Zibo photography assistant

The origin of football

Football is an ancient sports activity with a long history. It is said that before the Middle Ages, the Greeks and Romans had already started playing football. On a rectangular court, they put the ball on the white line in the middle and kicked it to the other court with their feet. At that time, they called this game "Baja Storm". By the beginning of19th century, football was quite popular in some countries in Europe and Latin America, especially in capitalist Britain. It was not until 1848 that the first written rule of football, Cambridge Rules, was born. However, many data show that the appearance of ancient football in China is earlier than that in Europe, with a longer history. In ancient China, football was called Cuju or Tuju, both of which meant kicking, and Juju was the name of the ball. The word "Cuju" first appeared in Historical Records, Bielu written by Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty and Biography of Hanshu Meicheng written by Yan Shizeng in Tang Dynasty. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, "Cuju" was very popular and became an elegant activity in the court. 1958 In July, when Dr. Havelange, the current president of FIFA, came to China, he said: Football originated in China. Of course, due to the limitation of feudal society, the ancient cuju activity in China did not develop into a modern football sport based on the principle of "fair competition". This qualitative leap took place in capitalist Britain.

Football development

From the middle and late period of17th century, football was gradually introduced to all countries in the world from Europe and America, especially some countries with developed cultures. More and more people go to the stadium and devote themselves to this exciting and enjoyable sport, so that football was once regarded as a symbol to measure the cultural development of a country. In this case, the British took the lead in making important contributions to the development of football. 1863, 10 year1October 26th, the British established the first football association in the world-the Football Association of England. The meeting not only announced the formal establishment of the English Football Association, but also formulated and adopted the first relatively unified football competition rules in the world and recorded them in writing. The birth of the British Football Association marks a new stage in the development of football. Therefore, it is recognized that the date of the establishment of the English Football Association is the date of the birth of modern football. The establishment of the English Football Association has promoted the vigorous development of football in some countries in Europe and Latin America. 1872, the first inter-association competition was held between England and Scotland. 1890, Austria began to hold football championships. 1889 There are several football organizations in the Netherlands and Argentina. 1900, Barcelona, Spain established the "Female Tyronia" Football Association. These developments have created conditions for the establishment of international football organizations. 1904 On May 2 1 day, the International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA) was formally established in the back building of the French Sports Federation, 229 St. Honore Street, Paris, France. Representatives and agents from seven countries including France signed relevant documents. 1904 On May 23rd, FIFA held a 1 National Congress, and Robert Gerling of France was elected as the first president. On April 1905, the English Football Association joined the International Football Federation. Football prediction develops with the formation of football lottery.

The origin of basketball

Basketball was first played by james naismith, a physical education teacher of YMCA Training School, on189165438+265438+2.

Naismith is from Ontario. First, he studied animal husbandry at McGill University to become a priest, but after studying for three years, he found that it was not suitable at all. His interest was sports, but McGill University didn't have this department, so he endured graduation, and then went to Springfield College in Massachusetts, USA, and got a position as a sports coach. Because Springfield College is the training center for clergy, the students are all young and vigorous young men, and naismith gets along well with them.

In winter in Massachusetts, it began to snow in 1 1 month, and outdoor sports had to be stopped. But at that time, the indoor sports were only gymnastics and gymnastics, and the students felt bored and listless. One day, Dr. Gao Like, director of the physical education department of Springfield University, asked naismith, "The students are so listless because they don't have proper exercise, so you should use your brains to come up with an indoor group exercise that can arouse students' interest in activities and make everyone happy. The school is located in a place rich in peaches, and every household has a basket full of peaches. One day, naismith saw workers carrying peaches in the market. The workers on the truck cooperated closely with the workers under the truck and replaced the porters with the kung fu of throwing watertight peaches. The workers were skilled in throwing peaches and were sure to hit every shot. This was the inspiration for naismith to create basketball. Naismith nailed baskets full of watertight peaches at both ends of the indoor stadium, and the second floor extended from the outer edge of the suspended corridor. Because the hanging gallery is ten feet high, I decided to set the pear barrel at ten feet high. Then, based on the rules of American football, European football and ice hockey, thirteen rules of the game were drawn up. At this time, on the eve of Christmas holiday, that is, on the eve of Christmas holiday in 189 1, basketball was invented.

Just after the Christmas holiday in physical education class, naismith divided eighteen students into two teams, each with nine people. In naismith, the initial idea was not to limit the number of students in each team, but to allow all students to participate in activities, so each team was allowed a maximum of 40 people and a minimum of 3 people. The main rule is to throw the ball into the bucket to count two points. After the second foul, the defender will be grounded until the other team scores. If the first team fouls for the third time, the other team scores one point. It is worth noting that in the most primitive rules, players are not allowed to dribble or bat the ball, only to pass or throw the ball to a certain point, and then the thrower runs to catch it. At the same time, there was no penalty, which was not included in the rules until 1894. In the initial game, naismith divided the responsibilities and positions of players, but the names all followed the names of European football and ice hockey, such as center, left and right wingers, left and right defenders, midfield and goalkeeper. During the game, naismith kept blowing his whistle to correct irregular movements, and at the same time kept shouting "Pass the ball! Pass the ball, and hired two janitors to move two ladders to serve the bucket. Unfortunately, the two teams failed to score the last goal, and the result was 1-0. Nevertheless, the students are in high spirits, sweating all over and refreshed.

A few days later, Frank and Mahone come to ask naismith. What sport is that? Naismith at that time I don't know how to answer. Student's suggestion: How about naismith ball? Naismith said: No, no! Student Frank Mahon suggested again: How about basketball? Naismith immediately agreed. In the early typing 13 rule, there was only the title, and later the handwritten word "basketball" was added. The word "Basketball J" was not converted into the word "Basketball" until 192 1 year. At the beginning of this game, the biggest trouble is that the basket has a bottom. Every time you hit the ball, the ball stays in the basket. Before you continue the game, someone must climb up with a ladder and take it down. Legend has it that the bottom of the basket was later cancelled because of a suggestion made by a flustered student who fell off the ladder. Such a "fall" made a breakthrough in basketball. Although it can't be tested, it is quite interesting.

Modern badminton originated in England. It is said that 1860, a banquet was held at Birmingham Manor in Glasgow, England. The guests had to stay indoors because of the rain. Several retired officers who came back from India introduced a game of playing shuttlecock back and forth with rackets across the net, which aroused great interest. Later, people named badminton as the second sport. The British Badminton Association was founded in 1893, and the first All England Badminton Championship was held in 1899. Since then, badminton has spread all over the world.

Badminton is a small ball game deeply loved by the masses. Because of its simple sports equipment, it is not limited by the venue. No matter where you go, whether there is a net or not, whether indoors or outdoors, as long as there is a small open space, you can carry out activities and exercise. The unique style of badminton, on the one hand, is a high-tech competitive event, on the other hand, it is a very popular activity for all ages. It can not only keep fit, but also be full of fun. Whether you are engaged in competitive sports or general mass fitness activities, you need to keep moving, jumping, turning around and hitting the ball on the court. Therefore, young men and women often play badminton, which can promote their growth and development, improve all aspects of their physical functions, cultivate their indomitable spirit of fighting for the game, and thus improve their physical fitness and physical and mental health.

General situation of badminton development in China

Modern badminton was introduced to China around 19 10, first in Shanghai, then in the YMCA and schools in Guangzhou, Tianjin, Beijing and Chengdu. After the founding of New China, the Party and the government have been very concerned about people's health, sports have flourished, and badminton has gradually taken root in people's hearts and become one of the key projects in China. The first national competition was held in Tianjin in 1953, when only 19 players from five teams participated.

During the period of 1954, a group of sons who had served the motherland returned to China, brought back advanced badminton skills and formed a national training team. Then badminton teams with returned overseas Chinese youth as the backbone were established in several big cities along the southeast coast of China. Under the guidance of the idea of "breaking superstitions, emancipating the mind and going our own way", China badminton players summarize the experience and technical data of badminton at home and abroad, and combine their own sports practice to continuously improve their training methods. Among them, Fujian team mainly carried out reforms and breakthroughs in technical methods, while Guangdong team mainly carried out reforms and breakthroughs in footwork. At the same time, drawing lessons from the successful experience of table tennis in China and summing up the practical experience of training and competition for many years, this paper puts forward an active play style of "focusing on me, focusing on speed and focusing on attack". Later, after continuous summarization and improvement, the technical style of "fast, hard, accurate and soft" held by China Badminton was gradually formed. With the ambition of bravely climbing the technical peak of badminton in the world and winning glory for our country, China athletes have absorbed some advanced foreign sports training methods, studied hard and practiced hard, and consciously implemented the training policy of "starting from difficulties, proceeding from actual combat strictly and training with a large amount of exercise", thus further improving their sports technical level.

However, due to political reasons, China did not join the International Badminton Federation at that time, so she did not participate in the World Championships. However, in international exchanges, I have competed with the world's top teams many times and achieved excellent results. It is praised by many foreign telegrams as "the uncrowned king" and "the king of champions".

Until May of 198 1, the International Badminton Federation restored China's legal seat in the International Badminton Federation, realizing the long-cherished wish of China athletes-to compete for the world badminton championship and win glory for their country.

198 1 In July, China's athletes, Yao, Liu Xia and Zhang Ailing won the men's and women's singles and doubles respectively at the 1 World Games (Los Angeles, USA). 1982, China participated in the all-England badminton competition for the first time. Zhang Ailing won the women's singles championship, Xu Rong/Wu won the women's doubles championship, and the twins won the men's singles championship. In the same year, China participated in the Thomas Cup for the first time. On the first day, under the unfavorable situation of 1:3, I struggled hard and finally defeated the Indonesian badminton team by 5: 4 to win the championship. 1984, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, China women's badminton team won the 10 Uber Cup.

Subsequently, Yang Yang, Zhao Jianhua, Xiong, Li Yongbo, Tian, Lin Ying, Wu, Li, Han Aiping and other world-class badminton players came out one after another, which further laid the foundation for China's badminton technology to be in the leading position in the world, won countless gold medals for the motherland in a series of world competitions, and created a glorious period in the history of badminton in China. In the 1990s, with the retirement of Yang Yang, Zhao Jianhua, Li and other outstanding athletes, China was temporarily left behind for a while. After years of efforts, a number of Indonesian rookies emerged. Europe has also re-emerged, and there are sometimes newcomers in South Korea and Malaysia, so the world badminton has entered an era of competing with each other.

China badminton missed the gold medal in Barcelona Olympic Games. It was not until 1995 that we gradually stepped out of the trough and won the Sudirman Cup for the first time. At the 65438-0996 Atlanta Olympic Games, Gefei Badminton/Gu Jun won the women's doubles championship, which achieved a breakthrough in China badminton at the Olympic Games. From 65438 to 0997, China athletes won the Sudirman Cup again, and won three gold medals in women's singles, women's doubles and mixed doubles in the World Championships at the same time, and began to enter a process of recasting brilliance.

Foreign country: Name: Peter Gade Gender: Male nationality: Danish birthday 1976.5438+02. 14 Height:1.84m.

Name: Wong Choonghann Gender: Male Nationality: Malaysia.

Birthday: 1977.2. 17 Height:1.83m.

Name: Hedayat Taufik Gender: Male Nationality: Indonesian

Birthday: 198 1.8. 10 Height:1.78m.

Name: hashim hafiz Gender: Male Nationality: Malaysian

Birthday: 1982.9. 13 Height:1.86m.

Name: Sigit Gender: Male Nationality: Indonesian.

Birthday:1975.11.24 Height: 1.73 meters.

Name: Liu Yongcheng Gender: Male Nationality: Korea

Birthday: 1974. 10.25 Height:1.71m.

Name: Ha Taekwondo Gender: Male Nationality: Korea

Birthday: 1975.4.30 Height:1.87m.

Name: Li Jingyuan Gender: Female Nationality: Korean.

Birthday: 1980. 1.2 1 height:1.60m.

Name Zhang Haili Gender: Female Nationality: Netherlands.

Birthday: 1979.8.22

Name: Kanako Yonekura Gender: Female Nationality: Japanese.

Birthday: 1976. 10.29 Height: 1.66 meters.

Domestic:

Cai Yun (:Cài Yūn, 198065438+1October19), male, from Suzhou, Jiangsu, is1.82m tall.

Wu (1962), male, from Nantong, Jiangsu Province, is a member of the national badminton team, an international athlete and a world champion.

Fu Haifeng, male, China badminton men's doubles player, from Guangdong, partnered with Cai Yun in 2005 and became the champion of the All England Open after Li Yongbo and Tian. Known for killing the ball vigorously in the backcourt.

Xie (198118-), female, born in Guangdong, is a badminton player in China.

Zhao Jianhua (1965), male, a famous badminton player in China, was born in Nantong City, Jiangsu Province.

Gefei badminton, (1975 10-9), female, from Nantong, Jiangsu, badminton player, world champion and Olympic champion.

Gao Ling (1979 03 14-), female, born in Wuhan, Hubei, is a badminton player in China.

Huang Sui (198 1 1.8-), female, born in Hunan, is a badminton player in China.

Dong Jiong, a Beijinger. Born in 1973, joined the national team of China at the age of 18, and won the runner-up in men's singles in 1996 Olympic Games. In the same year, he won the men's singles World Cup, and 1997 won the All England Open, China Open, Switzerland Open and Denmark Open.

Zhang Jun (1977165438+1October 26th-), male, born in Suzhou, Jiangsu, is a badminton player in China.

volleyball

As early as 1895, william morgan, director of YMCA in Hollick, Massachusetts, USA, invented a ball game: playing with basketball balls on the tennis court, with equal numbers of players, passing the balls back and forth in tennis to make it fly in the air, and named it "volleyball", which means "ball in the air". This is the rudiment of volleyball. At that time, the number of players, the size of the ball and the score were all arbitrary. Soon, this interesting game spread widely in the YMCA and became a formal ball game. In the initial competition, each team 16 people, 4 people in a row, 4 rows before and after, so it was named "volleyball". Later, after several changes, it was changed to 12 system and 9-person system. It was not until 19 18 that the rules of six-person system and 15 system were stipulated in volleyball competition.

Volleyball was gradually introduced to the European continent during the First World War. 1900 was introduced to Asia, and 1905 was introduced to China. From 65438 to 0947, the International Volleyball Federation was formally established, and volleyball became a worldwide organized sport. 1949 First World Men's Volleyball Championship, 1952 First World Women's Volleyball Championship. Since then, volleyball has been widely developed all over the world. 1964 was listed as an official Olympic event at the 18 Olympic Games.

tennis

The Origin and Evolution of Tennis

The origin and evolution of tennis can be summarized in four sentences: tennis was conceived in France, born in Britain, popularized in the United States and reached its climax, and now it is popular all over the world.

Tennis originated in France. As early as 12- 13 century, French missionaries often hit objects similar to balls with their palms in the cloisters of churches to adjust the rigid church life. Gradually, this activity was introduced to the French court and soon became an entertainment game for the nobles at that time. At that time, they called this game (in French, it means hitting the ball with the palm), which is "handball". At first, they played this game in the city, and then they moved outdoors. In an open space, they put a rope between them, one on each side, and both sides hit a cloth ball wrapped in hair back and forth with their hands.

/kloc-In the middle of the 4th century, the French Crown Prince presented the ball used in this game to King Henry V, so this game was introduced to Britain.

The surface of this ball is twill flannel, and the most famous flannel is produced in tanis. The British call this kind of ball "tennis" and it has been handed down from generation to generation. Until now, the ball we use still has a soft suede.

/kloc-In the 5th century, this game changed from hitting the ball with the palm of your hand to hitting the ball with a clapper, and soon an oval racket made of sheepskin appeared. At the same time, the rope in the center of the field should also be for the net. 16- 17 century is the prosperous period of this kind of activities, and gradually formed a kind of competition. Before that, tennis became "court tennis" and "royal tennis" because it was only popular in French and English courts.

1873, winfield, a British professional, changed his early tennis style and moved the court to the lawn. In the same year, he published a book "Lawn Tennis" and put forward a tennis style close to modern tennis. 1874 defined the size and height of the net and established a simple lawn tennis match in Britain. From 65438 to 0875, the English cricket club revised the rules of tennis competition, and held the first Wimbledon lawn tennis championship in July 65438-0877. Later, this organization set the tennis court as a rectangle of 23.77m x 8.23m, and the center height of the net was 99cm (the previous net height was 2. 1234m), and decided to adopt the scoring method of 15, 30, 40, and equal share for each game. 1884, the center height of the net was set as 91.4cm by Marley Club in London, England. At this point, modern tennis was formally formed, and soon became popular in Europe and America, becoming a mass ball game.

With the development of tennis, the equipment and venue settings are constantly changing. The tennis racket has developed from a clumsy wooden racket to a delicate round header racket. In addition, there are great changes in weight, material, quality and shape. The ball developed from a small cloth ball to a rubber ball and rubber ball.

At the first Olympic Games held in Athens from 65438 to 0896, tennis men's singles and doubles were listed as official events. Later, due to the different definitions of "amateur athlete" between the International Olympic Games and the International Tennis Federation, the tennis competition that has been held for seven consecutive Olympic Games was cancelled. Until 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, tennis was listed as a performance event, and 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, tennis was listed as an official event again.