Brief introduction of buffalo

Buffalo (Bubalus bubalus) belongs to Bovine. A herbivorous ruminant. Mainly used for service, with strong pulling force and smooth walking, especially suitable for paddy field farming. Some countries have cultivated milk varieties. The breeding of meat buffalo is still in its infancy.

Chinese name: Buffalo

Double name method: Bubalis Bubalis

Field: animal kingdom

Door: Chordata, Chordata.

Class: mammals

Objective: Artiodactyla in Artiodactyla.

Family: Bovine family.

Subdivision; Bovine subfamily

Genus: Buffalo

Species: Buffalo

Distribution: India, Nepal, Bhutan and Thailand. There are also wild buffaloes in northern Australia.

catalogue

brief introduction

Appearance characteristics

Living habits

Biological properties

type

Feeding and management

efficiency

buffalo milk

Belonging families and genera

Buffalo and Ecological Theory of Taiwan Province Province

Historical theory

The first frozen embryo cloned buffalo was born in Guangxi

Anecdotal introduction

Appearance characteristics

Living habits

Biological properties

type

Feeding and management

efficiency

buffalo milk

Buffalo and Taiwan Province Province.

On the History of Ecology The first cloned buffalo with frozen embryos was born in Guangxi.

water buffalo

Buffalo (Bubalus bubalus), also known as Indian buffalo, is a large cloven-hoofed animal, which is very common in domestic buffaloes in Asia and America. In Asia, buffaloes are mainly used as labor; In Europe, Italy, Romania and Bulgaria, it is used as a cow or food cow. Today, there are wild buffaloes in India, Nepal, Bhutan and Thailand, and there are also wild buffaloes in northern Australia. The origin of wild buffalo in Southeast Asia is not very clear. They may be the descendants of domesticated buffaloes that have changed wild again, or the descendants of wild buffaloes that already exist in the local area, or the mating products of the two. There are few wild buffaloes today. The classification of buffalo is still controversial. 194 1 year, Mac Greger thinks that there is only one species of buffalo, which is divided into two subspecies: bubalus arnee (river buffalo) and bubalus carabanesis (swamp buffalo). Some experts divide the two into independent blind date categories. Buffalo milk has higher fat content than milk, so it is easier to preserve. Italy's famous mozzarella cheese and double skin milk popular in the Pearl River Delta are both made of water emulsion.

Edit the shape characteristics of this paragraph.

water buffalo

Wild buffaloes belong to three genera: Asian buffalo, African buffalo and Japanese buffalo. Asian buffalo has short and small auricle, long and narrow head and forehead, forward midline hair, backward and downward sloping back and slender horns. There are three kinds: ① Asian buffalo. Produced in India and its neighboring countries, it is 2.5 ~ 3m long, with a shoulder height of1.5 ~1.8m, and its coat is grayish black and light brown black. (2) Caleb buffalo. It is produced in Celeber Island, Indonesia, with a body length of 1.6 ~ 1.7 m and an angle length of 16 ~ 39 cm, and its coat color is brown, dark brown or black. ③ Philippine buffalo. Mainly produced in Mindoro Island, Philippines, it is a small buffalo, with a height of1~1.2m and a gray-black or dark brown coat. African buffaloes have big drooping ears, short and wide heads, a straight back, thick horns and a black, brown or red-yellow body.

Edit the living habits of this paragraph.

Buffalo soak in water to cool down in New Delhi, India.

Wild buffaloes live in jungles, bamboo forests or reeds. Except Celeber wild buffaloes often move alone or in pairs, others form small groups or even large groups of hundreds of people. They like to roll in the mud to prevent insect bites. Asian buffalo was domesticated around 4000 BC. Many Asian countries use them as draught animals.

Edit the biological characteristics of this paragraph.

Domestic buffalo is domesticated from wild buffalo, which may have a history of about 5000 years. Up to now, the hybridization between wild buffalo bulls and domestic buffalo cows is still useful as a means of renewing blood. With keen senses and developed sense of smell, some people think that sense of smell plays an important role in domestication. Thick skin, short and sparse coat. Sweat glands are underdeveloped, only about 1/6 of cattle, and the heat regulation function is poor. Sexually fond of water, she often rolls around in the pond to dissipate heat. Big hoof, solid texture, soaking resistance, flexible knee and ball joints, and can walk freely in mud. The shape is stout and the weight can reach 1 ton. Gentle and easy to manage.

Edit this paragraph type

water buffalo

According to their appearance and habits, they can be divided into swamp type and river type. The former is the main service animal in Southeast Asia, while the latter is in India and Pakistan, and some dairy cattle breeds have been formed. ① Swamp type. The coat color is dark gray or tile gray (slate blue), with neck lines and chest lines, the lower limbs are gray, the head is short, the forehead is flat, the face is short, and there are a small cluster of white hairs on both sides of the lower palate. The nose and mouth mirror is wide. The angle bends back to a half moon. The tail is shorter than the ass, and the tail broom is underdeveloped. The body is heavy and stocky, short and potbellied, with a tall moustache and crosses, developed forequarters and poor hindquarters. Sexual maturity is late. Bulls are 2.5 ~ 3.5 years old and cows are 2.5 ~ 3 years old. Estrus lasts for 25-26 hours, with an average gestation period of 330 days. Chromosome number 2n=48. Traditionally named after countries or places, such as China Buffalo, Thailand Buffalo, Philippine Buffalo, etc. ② River type. Usually the coat is black, sometimes small pieces of white hair appear on the forehead and face, and the tail broom is white. The head and face are long, the forehead is slightly raised, and the angle is upward to form a spiral curve. The tail is longer than the hip, and the tail broom is developed. The body is longer, the hindquarters are more developed than the forequarters, and the body shape is slightly wedge-shaped. Bulls are 2 ~ 2.5 years old and cows are 2.5 ~ 3 years old. Cows have developed breasts with obvious veins. The average gestation period was 3 15 days. Chromosome number 2n=50. There are nearly 20 varieties of milk, among which the famous ones are Mola Buffalo and Nerilafi Buffalo.

Edit this part of feeding management.

Buffalo can eat a lot of roughage, which is quite extensive. In the case of grazing or house feeding, green roughage can generally meet the nutritional needs, and intensive feed must be supplemented for heavy service. High-yield dairy cows need to be fed more concentrated feed. Because the temperature adjustment ability is not strong, special attention should be paid to cold and heatstroke prevention. Give plenty of bath water in summer and roll mud in the pond. The mud layer on your body can not only prevent direct sunlight, but also avoid mosquito bites.

Edit the production performance of this section.

water buffalo

Buffalo has strong service and is suitable for breeding and pulling carts. Pulling gravity can reach more than twice its own weight. The output of milk in Niu Yi can reach 1800 ~ 2000 kg in each lactation period. The dry matter content in milk is about 65438 07%. The milk fat rate is 7 ~ 8%, which is higher than that of cows 1 times. Fat balls are big and fragrant, suitable for making all kinds of dairy products. Buffalo beef, especially small buffalo beef, is delicious, tender and low in fat. Buffalo horns can be used as decorations for handicrafts. Buffalo-hunting is a special recreational activity of the Dong people in China, and the Bull Running Festival is held every August in the lunar calendar. 1985 The total number of buffaloes raised in the world is about 129283000. The most fertile countries are India, China and Pakistan. Countries that have recently raised buffaloes include Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Mozambique and the United States. Most excellent buffalo breeds are produced in India, Pakistan, Egypt, Italy and Bulgaria. Buffalo milk in India and Pakistan accounts for more than half of all milk consumption.

Edit this paragraph of buffalo milk

Although the yield of buffalo milk is low, the contents of protein, amino acids, milk fat, vitamins and trace elements in buffalo milk are higher than those in black-and-white cow milk. According to the determination of relevant national scientific research departments, buffalo milk is of excellent quality, which is the best in milk, and its value is twice that of black-and-white cow milk. It is a nutritious food suitable for children's growth and development and anti-aging, especially rich in zinc, iron, calcium, amino acids and vitamins. buffalo milk

Buffalo milk is a local specialty. In China, only five provinces including Guangdong, Jiangxi and Guangxi have buffaloes. Guangdong people are familiar with ginger milk and double skin milk. , must be made of water and milk. Buffalo milk has high nutritional value, and the dry matter content is as high as 18.4%, which is nearly 50% higher than that of ordinary black and white cattle. The fat content of milk is 7.9%, while that of ordinary milk is generally 3%~3.5%. It is rich in flavor, low in cholesterol, rich in vitamins and trace elements, especially high in casein, and can be used for deep processing of high-quality dairy products. As a component with commercial value, buffalo milk contains several times as much fat, protein and lactose as buffalo milk, and dozens of times as many minerals and vitamins as buffalo milk and human milk. As a kind of advanced nutritious food, buffalo milk products are becoming the "new favorite" of people's consumption. Total solids is an important index of dairy products, representing the total nutritional content. According to experts' research, the dry matter content of buffalo milk is 18.9%, which is higher than that of black-and-white cow milk and human milk by 19% and 27% respectively. The content of protein and fat is 1.5 to 3 times that of black and white milk and human milk, respectively. Buffalo milk has good emulsifying properties. 100 kg buffalo milk can produce 25 kg cheese, while the same amount of black and white milk can only produce 12.5 kg cheese. In addition, the mineral content and vitamin content of buffalo milk are also better than those of black-and-white cow milk and human milk, and the contents of iron and vitamin A are about 80 times and 40 times higher than those of black-and-white cow milk respectively, so buffalo milk is considered as one of the best calcium and phosphorus supplements. Buffalo milk is thick, fragrant and delicious when drunk directly. Because of the good quality, the prices of buffalo milk and dairy products are also higher than milk. In Guangxi, the main producing area of buffalo in China, the purchase price of fresh buffalo milk per kilogram is 4 yuan, while the black-and-white cow milk is only 1.5 yuan -2 yuan; In Italy, the price of buffalo milk is three times that of black and white milk, the former is per kilogram 1 USD, the latter is 0.3 USD, and buffalo cheese is 25 USD per kilogram, which is nearly four times that of black and white milk cheese. water buffalo

At present, the development of buffalo milk series products in the world is mainly located in dairy products with high added value, such as cheese. It has also developed into pure dairy products with large market capacity and high quality or milk-containing beverages such as sterilized milk and yogurt. Yang Bingzhuang, director of the Buffalo Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, said that there are currently more than 22 million buffaloes in China. In Guangdong and Fujian, commercial buffalo processing has a history of 400 years, and the products are mainly traditional yogurt and other products from China. As early as the end of 19, farmers in southern China took local buffalo milking as a sideline, and made flavored products such as "milk cake", "milk tofu", "milk skin" and "ginger milk" for sale, forming a traditional snack that has been handed down to this day. At present, there are 18 enterprises involved in buffalo milk processing in China, accounting for about 20% of the national buffalo milk production, and buffalo milk products are exported to Southeast Asian countries. At present, the number of Asian buffaloes is about 65.438+0.68 billion, accounting for 97% of the total number of buffaloes in the world. The buffalo industry in India, Pakistan and other countries is in the forefront of the world. Many countries, such as China, the Philippines, Myanmar, Thailand and so on. Trying to turn buffalo into milk or meat. Some countries in the world that didn't have buffaloes before, such as the United States and Britain, also began to introduce buffaloes for milk production.

Edit the family and genus to which this paragraph belongs.

Bovine is the most successful and progressive ungulate family, including half of the existing ungulates. Many males and females in cattle have horns, bone nucleus and horn sheath grow for life, front teeth and canine teeth degenerate, and ruminant function is perfect. There are many kinds of Bovine, and the classification under them is also controversial, which can be divided into many subfamilies and families. Cattle did not originate in Africa, but now it is the most prosperous in Africa. Some subfamilies are endemic to Africa, others are not, but they are the largest in Africa. Apart from Africa, there are abundant bovine species in Asia, and a few in Europe and North America, while there are no local bovine species in South America and Oceania. In Bovidae, except cattle of Bovidinae, sheep of Ovinae are collectively called antelope. Bison

Bovine subfamily is a widely distributed subfamily and one of the only two subfamilies that can be found outside Africa and Asia, but its distribution center is still in Africa and South Asia, among which new species have been discovered recently in Asia and Southeast Asia. Many cattle subfamilies are stout, including the largest member of the horned class. They are not good at running. Bovine subfamily can be divided into Bovine subfamily, Boserafini subfamily and TraGrafigny subfamily. Cattle include 6 existing genera, many of which have been domesticated as domestic animals. Tumor cattle is the largest genus of tumor cattle, and now the distribution of wild species is limited to southern and southeastern Asia, north to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and south to Java. Bos mutus, a yak, lives in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Except for domestic animals, other surviving Bos members live in tropical forests and woodlands. Buffalo belongs to the genus Bubalis, only the buffalo (Bubalis). Some people have divided different species and domesticated them as domestic animals. A few populations live in a few areas in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Buffalo once reached northern China in prehistoric times. Anoa is the smallest member of Bovidae, and there are three species, which are distributed in Sulawesi Island in Indonesia and Mindoro Island in the Philippines, with few numbers. African bison belong to Syncerus, and only African bison (African wild buffalo) Syncerus caffer is distributed in savanna and forest areas in sub-saharan Africa. It is the only cow in Africa, and some people have separated Chishui cattle (Congo bison) from the tropical rain forest, with different shapes and habits. wild ox

Bison is the only member of Bovine subfamily distributed outside Africa and Asia, including Bison bison and European bison, which are rare in number and are now in a semi-wild state. Bison was once the largest animal in America, but it was almost killed and recovered after protection. Blue wildebeest is a specialty of South Asia, including Boselaphus tragocamelus and Tetracerus quadricornis. The blue wildebeest is the largest antelope in Asia, and the four-cornered antelope is the only antelope with four horns. Gazelle is a special product in Africa, among which German antelope Taurotragus derbianus is the largest antelope in the world, and its size is similar to that of cattle, while purple antelope Boocercus euryceros is the largest and most beautiful forest antelope.

Edit this paragraph Buffalo and Taiwan Province Province.

ecology theory

Buffalo played an important role in the pioneering history of Taiwan Province Province. There is only one kind of wild yellow cattle in Taiwan Province Province. After the Han people came to Taiwan, they not only domesticated but also introduced buffalo from South China. There is only one kind of wild yellow cattle in Taiwan Province Province. After the Han people came to Taiwan, they not only domesticated but also introduced buffalo from South China. As early as the Dutch occupation, missionary Danny Weil borrowed 4,000 rupees from Batavia's East India Company, bought more than 100 buffalo, and gave them to the Xiaolong Society of Pingpu people in Tainan to teach them progressive farming methods. As early as the Dutch occupation, missionary Danny Weil borrowed 4,000 rupees from Batavia's East India Company, bought more than 100 buffalo, and gave them to the Xiaolong Society of Pingpu people in Tainan to teach them progressive farming methods. In Zheng Chenggong's time, in order to encourage Han Chinese to farm in Taiwan Province Province, more buffaloes were introduced to help farmers cultivate land. Since then, buffalo has become the most common landscape in rural areas of Taiwan Province Province in 1960s and 1970s. In Zheng Chenggong's time, in order to encourage Han Chinese to farm in Taiwan Province Province, more buffaloes were introduced to help farmers cultivate land. Since then, buffalo has become the most common landscape in rural areas of Taiwan Province Province in 1960s and 1970s. Buffalo is a symbol of Taiwan Province culture. Buffalo is a symbol of Taiwan Province culture.

Historical theory

Buffalo is the most typical working animal in Taiwan Province Province, and the aborigines knew how to tame cattle at that time: "Buffalo is middle-aged, in Taijun Mountain. Fan club, tied in a circle with a long pole, around its neck. If the cow pulls the rope and rushes angrily, it will stay where it is and wait for exhaustion. The rope will slow down and slowly approach the wood; Hungry, progressive herbivores. Once tamed, use it. " (sixty-seven, "Fan She Folk Songs"). Buffalo is the most typical working animal in Taiwan Province Province, and the aborigines knew how to tame cattle at that time: "Buffalo is middle-aged, in Taijun Mountain. Fan club, tied in a circle with a long pole, around its neck. If the cow pulls the rope and rushes angrily, it will stay where it is and wait for exhaustion. The rope will slow down and slowly approach the wood; Hungry, progressive herbivores. Once tamed, use it. " (sixty-seven, "Fan She Folk Songs"). Buffalo has been the most important productive force in agricultural Taiwan Province Province for 300 to 400 years after the Han people landed in China, symbolizing the perseverance, diligence and hard work of people in Taiwan Province Province.

The first cloned buffalo with frozen embryos was born in Guangxi.

The first frozen embryo cloned buffalo was born in Guangxi

The researchers of Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute successfully gave birth to a female buffalo calf with a cloned frozen embryo in the experimental cattle farm of Buffalo Research Institute, and named it "Pan Pan". Cloning buffalo with frozen embryos is the first case in the world, which is another important research achievement after Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute successfully cloned the world's first subspecies buffalo from foreign high-quality breeding cattle and local buffaloes on June 5438+ 10/. "Pan Pan" weighed 40.5kg at birth, was black all over, and his appearance was completely consistent with that of the river-type Mora buffalo calf. Its birth went through a rigorous and complicated scientific operation process: firstly, the ear fiber cells of 1 day-old river Mora Buffalo (ear number 1052, chromosome number 2N=50) were subcultured to 3-4 generations and then frozen; Then, mature local buffalo (swamp type, chromosome number 2N=48) oocytes were enucleated under the microscope and used as recipient cells, and thawed ear fiber cells were used as donor cells. Donor cells were injected into recipient cells through micromanipulation, fused by electric shock, and the donor cells were integrated into recipient cells to form reconstructed embryos. After chemical activation, the reconstructed embryos were cultured in vitro to develop into blastocysts, and then the cloned embryos were cultured in-196℃ liquid nitrogen. At present, there are still many recipients of buffalo cloned embryos who are pregnant and ready to give birth. According to experts from Buffalo Research Institute, the successful research on frozen buffalo cloned embryos has broken through the time and space constraints, facilitated embryo transportation, preserved excellent buffalo genetic resources for a long time, solved the contradiction between embryo production and transplantation in time and region, realized localized production of buffalo cloned embryos, and promoted the popularization and application of buffalo cloned embryos. This project is a "948" project of the Ministry of Agriculture, presided over by Associate Research Fellow Liang Xianwei, the chief expert of the project, and funded by Guangxi Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs. Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, as a national demonstration and promotion base for introducing foreign intellectual achievements, has been committed to the variety development, intensive feeding and product industrialization development of buffalo for both milk and meat.

Edit this anecdote

Buffalo hangs its own yoke. On September 13, 2009, a group of more than 30 photographers from Reading Zhanjiang went into Leizhou to collect folk songs. When I visited the sugarcane and pineapple seedling bases in Fengshou Farm, I was lucky enough to watch the vivid scene of buffalo putting on the yoke itself. At this time, an old farmer came back from working with an ox cart. Seeing everyone, the old farmer removed the yoke from the cow's neck and stepped forward to speak. Buffalo can't understand people's conversation and has been looking around. After a while, maybe he was anxious to go home. Buffalo wants to pull the car back. I saw it lower its head, put its right corner under the right beam of the yoke, picked it up and lifted the yoke lying flat on the ground. Then the buffalo raised its head and shook it a few times, and the yoke slipped down and stopped at its neck. Putting on the yoke, the buffalo didn't look at the photographer who took out the long gun and smashed the short gun, and ignored the owner who shouted "wait, wait" and went home by himself, leaving the surprised photographer and the owner who was at a loss.