Summary of compulsory knowledge points of biology in senior one.

If you want to know about the biology of senior one, let's take a look! I have carefully prepared a summary of the required knowledge points of senior one biology for you. This article is for reference only. Pay attention to this site and you will gain more knowledge continuously!

Senior one biology compulsory one knowledge point summary noun:

1, respiration (non-respiration): refers to the process of a series of oxidative decomposition of organisms' organic matter in cells, which eventually generates carbon dioxide or other products and releases energy.

2. Aerobic respiration: refers to the process that cells completely oxidize and decompose carbohydrates and other organic substances with the participation of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water, and releasing a lot of energy at the same time.

3. Anaerobic respiration: Generally speaking, it refers to the process that cells decompose organic matter into incomplete oxidation products under anaerobic conditions and release a small amount of energy through the catalysis of enzymes.

4. Fermentation: anaerobic respiration of microorganisms.

Statement:

1, aerobic respiration: ① location: first in the matrix of cytoplasm, then in mitochondria. ② Process: in the first stage, (glucose) C6H 12O6→2C3H4O3 (pyruvate) +4[H]+ a little energy (cytoplasm matrix); In the second stage, 2C3H4O3 (pyruvate) →6CO2+20[H]+ a little energy (mitochondria); In the third stage, 24[H]+O2→65438+2h 02o+ a lot of energy (mitochondria).

2. Anaerobic respiration (aerobic respiration evolved from anaerobic respiration): ① Location: always in cytoplasm ② Process: the first stage is the same as aerobic respiration; In the second stage, 2C3H4O3 (pyruvate) →C2H5OH (alcohol) +CO2 (or C3H6O3 lactic acid) ② Higher plants are flooded with aquatic alcohol (such as rice), (apples and pears can produce alcohol through anaerobic respiration); Some organs of higher plants (such as potato tuber and beet tuber) will produce lactic acid, which is the product of anaerobic respiration of higher animals and human beings.

3. Difference and connection between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration ① Location: The first stage of aerobic respiration is in the matrix of cytoplasm, and the second and third stages are in mitochondria. O2 and enzymes: O2 is not needed in the first and second stages of aerobic respiration. The third stage: O2 is needed, and different enzymes are needed in the first, second and third stages; Anaerobic respiration-no oxygen, different enzymes. ③ Oxidative decomposition: aerobic respiration-complete, anaerobic respiration-incomplete. ④ Energy release: aerobic respiration (releasing a large amount of energy of 38 ATP)-65,438+0 mol of glucose is completely oxidized and decomposed, and * * * releases 2870kJ of energy, of which about 65,438+0,665,438+0 kJ of energy is stored in ATP; Anaerobic respiration (releasing a small amount of energy 2 ATP)- 1 mol glucose is decomposed into lactic acid * * * release 196.65kJ energy, of which 6 1.08kJ is stored in ATP. ⑤ The first stage of aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration is the same.

4. The meaning of breathing: providing energy for biological life activities. Provide raw materials for that synthesis of other compound.

5. The calculation rules of respiration are as follows: ① When the same amount of glucose is consumed, the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration is 1: 3 ② When the same amount of ATP is produced, the ratio of glucose produced by anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration is 19: 1. If the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the organism is equal to the amount of oxygen consumed, the organism only carries out aerobic breathing; If an organism only produces carbon dioxide without consuming oxygen, then it only breathes without oxygen; If an organism releases more carbon dioxide than it absorbs oxygen, both kinds of breathing will take place.

6. Physiological processes that produce ATP, such as aerobic respiration, photoreaction and anaerobic respiration (no dark reaction). In the mesophyll cells of green plants, ATP is formed in the cytoplasm matrix (anaerobic respiration), chloroplast particles (photoreaction) and mitochondria (the main place for aerobic respiration).

Extended reading: What are the methods for reviewing biology in senior one? 1, sort by category.

Many chapters have a large number of concepts or structures, so it is particularly important to sort out these concepts or structures, otherwise it will be very chaotic. For example, when reviewing organelles, we can use different standards to classify these organelles: whether they have membrane structure (single membrane and double membrane), whether they have nucleic acid or genetic material, whether they are related to energy conversion, unique organelles in plant cells, organelles with different functions in animal and plant cells, whether they can produce water during metabolism, whether they contain pigments, etc. Only in this way can we truly master the structure and function of these organelles; For example, in the part of genetic law, many concepts can be classified according to traits and mating classes to find out the differences and internal relations between different concepts. For example, chromosomes, genomes, diploids, haploids and polyploids can be grasped through classification and comparison.

2. Graphic induction.

If classification is suitable for mastering concepts, then graphic induction is suitable for mastering the knowledge of principles and laws. Such as respiration, photosynthesis, cell proliferation, gene expression and life regulation process of higher animals, are all suitable for review in this way. In fact, there are many graphic questions in the college entrance examination. If you don't master the method of reading pictures, it is difficult to answer them freely. So how do you look at the picture? First of all, we should know the names of the structures and substances in the picture. For example, in the feedback regulation chart of thyroid hormone, there are hypothalamus, pituitary gland and thyroid gland, as well as TRH (thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) and thyroid hormone. Then the internal relationship between structure and substance is analyzed: TRH secreted by hypothalamus acts on pituitary, TSH secreted by pituitary acts on thyroid, and thyroid hormone secreted by thyroid acts on hypothalamus and pituitary. Students should form a habit of contact with process knowledge, even if there is no chart in the textbook, they can try to express this process in the form of chart. At the same time, the accumulated graphic knowledge should be sorted and classified, such as coordinate diagram, coordinate histogram, flow chart, pattern diagram, concept diagram, micrograph, pie diagram, table and so on.

3. Associated migration method.

Many knowledge points in textbooks seem to be isolated, but in fact, a lot of knowledge is * * *. This knowledge can be mastered by associative transfer method. For example, Mendel chose peas as the experimental material of genetics, and Morgan chose Drosophila as the experimental material. There are some similar advantages between these two creatures: the obvious relative characters are easy to distinguish, the number of offspring produced is large, and it is easy to cultivate. The contents of different chapters can be connected in series through associative migration to achieve mastery. In fact, this method can also be used to solve problems. For example, there are three chromosomes 2 1 in the cells of patients with 2 1 trisomy syndrome. After examination, pregnant women found that there were 1 or more chromosomes in fetal cells. What advice should the doctor give? This problem can be solved by associative transfer method.

4. Comparative review method.

In the review, the knowledge was compared horizontally and vertically, such as the comparison between virus and prokaryotic cells, the comparison of the sources and ways of three nutrients, the comparison of photosynthesis and respiration, and the comparison of various breeding methods.

5. Series review method.

When reviewing, we should connect the knowledge points scattered in each chapter in series in order to have a comprehensive understanding. Protein, for example, is mainly scattered in the first, second and fifth chapters. The first chapter mainly introduces the constituent elements, basic units, synthesis sites, structures and functions of protein. The second chapter describes the digestion, absorption and metabolism of protein in human body. The fifth chapter discusses that the synthesis of protein is controlled by genes, including two biological processes: transcription and translation.

What are the biology majors in universities? 1. major in biological science.

The major of biological science (also called life science) includes biological science and biotechnology. These main disciplines mainly train students to learn the basic theories and knowledge of biological science and technology. Cultivate students' scientific thinking and scientific experiments in applied basic research and technology development, and then have better scientific literacy and preliminary basic abilities of teaching, research, development and management. Its core courses mainly include animal biology, plant biology, microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, cell biology, molecular biology, general ecology and other disciplines; Compulsory courses include inorganic and analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, college mathematics, college physics, biostatistics, developmental biology, introduction to biotechnology, evolutionary biology, biochemistry, calculus and so on.

2. Biological information

Bioinformatics is a subject that studies the collection, processing, storage, dissemination, analysis and interpretation of biological information. It is also a new discipline formed by the combination of life science and computer science with the rapid development of life science and computer science. It comprehensively uses biology, computer science and information technology to reveal the biological mystery endowed by a large number of complex biological data.

3. Bioinformatics technology

Biotechnology is a comprehensive technology based on life science, which uses the characteristics and functions of organisms (or biological tissues, cells and other components) to design and construct new substances or strains with expected performance, and combines engineering principles to process and produce products or provide services.

4. Major in Biological Science and Biotechnology

Students in this major mainly study the basic theory and knowledge of biotechnology, understand the frontier and development trend of life science, receive training in scientific thinking and scientific experiments in applied basic research and technology development, and have good scientific literacy and basic abilities in production, development, research, management and teaching.

5. Animal and plant quarantine specialty

Animal and plant quarantine majors train senior technical personnel who have basic theoretical knowledge and skills of animal and plant inspection and quarantine, and can be engaged in the technical, management and promotion of animal and plant diseases and insect pests inspection and prevention, agricultural and livestock products health and safety inspection, animal and plant protection and other aspects in national inspection and quarantine departments at all levels, animal and plant products health and safety supervision institutions, agricultural and livestock products production and sales and other enterprises.

6. Major in biochemistry and molecular biology

Biochemistry and molecular biology majors mainly study biological phenomena from the microscopic or molecular perspective, involving the intersection of physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology and other disciplines. Biochemistry and molecular biology have infiltrated other majors of biology and belong to basic research majors.

7. Medical informatics major

The curriculum and teaching content of this major have penetrated into various disciplines and related fields, such as medicine, informatics, biomedicine, computer science and so on. The trained students not only understand the knowledge of medicine and related disciplines, but also master the computer-information processing technology, and can be active in the fields of medical and health institutions, clinical medical research, hospital information systems, biomedicine and medical imaging in the future. It can be predicted that in the near future, medical informatics will play a huge and irreplaceable role in hospital management, teaching and research, disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment, and will drive innovation in the whole medical field.

8. Bioengineering

Bio-engineering is a new comprehensive applied subject that began to rise in the early 1970s. In 1990s, the concept of systematic bioengineering was born based on system theory. The so-called bioengineering is generally considered to be based on the theory and technology of biology (especially molecular biology, microbiology, genetics, biochemistry and cytology), combined with modern engineering technology such as chemical engineering, machinery and computer, making full use of the latest achievements of molecular biology, consciously manipulating genetic material, directionally transforming organisms or their functions, creating new species with ultra-long-distance characteristics in a short time, and then treating such "engineering bacteria" through appropriate bioreactors.

9. Biopharmaceutical major

As a high-tech technology, biopharmaceutical technology was born in the early 1970s, accompanied by the invention and application of DNA recombination technology and lymphocyte hybridoma technology. In the past 30 years, the rapid development of biopharmaceutical technology has opened up broad prospects for the development of medical industry and pharmaceutical industry, and greatly improved people's lives. Therefore, countries all over the world have identified biopharmaceuticals as the key technologies and emerging industries for scientific and technological development in the 2 1 century.

10. Biomedical Engineering Major

Biomedical engineering majors train senior engineering and technical personnel with basic theoretical knowledge related to life science, electronic technology, computer technology and information science, as well as scientific research ability combining medicine with engineering technology, and can engage in research, development, teaching and management in electronic technology, computer technology, information industry and other departments such as biomedical engineering and medical instruments.