What influence does the principle of natural science have on painting?

First, the new achievements of natural science have promoted the transformation of European traditional painting into modern art;

The appearance of photography technology dispelled the documentary function of realistic painting.

The new achievements in optical research urge artists to re-examine the influence of light and color on objects.

Second, the scientific achievements in the early 20th century inspired artists to explore new concepts of time and space.

Thirdly, the influence of high industrialization on post-modern painting in the second half of the 20th century.

Fourthly, the development of computer technology promotes the emergence of digital media painting.

The following is a copy of the online article for your reference (a little too many words)

Since the Renaissance, western realistic artists have closely linked art and science, and on the basis of in-depth study of perspective, anatomy and proportion, they have laid the aesthetic standards of harmony, symmetry and elegance of classical art, which has dominated European plastic arts for more than 500 years. By the middle of 19th century, Angel (1780- 1867), the representative of French neoclassicism, and Courbet (18 19- 1877), the representative of French realistic painting school, they Coupled with the expansion of western capitalist countries at that time, the decorative, flat and colorful visual effects of oriental art, especially the Faust style in Japan, and the mysterious and quaint regional style of African primitive art, European realistic artists at that time felt the unique aesthetic value of foreign civilization, the space and volume of painstakingly shaping objects in traditional paintings, and the unscientific and unrepeatable artistic charm of virtual reality of external images. At this time, western realistic artists began to reflect on their artistic achievements and traditional aesthetic values, and began to avoid the expression methods of western traditional realistic art and seek new breakthroughs in artistic expression.

1. The new achievements of natural science have promoted the transformation of European traditional painting into modern art.

1. The appearance of photography technology dispelled the documentary function of realistic painting.

Traditional western realistic art is based on science and rationality. /kloc-the latest scientific and technological achievements in the 0/9th century made many artists at that time realize the limitations of traditional realistic artists' observation methods and understanding of objects, and began to re-examine the significance of painting.

1837, French stage artist Daguerre was inspired by the change of chemical substance "silver salt" when he was exposed to light, and invented photography that can preserve images, which was called "silver plate photography". 1839 On August 9th, he announced that he had invented the silver plate photography and gave birth to the world's first portable wooden box camera. By the 1960s, photography had made great progress, and the world's first color photo appeared in 186 1. In the previous European realistic painting, it undertook the task of recording images and publicizing religious and social events for dignitaries. The contrast between superb picture technology and social service function plays a decisive role in the quality of a work. However, with the development and popularization of photography technology, the art mourners at that time found that when they tried their best to complete a realistic painting, the camera could record or surpass the real effect of realistic painting in an instant ... The traditional painting art lost the advantage of recording function, and this sense of crisis prompted artists to give up the classical painting method of photography and look for a new artistic expression of painting.

2. The new achievements in optical research urge artists to re-examine the influence of light and color on objects.

/kloc-in the 0/9th century, the west made great progress in the study of optics and chromatics, and published some scientific works in related fields, which directly inspired the Impressionist idea of technological innovation.

In 1960s, Newton (1642-1727) discovered from the prism that the colorless and transparent sunlight was composed of seven colors of light beams, so he invented the seven-color disc. His research results have a great influence on the clever use of light in the pictures of Dutch small painting school in the17th century. Their works express the poetic mood of the picture with soft and rich light changes. 1807th century British scientist Thomas Young (1773- 1829) published a lecture course on natural philosophy and mechanical art, which comprehensively arranged his theoretical and experimental research in optics. 180 1 year, he conducted the famous Young's double-hole interference experiment and proved that light exists in the form of waves, not light particles as Newton imagined. Then in his paper, a new light wave theory is established based on the interference principle, Newton's ring is successfully explained, and the wavelengths of seven kinds of light are accurately determined. Firstly, the principle of three primary colors is established: "It is pointed out that all colors can be obtained from the three primary colors of red, green and blue, and objects show different colors because they absorb and reflect light waves of different wavelengths in sunlight, and those that do not reflect all sunlight are black. What doesn't absorb all reflections is white, and what reflects red light waves absorbs other light waves is red ... "According to his theory, from an accurate scientific point of view, any absorption and reflection are not 100%, so there is no pure black, pure white, pure red and pure green in our living environment. Thomas Young also made pioneering research on physiological optics, and was known as the founder of physiological optics. He put forward the theory that color vision depends on three different nerves in the eye, which feel red, green and purple respectively, and it was proved to be correct by experiments in 1959. These scientific research achievements made the artists at that time have a new understanding of the observation methods of objects. In the past, classical realistic painters lacked the scientific theoretical basis of light and color, and lacked the habit of observing subtle changes in the color of objects with their eyes. They believe that the inherent color of any object is unchangeable, and artists observe and habitually express objects completely according to the inherent color and brown color of the object. On the basis of the new theory of light and color, impressionist painters began to use color boldly in their pictures. They realize that the color of an object is influenced by the color of the light source and the surrounding environment, which is the visual effect left by the object after absorbing and reflecting light waves. They began to use their eyes to keenly capture the subtle and rich color changes caused by light shining on objects. Their purpose is still to reproduce the object as objectively and truly as possible, but what is really reproduced is not the volume and inherent color of the object, but the rich color changes presented by the light acting on the object, which is a dynamic and objective object. The achievements of natural science have accelerated the pace of "transformation" of traditional painting art. Impressionism, a painting school completely different from classical art in expression and aesthetic concept, has opened the most thrilling chapter in its art history. It is thrilling because its birth is like a new life, a new life born after the maternal labor pains, and a new thing that survived with tenacious vitality after a strong conflict with traditional aesthetic concepts and the habitual aesthetic standards of the public at that time. Monet, the master who captures the instant feeling of light and color, represents the painter. The name of impressionism comes from his work Impression of Sunrise. Degas, a master of painting indoor light; Renoir, who shows the rich and soft color relationship between female human body and children under external light; Pissarro is famous for its simple, heavy and colorful pictures. Through their own works, they perfectly interpret the magical and gorgeous color effect of objects under natural light.

At this time, some new breakthroughs have been made in the study of color. French chemist Schell Chevelle (1786- 1889) made a systematic study on color during his tenure as the director of dyeing department of Gebering tapestry factory in France. He found through experiments that when different colors of wool are mixed together, from a certain distance, a mixed color of these two colors will be formed in human vision. Based on his research on color, he published the book Principles of Color Harmony and Contrast in 1839, and put forward the principle of combining scientific knowledge with practical application of art. The juxtaposition of different colors at a certain distance will produce a new color theory, which provides a theoretical basis for impressionist painters to present new color expression techniques through visual synthesis of different juxtaposition color points, color lines and color blocks. This expression technique not only makes the picture colorful and lively, but also makes the color jump and flicker. This color theory gave birth to new impressionism (pointillism) in the 1980s of 19. Representative artists are Seurat and Sinek, who use "additive color mixing" to adjust colors. They arrange color points on the screen completely according to scientific principles and spectral colors, and make the screen reflect vivid, rich and realistic color effects through visual mixing at a certain distance. Van Gogh, a post-impressionist painter, showed a strong and passionate visual shock through the repetition and juxtaposition of different color lines. Cezanne, on the other hand, used the combination of different small color blocks to express his subjective feelings about color. His subjective expression of picture structure and color led to the complete liberation of western artistic thought and was known as "the father of modern painting".

Second, the scientific achievements in the early 20th century inspired artists to explore new concepts of time and space.

At the beginning of the 20th century, when western artists emphasized painting to express artists' subjective feelings and personalized experiences, the West also made great achievements in science and technology. Bohr's quantum mechanics reveals the mystery of the microscopic world; Darwin's theory of biological evolution expounds the law of biological evolution and the origin of species, which shakes God's authority to create human beings and the unique dignity of human beings. Scientists split atoms and invented X-ray perspective. Einstein's "general relativity" and "four-dimensional space-time" concepts of "special relativity" and the elaboration of the concept of light speed space-time have injected new space-time concepts into the artistic creation of many artists, and these scientific achievements have subverted the traditional understanding of the objective world in people's minds.

Influenced by the latest scientific research results, many artists at this time have a new understanding and thinking about the spatial structure and existing form of objects, and they begin to observe and express objects from multiple viewpoints and angles. Inspired by X-ray perspective, Cubist artists Picasso and Braque began to explore the decomposition and reorganization of object structures observed from different angles to show the beauty of multi-layer space and geometric shape of objects. Legg understood all objects as a combination of barrels or pipes, making them look like assembled machinery, and embodied the aesthetic feeling of industrial civilization in the production and life of large machines with the geometric shape of mechanical products. Legg is called cubist mechanical school. Futurist artists even praised mechanical civilization, and they tried to reflect the relationship between the movement and speed of objects in static and plane paintings. Influenced by Einstein's concept of "four-dimensional space-time", they also actively explored how to express the four-dimensional space of length, width, depth and time in their works. Bochuni, a representative figure, tried to express the achievements and four-dimensional space of modern scientific and technological civilization in his works. His works are full of elements of movement, life and speed. The Naked Woman Descending the Stairs is the representative work of Duchamp, an artist with futuristic tendency. The characters after the picture decomposition and reorganization are full of sense of movement and delay. Dutch painter escher (1989— 1972) pioneered the art of topology. With the help of geometric methods, he used pictures to express cycle, infinity and order, and contradiction space's thoughts. The charm of his works not only comes from his exquisite realistic skills, rich imagination and creativity, but also surprises many mathematicians by his expression of the relationship between space and object movement. The graphics of his pictures reflect the fractal pattern of modern fractal geometry, and the way of analyzing problems and the expression of his works are closer to scientists than artists. Therefore, it was some scientists who first discovered the value and significance of his works. His masterpiece Waterfall is based on Penrose's triangle principle, which piles neat cubic objects into a strange architectural structure. At this time, the artist still emphasizes his unique artistic concept and visual appeal through the artistic effect of the work itself.

Thirdly, the influence of high industrialization on post-modern painting in the second half of the 20th century.

Since 1950s, western society has entered a highly industrialized and commercialized era. At this time, the social productive forces developed rapidly and the degree of mechanization was greatly improved. Modern means of transportation such as airplanes, highways and high-speed trains have greatly shortened the distance between people. The popularity of television and telephone enables people to know what is happening in the world in the fastest time. At this time, western art, all kinds of new ideas and schools are constantly emerging and rapidly disappearing in life, and fast food culture has become the mainstream of contemporary western art. At this time, artists often pay attention to the feelings and experiences of an artistic process in the process of artistic creation, regardless of the results of art; They also stressed that art is life itself, art is moving towards life, and art is combined with society. At this time, the mass media was very developed, and various image symbols such as film and television media, print media, film and television stars and public figures had become an indispensable part of people's lives at that time. The painting school "Pop Art", which directly borrowed the cultural symbols of commercial society and then sublimated the artistic theme, became popular in the United States in the 1960s and formed an international cultural trend. Its appearance not only destroys the distinction between elegance and vulgarity that art has always followed, but also embodies the principle of equivalence between art and life. Andy warhol, the representative artist of American Pop Art, printed Marilyn Monroe by using the advanced screen printing technology at that time, which made the works reflect the characteristics of popular symbols and commercialization, and also reflected the confusion and confusion of modern scientific and technological civilization and highly developed commercial civilization on people's inner feelings.

In 1950s, Victor vasari (1908— 1997) wrote a series of declarations on how to use optical phenomena to serve the arts. These declarations and his works have a very important influence on young artists. He encouraged young artists to use rigorous scientific design and arrange them into complex corrugated or geometric figures according to certain rules, so as to produce a sense of movement and flicker in visual perception, and make the optic nerve produce halo effect when it contacts with the picture or make observers have illusions and hallucinations. A new school of painting "Op Art" began to take shape. Also called "visual effect art" or "light effect art". Victor vasari's first work, Zebra, was created in 1930s, and is regarded as the first masterpiece of Opal Art Institute. In his later works, he also explored the expression of four-dimensional effect and three-dimensional sense of movement. Sorata-T is his attempt to pursue new visual effects. When these artists are pursuing new picture expression techniques and unique visual effects of their works, the emergence and development of digital media art poses new challenges to the hand-drawn techniques and picture effects of easel painting.

Fourthly, the development of computer technology promotes the emergence of digital media painting.

The birth of computer is the crystallization of human wisdom and the product of human scientific and technological progress. 194 1 year, German engineer Jules made the world's earliest programmable computer. 1944 ——1945 von neumann, an American scientist of Hungarian descent, established a modern computer operating system by using "binary" and "stored program" on the computer, which continues to this day. In the early 1990s, with the improvement of computer functions and the maturity of computer graphics processing software, the humanization of man-machine interface and large-scale industrial production entered the market, which made it possible for computers to enter ordinary families, digital media art and digital image creation art..

Digital media painting and traditional painting depend on different materials in the creative process. Traditional painting materials are mainly brushes, canvases, pigments and other material materials, while computer painting relies on computer hardware and graphics processing software. Such as graphics plane processing software JavaScript, Skockware, Flash, photoshop, single frame 3DMAX, Maya, etc., when they are output as static pictures in tiff, eps, ipeg and other formats, it constitutes computer picture art ... With the improvement of graphics processing software functions, such as special effects processing of photoshop's filters, masks, channels and other functions, With the use of 3DMAX, Alias, Maya and other software material libraries, coupled with the advantages of computer image synthesis technology and the popularization of image collage technology, a large number of computer surreal paintings, Expressionism painting and abstract paintings appeared in the mid-1990s. Computer graphics processing technology can also simulate and process traditional paintings, such as China ink painting and watercolor painting, gouache painting, oil painting, sketch, printmaking, etc., so that traditional classic works of art can enter the homes of ordinary people in a new form.

Traditional painters need conception, creativity and hand-drawing skills in the process of artistic creation, while computer artists must master the ability to use computers and skillfully use software skills in painting creation, which requires that artistic thinking and innovation must be organically combined with technology. The artistic works created by computers, no matter how perfect and creative their works are, are essentially the interpretation and explanation of the digital information of 0 and 1. The development of digital art is not in the vacuum of art history. There is a certain causal relationship with many artistic schools of western post-modern art, such as the exploration of the future party time and the fascination with mechanical power aesthetics, the use of popular symbols by pop art and a large number of copies of the same image, and the research and expression of optical effects by Opal art, which all prompted artists at that time to effectively explore and try the application of science and technology in art. The characteristics and aesthetic ideas of digital media works are also similar to the popularization and popularization of art, reproduction, artistic deconstruction and irrationality advocated by western post-modern art.

In the history of the development of science and art in the 20th century, we can see that conceptual change and technological innovation are important forces to promote the development and progress of art. The appearance of digital media painting is the product of the combination of science and art in the wave of social informatization, and its appearance represents the development trend of the integration and mutual promotion of science, technology and art in the 2/kloc-0 century.

Concluding remarks

In today's world, convenient and fast means of transportation have narrowed the distance between people, and fast and high-quality information transmission network enables human beings to enjoy the charm of multi-culture in the world. As mankind begins to step into the era of global village, we should examine the living space of mankind and the development direction of human civilization from a new angle. If we are still discussing oriental art and western art, northern art and southern art, traditional art and modern and contemporary art, hand-painted works and contemporary digital media works, it is undoubtedly a frog in the well. Because we should respect the individuality and differences of the culture created by human beings. In the west, although traditional easel painting is not the mainstream of art in today's information technology society, it is still necessary to inherit and develop as an important part of human culture in the face of the short-lived uproar of contemporary art with multiple schools and styles and the confusion that art has been blindly transformed by technology and commercialization.