Impression of sunrise: Battle of Medusa; Self-portrait of the Arnold Fini couple after David cut his ear; Analysis of guernica's Works

Author: claude monet claude monet

/kloc-In the second half of the 0/9th century, the optical principle changed the painters' concept of inherent color, so they began to explore the external surface in art. Impression of Sunrise depicts the harbor scene at sunrise in the morning fog. Among the colors of lavender, reddish, blue gray and orange, a vibrant red sun dragged a ray of orange waves in the sea, and Ran Ran was born. Sea, sky and scenery are intertwined and integrated, and the style is relaxed. Three ships offshore gradually became blurred in the mist, as well as distant buildings, ports, cranes, ships and masts. It also loomed in the morning light ... all this was painted by the painter looking out of the window. So boldly use the "messy" brush strokes to express the scene of fog blending. This is an artistic rebellion for the artists of Salon College who have always been orthodox. Painting is a kind of instantaneous visual feeling and lively artistic conception, and the cautious and clear outline and rigid tone advocated by the official academic art in the past are gone. This rebellious painting caused official opposition. This famous painting was sketched by Monet 1873 in Afreh Harbor. He also painted a sunset in the same place. When he sent it to the first impressionist exhibition, neither painting had a title. A reporter satirized Monet's paintings as "a denial of beauty and truth, which can only give people an impression". Monet then gave the painting a name-Sunrise Impression. As a sketch painting of seascape, the whole picture is shrouded in a thin gray tone, and the brushwork is very random and messy, showing a scene of fog blending. At sunrise, there is fog on the sea, and the colors of the sky and the sun are reflected in the water. The scenery on the shore is very vague and can't be seen clearly, giving people an instant feeling. When Monet and a group of young painters held an exhibition in 1874, the impression of sunrise was vilified and ridiculed. Some critics sarcastically said: "The blank wallpaper is also more complete than this seascape!" According to the title of this painting, some people even satirized the young artists headed by Monet as "Impressionism", so "Impressionism" became the crown of this painting school. This painting was robbed on 1985, and was sealed up according to the French Stolen Art Inspection Office1990 65438+a villa in Corsica on February 6th.

Name: Medusa's raft

Author: Theodore Theodore Gericault (French)

Background:1865438+In July 2006, the French government dispatched the cruiser "Medusa", carrying more than 400 officers and men and a few nobles.

To port St. Louis This fleet is led by a captain who obviously lacks practical ability. Due to his command error, he accidentally ran aground when passing through the south of Cape Brown on the west African coast, causing great disasters.

Captain Xiao Marai is an aristocrat and knows nothing about sailing. After boarding the ship, he neglected his duty, left his companion boat far away and pushed the main ship forward alone. When the main ship approached the Mauritanian shoal, it got stuck in the sand. After two days of chaotic and ineffective efforts, we had to abandon the ship. The captain and a group of senior officials escaped by lifeboat, leaving more than 65,438+050 passengers on a temporary raft, leaving them at the mercy of fate in the sea of Wang Yang.

A few days passed, and many people began to despair under the torture of hunger, thirst and heat. They talk nonsense and do some hysterical things at will. Convinced that there was no possibility of salvation, the baker committed suicide by jumping into the sea, and some people pried open the bucket and got drunk in an attempt to forget the pain of death. Soon, this despair became more and more crazy, and someone cut the cable in an attempt to let everyone die together. Others stopped it and a fierce struggle broke out. Dominic, the mechanic, was thrown into the sea after participating in the riot, crying for help. The engineer sympathized with him, jumped into the water, grabbed his hair and dragged him back to the raft. But a few days later, this ungrateful guy joined the second riot. After three riots and peaceful rest, the raft was covered with bodies. A few days later, the shortage of food and water became a bigger threat. Two black soldiers were so hungry that they broke the rules and stole the last barrel of wine with a straw. After being exposed, they were mercilessly thrown into the sea. Someone bent the bayonet into a hook, hoping to catch a shark. But when the shark bites and pulls, the hook becomes a straight bayonet again. After this ordeal, the raft was submerged by a lot of seawater, and the wounds of some injured people were soaked in salt water, and screams were heard. In the end, there were only 27 people left on the raft, of which 15 could hold on for a while, and the rest 12 was too injured to survive. Moreover, the food was not enough to feed all the people, and some people even began to secretly gnaw at the elbow of their just-dead companion, so 15 people finally decided to throw all the patients who fought alongside them or even saved themselves in three riot struggles into the sea!

150 people, only 10 people survived. In any case, this is also a great tragedy. However, the Louis Stanislas Xavier government, fearing that this incident would be made public, was condemned by public opinion. It only published a brief message in the official newspaper and quietly sentenced the captain to demotion and three years' imprisonment through a military court. The two survivors on the raft refused to accept the letter to the government, but they were hit and dismissed from public office. Unbearable, they wrote a true report about the shipwreck and printed a pamphlet for public sale. This move immediately caused a sensation at home and abroad, and was met with an uproar of public opinion, and Gillick was particularly indignant.

The 26-year-old Gillick visited the surviving crew, listened to their real experiences, and personally went to the hospital to visit the injured crew and their families. Inspired by listening to the stories of survivors, he also sketched rotting bodies and critically ill patients at the scene and collected materials. He wants to create a painting full of passion and imagination on this topic, so that it can reproduce that thrilling scene. For this painting, Gillick also asked a survivor carpenter on the raft to make a model raft, and let the jaundice patient be a model, posing various tragedies on it. In order to show the waves and the sky more truly, he also went to the seaside to study it himself. Ji Xiang 18 months, finally created a "realistic" huge painting "Medusa's Raft", which shocked France and spread all over Europe.

Although 10 crew members were finally rescued, their hearts were never at peace. After years of mental torture, they died in great regret. On his deathbed, one of them repeated Socrates' sentence, which was meaningful. At that time, Socrates was accused of "confusing the audience and reversing right and wrong". Faced with a huge jury composed of 50 1 Athens citizens' representatives, Socrates made a lengthy self-defense, but it was not accepted by the world and was sentenced to death. He said this: "Now I should go. I'm going to die. You can go on living."

Obviously, in this shipwreck, the painter saw a scene similar to the French Revolution in the Restoration era. Medusa's Raft is not a simple "news" painting, but an artist's allusion to reality. This kind of romanticism, as described by Byron, a British romantic poet at that time, in his long narrative poem Don Juan, is an artistic reflection of advanced ideas.

There is a precarious raft floating on the sea. The sea breeze blows up the sails made of sheets, and the rafts lifted by huge waves are constantly bumping. Some of the refugees on the raft are dying, and some are still looking into the distance. People gathered in high places waved red and white cloth towels in their hands and kept calling for help in the distance. This is a famous oil painting "The Raft of Medusa" in the history of world art, which was created by Theodore Gericault in 18 19 and is now in the Louvre. The whole picture gives people a sense of turmoil and crisis, which is breathtaking, and the audience standing in front of this painting is all shocked.

The Raft of Medusa is based on historical events. 1865438+In July, 2006, Ma Xiaolei, a captain of noble birth, knew nothing about sailing, but was assigned by the French government to sail the cruiser "Medusa" to Senegal, Africa, and unfortunately ran aground and sank on the way to West Africa. Ignoring more than 400 people on board, the captain hurriedly led a group of cronies to escape by lifeboat. The remaining 150 people can only use temporary rafts to drift and escape at sea. After more than ten days, all the fresh water food was gone, and the violent wind and waves devastated people's fragile hearts. People began to despair, became crazy, and even killed each other and ate human flesh. Finally, after the rescue, only 15 people were left, but five people died soon, and this tragedy died 140 people. Such a tragedy caused the Louis Stanislas Xavier government to panic and tried to cover up the truth. Only a short message was sent in the newspaper, and the military court lightly sentenced the captain to demotion and three years' short imprisonment, which aroused the anger of the survivors. They are desperate to announce the truth to the world, which has aroused fierce repercussions all over the world.

Theodore Gericault, a romantic painter, seized this important event and used it as an important creative material. He personally went to the coast of West Africa to observe and experience the sky and ocean there, visited the survivors of the shipwreck, and drew his own ideas into sketches. In order to truly reflect the tragedy, he went to the hospital to observe the tragic situation of dying patients, sketch jaundice patients and draw real bodies into his works. The raft is a small model made by a carpenter among the survivors he hired. In short, everything starts from the real reproduction. The composition of the triangular pyramid reproduces the most thrilling scene of the last desperate moment.

Medusa's Raft is an excellent masterpiece by the romantic painter Cirico. This painting is based on a real sunken ship and has a pyramid structure, depicting a group of people struggling between life and death, killing each other and eating the flesh of the dead. But the man with the red scarf in the picture has another meaning. Romantic expression in artistic creation is the expression of people's spiritual world and the description of personality. It denies reality and resists capitalist society, but it can't see the future clearly; Sometimes looking forward to the future, I pin my hopes on the utopian world, on distant countries, times and lifestyles far away from modern times; Sometimes I look back. The historical significance of romantic art lies in that it embodies the wishes and ideals of people associated with the liberation movement of the times. It takes note of the people's role in history, but this is one-sided. In the struggle against neoclassicism, it opened up a new world full of emotion and eager for ideal and fantasy creation, and formed its own artistic creation characteristics in the development: reflecting the people's struggle for freedom and longing for a just and happy future, emphasizing personality and emotional expression, favoring the subjective world of fantasy, loving metaphor and contrast, bright colors and bold composition. Romantic artistic method has given great and often beneficial influence to the further development of art in many aspects, and its excellent tradition has cultivated the creations of many advanced artists in the second half of the19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The pioneer of romanticism was Cirico. His raft "Medusa" shocked the Paris art world with its tragic strength, grand and exciting tension, moving characters, rigorous and depressing colors and strong contrast between light and shadow. 18 19 exhibited "medusa's raft" in the salon, which caused a strong debate in the media. The theme of this painting comes from real life, reflecting the incident that a sailing ship named Medusa ran aground and sank off the coast of Africa due to the fault of the French government. The composition of this painting is pyramidal. There is a body that has been soaked and discolored in the lower right corner. On the left is an old sailor, holding his son's body, unable to move. The third group is the survivors who persisted for 14 days. They found a small sail shadow on the sea level, pushing the strongest black man high and waving his clothes. The person holding the red scarf represents the people's struggle for freedom and yearning for a just and happy future. In this incident, the painter seems to see similarities with the despair experienced by French progressives in the Restoration era. Through this painting, he shows his concern for human destiny and humanitarian spirit, and exposes the weakness of the incompetent French government, thus giving it a strong political metaphor. The emergence of the Medusa raft has made the French art world, which is bound by neoclassicism, feel refreshed. The romantic factors it contains constitute its characteristics, namely, tragic power, rich expressive force of composition and characters, rigorous and gloomy tone and strong contrast between light and shade. It aroused the interest of various art schools in the19th century. Neoclassicism studies its composition and spatial processing. Romanticism is interested in its strong feelings and tension, while realism is interested in its subject matter and vivid reports. However, the painter was disappointed because the exhibition was more successful politically than artistically. Theodore Gericault was born in Lyon, France, and went to Paris to study painting at the age of 15. In the classicism teacher's studio, he was dismissed because he was not interested in classicism. In the worship of dawit and Rubens, he gradually became the pioneer of French romantic painting, and was as famous as later Delacroix. He liked horses since he was a child, and he painted many horses. Finally, at the age of 33, he fell off his horse and died. In the history of art, romanticism, as opposed to the official academic classicism, pays attention to individuality, indulges in fantasy and exaggeration, is full of passion, and likes to use amazing events as creative themes. Medusa's Raft is a sad song in the history of navigation that Ji likes to play in a romantic way.

In the picture, the survivors on the sail and raft just form a triangle, which becomes the center of the picture, showing the audience the scene of the raft floating on the sea. Some people have died, some people are dying, some people are holding the bodies of their loved ones in deep thought ... and a bunch of people who are advancing have broken through the shackles of a stable triangle and formed a turbulent and passionate triangle. They pushed one by one until the top person was held high, waving a red towel. Follow the direction they shout, and careful readers can find a subtle ship shadow on the distant waves, which means hope for life compared with imminent death. The painter deliberately drew a sail on the background and blew the raft backwards against the wind, which caused the tension between the victims' desire for lifeboats and the reality that the raft was gradually blown backwards against the wind. It took the painter 18 months to paint this masterpiece, and then it was constantly revised. It was first exhibited in public at 18 19. I'm afraid even the author himself didn't expect the sensational effect of the exhibition. Although it has been a long time, when people stand in front of the painting, they seem to see the surging waves and the isolated situation of the soldiers. The picture description is not balanced, but through ingenious layout and shocking description, it strongly stimulates the mood of the viewer.

Name: Mr. and Mrs. Anofini (1434)

Author: Jan Van Eyck (Netherlands)

The gestures and environmental props in the portraits of the Anofini couple have folk meanings, which are very interesting: the gestures of the Anofini couple show mutual loyalty, holding their wives' hands, indicating that their husbands will always support their wives; And the wife's palm is up, indicating that she will always be loyal to her husband. Luxury clothes show the wealth of the characters; The chandelier hanging above the screen lights up the candles, which symbolizes the light leading to heaven; Put a pair of slippers in the lower corner of the painting to show marriage, the puppy at the foot to show loyalty, the woman's white headscarf to show chastity and virginity, the green to show fertility, the red on the bed to show harmony, the apple on the windowsill to show peace, the rosary on the wall to show piety and the broom to show purity. A round mirror with a corner in the middle of the picture represents the meaning of heaven. All these symbols have both Christian beliefs and secular ideas, and the painter has included them in his paintings and described them in great detail. There is a mirror hanging on the wall in the middle of the figure. The frame has 10 protruding flower-shaped squares, and a small circle is placed in each square. Draw a story of Jesus in each circle. The image is too small to be recognized. The circular mirror in the center reflects the scenery of the whole room. This delicate oil painting is rare in the world and can only be seen in Nederland's fine paintings. It is said that even modern photographers are amazed at this exquisite description. Using specular reflection to expand the space of the picture is another feature of this masterpiece. These artistic features have great influence and enlightenment on later Dutch genre painting.

Here, the painter depicts the newly married families of typical wealthy Dutch citizens. He vividly depicts the portraits of young couples in an extremely delicate style, especially the interior furnishings, including the decoration of walls and roofs, which shows the painter's unique skills in book illustration.

Arnold Fini, a real person knighted by Prince Philip in 1420, is rigidly and politely welcoming distinguished guests in the bridal chamber with his newly married wife: he raised his right hand as a ceremony, symbolizing his commitment to love; The bride puts her right hand on the groom's left hand and vows to be her husband's faithful companion forever. Luxury and bloated clothing is a kind of clothing for the rich in the Netherlands. All the details in the room, such as candles, brushes, brooms, apples, rosaries and dogs between them, are symbolic to some extent, suggesting the association of a happy marriage. This painting is full of piety and peace, expressing praise for the lifestyle and moral norms of citizens. On the wall in the center of the background, there is a decorative convex mirror, which is a detail worthy of the viewer's attention. From this small round mirror, we can not only see the back of the newlyweds, but also see another person standing opposite them, that is, the painter himself. This physics game shows the painter's knowledge of using so-called light reflection. Please pay attention to the radian of the window on the left side of the convex mirror. Ten pictures of Jesus' crucifixion are embedded around a small frame, and the images are so small that they can hardly be seen. There is also a golden chandelier (see attached photo) above their heads, which is so subtle that modern photographers are amazed. This is a traditional meticulous painting method unique to the Netherlands, and enriching the picture space with mirrors is the characteristic of this painting. Later, Dutch genre paintings and similar paintings in the Netherlands benefited from this painting method.

Jan van Eyck (1380-144 1), the author of this famous painting, is the founder of Dutch citizen art in the European Renaissance. The Portrait of Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Fini is not only the earliest attempt to express new oil paintings in depth, but also the earliest genre painting and interior painting developed later.

Name: David's name means "beloved victim".

Author: Michelangelo

Time: 150 1- 1504.

Material: marble statue

Specification: 2.5 meters high, 5.5 meters high with base.

Collection location: now in the Art Museum of Florence College.

Michelangelo lived in an era of social unrest in Italy, and his wandering life made him doubt his own time. In addition to his pain and disappointment, he devoted his thoughts to artistic creation, and at the same time, he was looking for his own ideals and created a series of heroic images as magnificent, strong and brave as giants. David is the most outstanding representative of this idea. David is a young hero in the Bible. He once killed Goliath, the Philippian giant who invaded the Jews, and defended the cities and people of the motherland. Michelangelo did not follow the scene of David stepping on the enemy's head after defeating the enemy, but chose David's state when he met the battle. In this work, David is a muscular and well-proportioned young man. He stood confidently, personable, holding a slingshot in his left hand, his right hand drooping, his head turning to the left, his face handsome, and his eyes staring at the distance, as if searching for distant enemies on the horizon, ready to enter a new battle. David's physique is magnificent and powerful, his manners are brave and strong, and his body, face and muscles are full of tension, which embodies all the external and internal idealized male beauty. The young hero glared at the front, his expression was full of concentrated tension and strong will, and the great power accumulated in his body seemed to break out at any time. Different from the scenes that predecessors used to show after the battle, Michelangelo created the moments before the passion of the characters here, making his works more appealing in art. His posture seems to be resting, but his body posture shows some tension, giving people a strong feeling of "moving in silence". This statue is carved from a whole stone. In order to make the statue look more magnificent on the pedestal, the artist specially enlarged the head and arms of the figure, making David look taller and more powerful from the audience's perspective, full of a sense of giant. This statue is regarded as one of the most boastful male human statues in the history of western art, and more importantly, David is the concrete embodiment of Renaissance humanism. On the surface, it is the "revival" of ancient Greek art, but in essence, people are freed from the shackles of the dark Middle Ages and fully realize the great power of people to transform the world. Michelangelo injected great enthusiasm into the carving process, creating not only a statue, but also a symbol of artistic expression of the ideological emancipation movement. David, as the highest realm of sculpture works of an era, always radiates endless brilliance in the history of art. In order to protect the works of art, David's original works were placed in Florence Academy of Fine Arts, and the replicas stood in front of the city hall for people all over the world to enjoy.

The self-portrait of ear bandage was written by Van Gogh in 1888. 1888 Van Gogh invited Gauguin to live in arles. At first, they got along well, but with Van Gogh's repeated illness, the two artists kept quarreling. After a heated argument, Gauguin left angrily. Van Gogh could not stop or restrain his excitement, so he cut off his right ear. The self-portrait he painted on this basis has become one of his most representative works.

Name: Self-portrait with bandaged ears

Author: Van Gogh

Sometimes, self-portraits can be closer to the real soul. A large number of self-portraits constitute another unique landscape of Van Gogh's works, which allows us to pursue his thoughts and life trajectories again and again. 1886 At the end of February, Van Gogh came to Paris, the capital of art, and his younger brother Theo was a famous art dealer in Paris at that time. Under his introduction, Van Gogh got to know many impressionist painters, such as Gauguin, Seurat, pissarro and so on, thus absorbing impressionist pointillism techniques. Since this period, Van Gogh has created a large number of self-portraits.

Self-portrait with a bandage on his ear During his stay in Paris, he created eight self-portraits from the first self-portrait wearing a black felt hat to the self-portrait in front of an easel beginning with 1888. 1In February, 888, Van Gogh went to arles, a small town in the south of France, on the recommendation of a friend, thus reaching the peak of his creation. During this period, three self-portraits were born, such as Self-Portrait for Gauguin and Self-Portrait for Zhaer. 1889 After he came to Lei Mier, he created the last three self-portraits. 1888 Van Gogh invited Gauguin to live in arles. At first, they got along well, but with Van Gogh's repeated illness, the two artists kept quarreling. After a heated argument, Gauguin left angrily. Van Gogh could not stop or restrain his excitement, so he cut off his right ear. The world first infected its madness to human painters-just as it once injected magic into his works. We stared in surprise at Van Gogh's twisted face, frightened eyes and trembling gestures: he seemed to be suffering instead of all mankind and became the embodiment of pain. With this in mind, we can understand the struggling lines and dancing color blocks in Van Gogh's works: his blood is mixed with poured paint, and the canvas is just a bandage for his wound. This is a master who lives in trauma. He is used to talking to the world with a wound. This is a painful reaper, and his sickle finally harvested his ears. Van Gogh died, but he left a famous ear-this last relic doesn't seem to have lost his hearing, collecting comments from future generations. The bleeding ear in the story is still like a stethoscope buried in our lives, spying on our conscience. Van Gogh is dead, his ears are still alive, and he still has memories. When he groans and collapses, why not give him a hand-the world, do you hear? Where do your ears grow? The self-portrait he painted on this basis has become one of his most representative works. His head was bandaged, his face was haggard, his eyes were sunken, and his feelings of grief, anger and despair were completely revealed. The whole picture seems to be in a rolling wave, and the raging torrent seems to threaten the fanatical painter, causing a huge visual impact.

Name: guernica (1937)

Author: Picasso

The work expresses sadness with a strong voice, which is the first time in the history of western painting to simply mark the events we have experienced with shapes, which makes us feel extremely scared. We see tragedy and humor, irony and pity, the tremor of life and the stillness of death. The works fully show the cruelty of fascist atrocities and the suffering of the people. Picasso, an outstanding Spanish painter and the main representative of French modern painting school, was born in a family of Spanish painting teachers in 188 1 and settled in Paris in 1904. His first paintings were realistic, and his painting theme was deep sympathy for beggars, vagrants and circus performers. Later, he sought singularity in form and became a representative of cubism. Cubism is to divide the object into various geometric shapes and then stack them on a plane frame, thus completely changing the original shape of the object. His oil painting guernica is his masterpiece. 1937 On April 26th, German fascist planes bombed the Spanish town of guernica indiscriminately. Picasso was filled with indignation when he heard the news. He gave up his original cartoon guernica (10) and finished it in six weeks instead. This painting is not a realistic way of reporting, but a symbolic way, which effectively exposes the evils of the war of aggression and the atrocities of fascism. The epic tragedy touched the eyes and hearts of the audience. Therefore, this painting has become an extremely important work in the art history of the 20th century. The angry painter Picasso wrote a large oil painting "guernica". Seventy years later, this masterpiece has become one of the cultural symbols to warn of the disaster of war, and also left the tragedy of guernica in the scarred memory of mankind forever. There are no planes and bombs in the picture, but cruelty, terror, pain, despair, death and shouting are gathered. Trampled flowers, broken limbs, crying mother, crying for help, man with broken arm falling to the ground, dying horse ... this is a silent accusation against fascist atrocities and tearing the sky. With the combination of semi-abstract cubism and images beyond time and space, the painter broke the boundaries of space, contained resentful protests and made the epic tragic. There is endless gloom and fear in the fragmented black, white and gray blocks, which reflects the painter's strong sympathy for human suffering. Different artists have different reactions to the heartbreaking human tragedy. Guernica was bombed by the fascist air force, which gave the artist a silent examination question. Compassion is the premise of touching the creation of the mind. Picasso said, "I draw objects according to what I want, not what I see." Picasso lived in Paris at that time and was entrusted by the Spanish government to create paintings for the Spanish Pavilion of the Paris International Fair. Picasso was furious when the news of the German bombing of guernica came. With the theme of guernica bombing, he depicted the Spanish Pavilion at will, exposing the inhuman crimes of fascism to the world. The creator of art must understand the true meaning of art, as Feng Zikai, an economist in chinese comic, said: Art is not a skill occupation, but a spiritual occupation. After the publication of guernica, it was exhibited in some countries and was highly praised by peace-loving people, so Picasso was respected by people all over the world. During Franco's dictatorship, guernica could not be exhibited in the painter's home country. It was not until 198 1 that guernica returned to Spain and realized Picasso's last wish. In the Picasso Gallery in Paris, a little thing happened: one day, some German soldiers came here to visit, and Picasso gave each of them a copy of guernica. An officer asked Picasso, "Is this your masterpiece?" Picasso replied, "No, this is your masterpiece!" " After the war, he participated in the first post-war art exhibition as a soldier of the French resistance movement, and joined the French Production Party on 1944. Later, he took part in the movement to defend peace and created a poster "Dove of Peace" for the World Peace Conference. Picasso devoted his life to opposing the war of aggression and safeguarding world peace.