Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Photography and portraiture - What are the ways and precautions of scientific observation?

The ways, methods and precautions of scientific observation are as follows:

(a) comprehensive observation and key observation

What are the ways and precautions of scientific observation?

The ways, methods and precautions of scientific observation are as follows:

(a) comprehensive observation and key observation

What are the ways and precautions of scientific observation?

The ways, methods and precautions of scientific observation are as follows:

(a) comprehensive observation and key observation

Comprehensive observation refers to observing all aspects of things, not only paying attention to the obvious characteristics of things, but also observing the hidden characteristics of things; We should not only grasp the whole, but also examine its various components; We should not only observe the whole process of the development of things, but also understand the characteristics of a certain stage of the development of things, so as to have a comprehensive and thorough understanding of things. At the same time, objective things are extremely complicated. In order to realize comprehensive observation, it is necessary to mobilize many senses such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and body, and carry out cooperative observation in vision, hearing, smell, skin, touch and kinesthetic. The key observation is a relatively comprehensive observation. It means to observe only one or several aspects of things in a particularly deep and meticulous way. Yang Shuo, a famous writer, said, "We should pay special attention to those who have characteristics in personality. Grasp his character from his appearance, behavior, language and living habits. " Focusing on observation means grasping the key point, focusing on the key point and focusing on the object you want to observe.

(2) Comparative observation and anatomical observation

It can only be identified by comparison. Comparison is an effective way for people to know objective things. Comparative observation is to compare objective things and find out similarities and differences, that is, to understand the "similarities and differences" and "similarities and differences" of things, so as to grasp the essence and laws of things. Anatomical observation is to decompose the various features, sides and components of the observed object and observe them carefully. Through anatomical observation, we can deepen our understanding of things.

(3) sequential observation and side observation

Sequential observation is to observe things in a certain order. Objective things always have their own laws and development processes. The sequence of things mainly includes: time sequence (such as the development process of things), spatial order (such as distance, inside and outside, up and down, left and right, before and after, etc. ), primary and secondary order, logical order, etc. Observation must follow a certain order, such as from outside to inside, from far to near, from whole to part or from part to whole. Psychologically speaking, sequential observation is beneficial to the storage, coding and extraction of information. Side observation is the observation of one side of things and objects. For example, recording the activities of characters on specific occasions in composition, taking close-ups in photography, etc. (4) Long-term observation and short-term observation

Long-term observation refers to a long-term systematic observation of a thing or an object. For example, in order to find out the local climate characteristics and laws, the meteorological team summed up the meteorological characteristics and laws of this area from the obtained meteorological data after several years of observation and recording. Long-term observation has the characteristics of long time and strong persistence, and it needs perseverance until the expected observation results are obtained. Never give up halfway, let alone "fishing for three days and drying the net for two days". Long-term observation itself is the process of cultivating students' willpower. Short-term observation is the observation of something or an object in a relatively short period of time. For example, in the composition class, in order to write about sunrise, I got up early in the morning and carefully observed the sunrise landscape. Short-term observation is often fleeting, so we must seize the opportunity, carefully observe and think, and make records in time.

(5) direct observation and indirect observation

Direct observation refers to the observer's own observation or field trip. Indirect observation is to analyze, study, summarize and generalize the materials observed by others, and draw corresponding scientific conclusions.

(6) Natural observation and experimental observation

Natural observation is carried out under natural conditions, such as studying botany or zoology, and observing living animals and plants in nature or zoos. Experimental observation is carried out under laboratory conditions, such as studying physics and chemistry, and actually observing those specific physical or chemical phenomena during the experimental operation.

The above observation methods are not isolated, but closely related and complementary. We can choose one or several effective observation methods according to the object, time and place of observation. Under normal circumstances, in the same period, one observation method can be given priority to, supplemented by other methods, so that various observation methods can learn from each other's strengths. Observation activities should also be focused and focused, so as to receive good observation results.

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