What are the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou and the Eight Eccentrics in Jinling?

1. Who are the famous "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou"?

There are different opinions about which painters "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" refer to. Some people say it's eight, others say it's more than eight; Some people say these eight, others say the other eight. According to various writings, there are as many as fifteen people. Because Li Yufen's Introduction to Ou Boluo's Painting and Calligraphy is the earliest and most complete record of the Eight Eccentrics, most people still take the Eight Eccentrics proposed by Li Yufen in the late Qing Dynasty as the standard. Namely: Wang, Zheng Xie, Gao Xiang, Jin Nong, Li Yi, Huang Shen, Li,. As for the painters mentioned by others, such as Hua Yan, Min Zhen, Gao, Li Mian, Chen Zhuan, Bian Shoumin, Yang Fa, etc. , can also be merged because of similar painting styles. Because the word "eight" can be used as an adjective or as a divisor.

"Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" has a wide range of knowledge and is good at poetry. Life was bumpy for most of my life, and I finally embarked on the road of selling paintings for a living. Although they sell paintings, they express their feelings with paintings, and they have higher pursuit in the art of painting and calligraphy, and are unwilling to flow into the ranks of ordinary painters. Their knowledge, experience, artistic accomplishment, profound skill and artistic pursuit of innovative ideas are different from ordinary painters. They reached the realm of new ideas, new compositions and new techniques, created a new generation of painting style, and made immortal contributions to the development of China.

China's painting has a long history, in which literati painting flourished from the Tang and Song Dynasties, gradually enriched and developed, and formed a complete theoretical system, leaving a large number of works, which is the pride of China's painting. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been many painting schools in China, each with its own characteristics. Yushan and Loudong, headed by the "Four Kings", have the greatest influence, while in Yangzhou, the painting style of "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou", headed by Jin Nong and Zheng Xie, has been formed. These painters inherit and carry forward the tradition of Chinese painting, but they have different views on inheriting the tradition and creating methods. Yu Shan, Lou Dong and other painting schools emphasize copying and learning from the ancients, take observing the ancient law as the principle, take strengthening the ancient law as their own responsibility, and pretend to be "authentic". Their creative method, as Wang Hui, an "authentic" painter, said, is "a great achievement to paint with the straight ink of Yuan people, to transport the mountains and valleys of Song people and to polish the charm of Tang people". They followed the ancients and followed suit, and their works were mostly imitations of ancient masters (of course, there were also antique creations), which formed a rigid situation and bound the painter's hands and feet. "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" also respects tradition, but it is different from "authentic". They inherited the creative methods of Shi Tao, Xu Wei and Zhu Da. , did not copy the ancient laws. For example, Zheng Banqiao worships Shi Tao and he learns from Shi Tao. He also "stayed half, learned half, and never learned all."

Shi Tao has an important influence on the formation of the artistic style of "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics". He put forward "learning from nature" and "using my method", opposed "mudding", required painters to absorb creative materials in nature, and emphasized that works should have strong personality. He believes that "the ancients could not bear my face; The hearts of ancient people could not enter my stomach. I feel my heart spontaneously and show my eyebrows. " Shi Tao's painting thought laid a theoretical foundation for the emergence of "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" and applied it to practice. "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou" found inspiration from nature, sought themes from life, and wrote books by itself, not willing to be like others, which was refreshing at that time. People often regard their rare things as weird, so they feel strange about the works of "Eight Eccentrics" that express their hearts and gallop freely, and call them weird. There are also some painters who are used to tradition. They think that the paintings of "Eight Eccentrics" are beyond the limits, so they belittle the Eight Eccentrics, saying that they are partial teachers and heretics, and that they are "unconventional and only popular in thyme". Admirers praised his works for their bold brushwork, getting rid of the shackles of the established method and the ancient method, breaking the rigid situation at that time, bringing new vitality to China's paintings and influencing and nurturing later artists such as Zhao, Wu Changshuo and Qi Baishi.

2. Where is the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou"?

There are different opinions about where the "Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou" is. Some people think they are strange, but in fact, they are not. Eight eccentrics have experienced ups and downs themselves. They are full of injustice and infinite anger, and show deep sympathy for the poor. They attack ugly things and people with the keen insight and kind sympathy of intellectuals, whether in poetry or painting and calligraphy. This kind of thing is not uncommon in the history of China, but it is not uncommon. People will naturally treat it as "strange". However, their daily behavior did not go beyond the scope of ethics at that time, nor did they indulge like Jin literati-playing dumb and laughing. They communicate with officials and celebrities, attend poetry receptions and behave like normal people. Therefore, it is unreasonable to assume that they are "weird" from their life behavior. Now we can only study them in their works.

Eight eccentrics don't want to take the road that others have started, but want to find another way. They want to create "articles that show the sky and the ground, words that shock thunderstorms, words that curse ghosts, and paintings that have never existed in the past" to stand on their own feet, that is, to be different from the ancients, not to follow the customs, and to have a unique style. Their works violate people's appreciation habits and make people feel novel, so they feel a little "strange". As Zheng Xie himself said, "Writing is unique, and calligraphy and painting are not appreciated by ordinary people. The Tang Dynasty had its own country, and the people laughed at me as a Banqiao monster. " At that time, people had different opinions on them, and the most important one was that they deviated from the "authentic", which also explained the main reason why they were called "weird". Yangzhou Eight Eccentric Painters broke through the shackles of "authenticity" and, on the basis of inheriting the tradition, concentrated on their own creation and development, trying to create a new painting style with their whole life.

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Jinling Bajia

While the "Xin 'an Painting School" swept Anhui, Nanjing gathered a group of painters' adherents. They hid in the deep mountains and sang in harmony with poetry and painting. Although their styles are different, they have similar artistic interests. Among them, Gong Xian, Fan Yin, Gao Cen, Zou Zhe, Wu Hong, Ye Xin, Hu Yi and Xie Xun are known as the "Eight Sons of Jinling", and Gong Xian is the Eight Sons.

□ Gong Xian (16 19- 1689), a native of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, is also known as Ye Yi. Wandering in his early years, he lived in seclusion in Qingliang Mountain in Nanjing in his later years, earning a living by selling painting classes and living in poverty. He mainly studied landscapes, studied under Dong Yuan, Mill, Zhenwu and Shen Zhou, and paid attention to sketching. Most landscapes describe the scenery around Nanjing, deliberately showing rich and beautiful lakes and mountains. He is good at using ink, inheriting and developing the "ink accumulation method" of Song people. Most rocks and trees have been dyed and rubbed many times, and the ink color is rich and the contrast is strong. Known as the "black gong", such as the "Thousand Rocks and Thousand Rivers" volume collected by Nanjing Museum. In addition, he also has a style of painting called "Bai Gong". The whole painting is pure dry pen and light ink, with only a small amount of heavy ink and moss spots, which looks beautiful and elegant, such as the axis of "Muyedan Huang Tu" in the Palace Museum. Wang Yi, Liu Jin, etc. Wang Jue, a native of Xiushui, Zhejiang Province, is a disciple of Gong Xian, editor-in-chief of Biography of Mustard Garden. His landscape is heavy and he is near Gong Xian. Liu Jin, whose real name is Gong Han, is from Jinling. She studied in Gong County. His scenery is impressive.

□ Fan Yin (16 16- 1694, alive), from Jiangning. Landscape painting was created by Dong, Ju, Huang, Wang and Liu Songnian, with meticulous brushwork and elegant style. The representative works handed down from ancient times include the Liu Cun Fishing Music Map, which is hidden in the Palace Museum.

□ Wu Hong, alias, Xijiang Waishi, originally from Jinxi, Jiangxi, now lives in Jinling. The patriarchal clan system of landscape in Song and Yuan Dynasties is characterized by vigorous brushwork, magnificent momentum and extensive painting style. The volume of Jiangshan Map in the Palace Museum is his masterpiece.

□ Gao Cen, wei ren, now living in Jiangning. At first, I studied painting with seven monks in Tongli, and then I did whatever I wanted. There are two kinds of scenery: rough and fine. A thick brush is close to Shen Zhou, such as a landscape scroll in the Palace Museum. Fine strokes are common, such as the green landscape axis of the Palace Museum and the Songchuang Waterfall axis of the Tianjin Art Museum.

-Zou Zhe, the word Lu Fang, good landscape, flowers. The History of Painting records that his paintings are "simple and elegant", but the masterpieces handed down from generation to generation win with majesty and verve, such as the axis of Song Tu Hua in Nanjing Museum.

□ Ye Xin, whose real name is Murong, is from Huating, and now lives in Jinling. Landscape is good at layout, with light pen and light ink. The Palace Museum has two volumes: Tu Shan in China and Landscape.

□ Yaoyao Hu, word Shigong, from Jinling. Industrial landscape, flowers and birds. The mountains and rivers are vast and vigorous, and the flowers and birds are neat, which has the meaning of Song people. There are few works handed down from generation to generation, such as The Book of Insects in the Palace Museum and The Hermit Map of Xishan in Shanghai Museum.

□ Xie Xun, whose real name is Lishui. Industrial landscape, flowers. There are many beautiful landscapes, such as the "green landscape" axis of the Palace Museum. Flowers are influenced by Lu Zhi, and the Lotus Album of the Palace Museum is its masterpiece.

At the same time, Chen Zhuo, who is famous for his green landscapes and meticulous figures, Lu □, who has the legacy of "Cloud School", and Yao Yunzai, Sheng Dan, Wu Dan, who are unconventional, are also famous from time to time.