned up.

6. The future development trend of modern design

6.1 Designers’ exploration and the development law of “negation of negation”

Many designers are eager for quick success and quick profit If you want to know what is the latest and most fashionable approach at present, I think from the perspective of development history, you can't see the forest for the trees. They only blindly pursue the form, do not understand the context of development, and are only interested in design.

It is not advisable to take quotes out of context and have only a little knowledge. From a certain perspective, design is also a double-edged sword. It is also destroying while building, and often there is a lot of "constructive destruction"

< p> and the sad situation of "developmental regression". Therefore, only by comprehensively understanding the development and evolution of the entire design history

can we judge whether our actions are accurate. Only by "carrying on the past" can we "open up the future".

A person who has forgotten his own nation and country cannot become a competent designer.

The development process started from modernism and returned to the new modernist design with the same connotation but different details.

Basically conforms to the law of "negation of negation" of philosophical dialectics. The development of modern design has the characteristics of spiral

It is a process of spiral improvement and forward development.

6.2 Looking to the future

Although it is impossible to predict the emergence and development of new design movement schools, from the perspective of modern architecture, it is basically maintained at

With modern On the basis of doctrine as the mainstay, the development of pluralism is certain. As for designers themselves,

everyone carries the burden of history on their shoulders, and should have keen insight and a high degree of professionalism. Promoting the development of modern design