#神州八号# There are several space stations in the world, with detailed explanation of scale and size.

Chinese name: space station English name: space station definition: A radio station located on an object outside the main part of the earth's atmosphere, or on an object that is preparing to surpass or has surpassed the main part of the earth's atmosphere. Applied disciplines: Communication technology (first-level subject); Satellite communication (second-level subject) Human beings are not satisfied with short-term tourism in space. In order to develop space, they need to establish long-term living and working bases. Therefore, with the advancement of aerospace technology, the conditions for establishing new residences in space are ripe.

The space station is a manned spacecraft that operates in low-Earth orbit for a long time and can accommodate multiple astronauts to live, work and visit. Small space stations can be launched in one go, while larger components can be launched in batches and assembled into a whole in space.

There must be all the facilities for people to live in the space station, and they will not return to the earth.

The International Space Station has a complex structure and large scale. It consists of an astronaut residence module, an experimental module, a service module, a docking transition module, a truss, a solar cell and other parts. The trial period is generally 5 to 10 years.

It has a total mass of approximately 423 tons, a length of 108 meters, and a width (including wingspan) of 88 meters. The orbital altitude is 397 kilometers. The atmospheric pressure in the manned cabin is the same as that of the ground surface, and it can carry 6 people. After completion, the total mass will reach 438 tons and the length will be 108 meters.

Space stations in various countries

The former Soviet Union’s Salyut space station

On April 19, 1971, the former Soviet Union launched its first space station, the Salyut 1. Load space flight into a new stage. The Salyut-1 space station consists of an orbital module, a service module and a docking module. It is irregular cylindrical in shape, with a total length of about 12.5 meters, a maximum diameter of 4 meters, and a total weight of about 18.5 tons. It runs on an orbit about more than 200 kilometers high. The station is equipped with various test equipment, photography equipment and scientific experiment equipment. It docks with the Soyuz loader to form a residential module with a volume of 100 cubic meters and can accommodate 6 astronauts. The Salyut-1 space station operated in space for 6 months and docked with two spacecrafts, Soyuz 10 and Soyuz 11, to form an orbital complex. Each spacecraft carried 3 astronauts and stayed on the space station for 26 days. After completing its mission, Salyut 1 crashed over the Pacific Ocean on October 11 of the same year.

The former Soviet Union launched seven Salyut space stations. The first five had only one docking port, that is, they could only dock and fly with one spacecraft. Because the food, oxygen, fuel and other reserves carried on the station are limited, the lifespan in space is not very long. The improved Salyut 6 and 7 space stations have added a docking port. In addition to receiving the Soyuz loading spacecraft, it can also dock with the Progress cargo spacecraft to supply astronauts with various supplies needed for daily life. The Salyut-6 space station was launched on September 29, 1977. In the past five years of space flight, it has received 18 Soyuz and Soyuz T manned spacecraft. There are 16 batches of 33 astronauts working on the station, with a total of 176 days of manned flight. In 1980, astronauts Popov and Liu Ming set a record of flying on the space station for 185 days. On April 19, 1982, the Salyut 7 space station entered orbit and received 11 batches of 28 astronauts from the Soyuz T spacecraft, including Savitskaya, the first female astronaut to conduct a space walk. Especially in 1984, three cosmonauts Kizim, Solovyov and Artikov set a record of 237 days of flight on the space station. The Salyut-7 space station's loading flight totaled more than 800 days, and it did not stop manned flights until August 1986.

The former Soviet Mir space station

Currently, the Mir space station, which was launched into orbit by the Soviet Union on February 20, 1986, has been flying for 8 years and is still carrying people in orbit. space activities. Mir is a stepped cylinder with a total length of 13.13 meters, a maximum diameter of 4.2 meters, a weight of 21 tons, and an expected lifespan of 10 years. It consists of three parts: a working cabin, a transition cabin, and an unsealed cabin, with a maximum of 6 hph docking ports. As a basic module, Mir can form a large orbital complex with a manned spacecraft, a cargo spacecraft, and four special technology modules, thereby expanding the scope of its scientific experiments. The four professional cabins have life support systems and power units, and can independently complete maneuvering flights in space. One of them is a process production experimental cabin, one is an astrophysics experimental cabin, one is a biological research cabin, and the other is a medical trial production cabin. These experimental cabins can replace equipment according to mission needs and become another new experimental cabin. Since the Mir space launch, by the end of 1993, it has received one Soyuz T and 17 Soyuz TM loading spacecraft, and successively docked with the Progress, Progress M cargo spacecraft and Quantum, Crystal's special craft cabin Form an orbital union. The astronauts conducted scientific expeditions such as astrophysics, biomedicine, material technology experiments and earth resource surveying. The largest orbital complex is 350 meters long and weighs 70 tons. It is like a space train, constantly speeding around the earth's orbit. When astronaut Romanenko returned to the ground on December 29, 1987, he had lived on Mir for 326 days and nights. The two astronauts Titov and Manarov returned from Mir on December 21, 1988, setting a new record for flying in space for a full year.

Mir is assembled in orbit from multiple modules: the core module, the Quantum 1 astrophysics module, the Quantum 2 airlock crystal experimental module, the Spectrum remote sensing module, and the Nature Earth observation module. cabin. The United States provided it with a docking module specially used for docking with the space shuttle. The U.S. space shuttle visited the space station 11 times. The first module of Herun was launched on February 19, 1986. During the ten years until 1996, many other modules were launched one after another.

At the end of 2000, the Russian Space Agency decided to crash Mir due to its aging components (design life of 10 years) and lack of maintenance funds. Mir finally fell into the Earth's atmosphere on March 23, 2001, and its debris fell into the South Pacific Sea. The research mission of Mir will be replaced by the International Space Station in the future

U.S. Skylab

The United States successfully launched a space station called Skylab on May 14, 1973. Operating in a nearly circular space orbit at a height of 435 kilometers, it has received three batches of nine astronauts to work on the station. These nine astronauts came to work on the station. The nine astronauts stayed on the station for 28 days, 59 days and 84 days respectively. The Skylab has a total length of 36 meters, a maximum diameter of 6.7 meters, and a total weight of 77.5 tons. It consists of an orbital module, a transition module and a docking module, and can provide a working space of 360 cubic meters. On May 25, July 28 and November 16, 1973, the Apollo spacecraft sent astronauts to the space station to work. During the loading flight, the astronauts used 58 scientific instruments to conduct more than 270 experiments in biomedicine, space physics, astronomical observation, resource exploration and technology, took a large number of photos of solar activity and the earth's surface, and studied human Various phenomena that occur in space. After the third batch of astronauts left space and returned to the ground in February 1974, Skylab was closed and deactivated until July 12, 1979, when it crashed into the atmosphere over the southern Indian Ocean and burned up. It operated in space for 2,249 days and had a range of more than 1.4 billion kilometers.

The Soyuz manned spacecraft

Since the space station of the former Soviet Union went into space, it has been forming an orbital complex together with the Soyuz series of manned spacecraft and the Progress series of cargo spacecraft. Perform a loading spaceflight mission.

The Soyuz series of manned spacecraft have been replaced for three generations and serve as manned tools for the space station. Starting from Soyuz 10, by the end of 1993, there were 30 Soyuz, 14 Soyuz T, and 17 Soyuz TM spacecraft carrying humans to the space station to carry out space scientific expedition activities. The first-generation Soyuz was mainly used to test the rendezvous, docking and maneuvering flight of manned spacecraft and the space station, laying a solid foundation for manned activities to the space station; the second-generation Soyuz T improved the cockpit facilities and improved life support. The reliability of the system and the comfort of the living environment; the third-generation Soyuz TM has improved rendezvous, docking, communication, emergency rescue and parachute systems, and increased payload. The improved Soyuz TM spacecraft has a total weight of 7 tons, a length of about 7 meters, a wingspan of 10.6 meters, and can carry 3 astronauts and 250 kilograms of cargo. The biggest improvement is the docking system, which can dock with the Mir space station in any attitude without the need for a space station. Perform maneuvers and adjust attitude.

Progress cargo spacecraft

The Progress series of cargo spacecraft perform tasks such as regularly replenishing food, cargo, fuel, and instruments and equipment to the space station. By the end of 1993, two generations had been developed, with 42 Progress ships and 20 Progress M ships being launched. After docking with the space station and completing the loading and unloading tasks, it entered the atmosphere and burned up. This spacecraft consists of an instrument cabin, a fuel tank and a cargo tank. The cargo tank has a volume of 6.6 cubic meters and can transport 1.3 tons of cargo. The fuel tank carries 1 ton of fuel. It can fly on its own for four days and dock with the space station for up to two months.

China Space Station Outlook

my country will launch the Tiangong-1 target aircraft from 2010 to the end of 2011. Tiangong-1 weighs 8 tons and is similar to a small space experimental station. In the two years after the launch of Tiangong-1, my country will successively launch Shenzhou 8, 9, and 10 spacecraft to dock with Tiangong-1 respectively.

my country is expected to use the "Long March 5" to send the Chinese space station into space in 2014. China will eventually build a basic space station.

zwChina's first space station roughly consists of a core module, a cargo spacecraft, a manned spacecraft and two other modules used for experiments and other functions, with a total weight of less than 100 tons. The core module needs to be manned for a long time and can be docked with various experimental modules, manned spacecraft and cargo spacecraft. Only rockets with a carrying capacity of more than 20 tons are qualified to launch the core capsule. To this end, our country will build a fourth space launch site in Wenchang, Hainan, which can launch large-tonnage space stations.

It is revealed that after China’s first space station is completed, its core module can be continuously added. By then, several spacecraft will be launched to the space station every year.

zgkjzIt is understood that the "Shenzhou 7 spacecraft" launched on September 25, 2008, as the first experiment of the second phase, realized astronauts' extravehicular walking. The subsequent "Shenzhou VIII" and "Shenzhou 9" spacecraft will no longer carry humans, and are designed to launch target aircraft and achieve unmanned docking. The subsequent "Shenzhou 10" will once again carry people to space and realize manned docking. These spacecrafts are used to build short-term manned space stations in space.