Book binding paper

Thesis on book binding

You can write about the development process of book binding at home and abroad, as well as between different nationalities, from a historical perspective, a cultural perspective.

1. Understanding and design ideas for the binding of classical literature books

The design of the binding of classical literature books requires an understanding and refinement of the content of the bound books. Although the thread-bound books among my country's classical books look relatively simple and casual, overall inspection shows that they are not done randomly, but are carefully thought out and carefully designed. From the color palette to the application of materials, they all contain a profound cultural foundation. rhyme. Modern binding design, due to the use of new technologies and new materials, can inevitably achieve this effect. So, how can we achieve this taste in the binding design of classical books now? Blindly pursuing the classics will make the entire design lack modern aesthetic appeal; blindly pursuing modernity will make the binding of classical literature books lack the taste of classical literature. "Charm" will also deviate from modern people's needs for the beauty of the binding of classical literary works. Today's binding design of classical literature books should fully absorb the essence of book binding design at home and abroad, both ancient and modern, so that the profound charm of Chinese classical literature can be organically integrated with modern aesthetic requirements. The overall design not only retains the connotation and artistic conception of Chinese classical literary works, but also integrates modern people's aesthetic requirements for book binding. The unification of ancient and modern binding aesthetic methods is the contemporary need for binding design of Chinese classical literature books.

Since the birth of human civilization, books have increasingly played their role as a mass media communication tool. From the earliest records carved on bones and bamboos to modern printing technology and book binding, humans have accumulated rich experience and wisdom in long-term practice, and formed specialized disciplines. A country's level of book binding, the number of book varieties, and the size of its publishing and circulation have become a symbol of social progress and development. Book binding has gone through a long and tortuous road. With the development and progress of human civilization, it has evolved from simple to complex, from simple book processing to today's artistic creation. Nowadays, book binding is no longer just a simple binding of pages, but a secondary artistic creation of books by the binding designer, which is the crystallization of the binding artist's thoughts and wisdom. Book binding design has developed so far and has become a comprehensive art category. It is a comprehensive application of painting, photography, calligraphy, epigraphy and other art forms. It requires designers to have knowledge of literature, art, philosophy, history, technology, etc., and have High literary accomplishment and good aesthetic taste. The binding design of books, in today's highly developed market economy, should also be given a commercial nature. Books are placed on bookshelves. While they are displayable, they should also have the function of attracting readers. Therefore, while it has appreciation value, it must also stimulate readers to read the book.

2. Several forms and evolution processes of ancient Chinese book binding

1. Rope connection

China's book publishing has a long history, and the binding of books The shape is also constantly evolving with the development and changes of book production techniques and materials used.

It is generally believed that the earliest books in China are tortoise shells or animal bones inscribed with characters in the Shang Dynasty, which are more than 3,000 years old. At that time, in order to facilitate preservation, several pieces of oracle bones with related contents were connected with ropes. This was the binding form of early books.

Bronze inscriptions began to appear in the late Shang Dynasty, and rulers cast important documents on bronze vessels. Especially in the Western Zhou Dynasty, inscriptions could contain more text. The inscription on the Mao Gong Tripod of the Western Zhou Dynasty reaches 500 words. Because people often regard the inscriptions on such ancient bronze vessels as one of the forms of ancient "original books", most calligraphy historians believe that it is also a form of ancient book binding.

2. Bamboo slips

Bamboo slips were the most representative form of books before the invention of paper. It can be arbitrarily determined according to the length of the article, with one simplified calligraphy and one line. Finally, it is strung together with upper and lower ropes, rolled and bundled for storage. There are also two types: reed braiding and silk braiding. Those who are sophisticated can use fabrics to sew bags. enter. Bamboo simplicity originated in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and was used until the 4th century AD. In addition to being made of bamboo, bamboo slips are also called wooden slips made of wood. Parallel to the bamboo slips

there are wooden slips, which are made into rectangular pieces of wood and used to write short articles.

3. Silk books

Silk books are a form of books slightly later than bamboo slips. They are written on silk fabrics, and their binding format is to be sewn and stored in rolls. The materials are expensive and are mostly used by rulers to write official documents or for painting. They are rarely used in general books.

4. Stone Scripture (stone tablet)

The Stone Scripture is also a form of ancient books. The most representative one is the "Xiping Stone Classic", which was engraved in the fourth year of Xiping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 175). The seven Confucian classics were engraved on 46 stone tablets, with a total of more than 200,000 words. It stands in front of the Imperial Academy in Luoyang for people to read, copy and correct. Its function exceeds that of ordinary books. Its shape is double-sided with inscriptions, the characters are read vertically in neat rows, and the stele is arranged in a U shape. Others, such as the Buddhist Stone Sutra of Yunju Temple in Fangshan, were engraved in the Sui Dynasty. Although it is later than the Xiping Stone Sutra, its influence is greater and its value is also high.

5. Rubbing (scroll)

After the invention of paper, a form of rubbing appeared.

It can copy various stone inscriptions on paper and mount them into volumes for easy storage and reading. Later, this method was used for the rubbing of bronze inscriptions and the rubbing of pottery inscriptions. Various rubbings are an important category in the palace collections from the Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty.

Paper was invented in the second century BC. From the second century AD, paper was more commonly used for writing. In the second century AD, the use of paper became more common and became the main material for book carriers. Paper There are many changes in the binding format of manuscript books. The earliest manuscripts continued to use the form of Jian Ce and silk books, that is, scroll binding. In the early Tang Dynasty, a kind of whirlwind suit appeared on the basis of the scroll suit. In the past, because there were only records but no actual objects, there were different opinions on the shape of the whirlwind suit. Zhang Bangji in the Song Dynasty called this kind of binding "page by page, unfolding to the end, and still combined into one volume"; Ye Dehui in the Qing Dynasty called this kind of binding "series upon row"; some people think that it is folded sutras bound end to end. Tornado outfit. Later, a Tang Dynasty manuscript of "Tang Yun" was discovered. The pages were staggered one by one and pasted on the bottom paper of the scroll. When reading, the pages were opened and read one by one. After reading, it was still rolled into a scroll. Its appearance was the same as that of the scroll, thus proving The first two statements are correct.

6. Jingzhe binding, whirlwind binding and butterfly binding (book binding in the early days of the invention of printing, Liao and Jin dynasties)

Jingzhe binding originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and its shape is the The pages of the writing book are pasted together in order, then folded continuously, front and back, and then mounted to cover the front and back.

Before the invention of printing, there were generally only the above types of book binding styles. After the invention of printing, scroll printing and folding printing continued to be used, but there were still new developments in the materials used, the size of the format, and the decoration technology. And with the development of printing technology, new book binding forms are constantly emerging, including butterfly binding, back binding, thread binding, etc.

The invention of printing marked a new era in book publishing. Due to changes in production methods, books can be produced quickly and in large quantities, allowing more people to have the opportunity to read; the increase in demand for books has also promoted the prosperity and development of the publishing and printing industry. Publishers pay more and more attention to the binding form of books. From the selection of format, the size of the core, font and row format, binding form, cover materials, etc., they all reflect the complete art of ancient book binding.

Printing was invented in the late Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty. The earliest extant printed matter is the Great Dharani Sutra of Immaculate Pure Light, which was engraved around 704 AD, and the Diamond Sutra discovered in Dunhuang. Inscribed in 868 AD, they are all in scroll form. It can be seen that scroll binding was the most commonly used binding form in the early days of the invention of printing. The earliest printed general book was "Tang Yun", its binding style may be a whirlwind binding, and it was printed around the late Tang Dynasty.

From the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, printing was not yet popular. Only Xi'an, Sichuan, Huainan, Bianjing, Wuyue and other places have printing records. By the Song Dynasty, the publishing and printing industry gradually became popular. Government printing, private printing, school printing, and temple printing all developed, and the printing area became wider. At the same time, a publishing and printing industry also emerged in Beijing. In the past, most of the books printed in Beijing during the Liao Dynasty were only recorded, and very few of them were preserved in kind. For example: "Dragon Shrine Hand Mirror" compiled by Yanjing monk Xingjun in the 15th year of Liao Tonghe (997 AD), and the medical book "Shi" engraved in the Qiantong year (1101-1110 AD) "The Rear Area", "One Hundred Fangs", and the "Khitan Collection", a comprehensive collection of Buddhist scriptures with a huge printing project in the Liao Dynasty. In 1974, a batch of Liao Dynasty prints were discovered in the chest of a four-story wooden pagoda in Ying County, Shanxi Province. Most of them were engraved in Beijing. The earliest one was the "Yang Family Seal in front of Yangshan Temple in Yanjing" in the eighth year of Emperor Tonghe's reign in Liao Dynasty (AD 990). There is a volume of "Tu Sheng Jing Shu Ke Wen" made", and the latest one is the "Bodhisattva Ordination Altar Slips" engraved in the Tianqing year (1111-1121 AD). Other books include the Khitan Collection and 47 scriptures engraved in the Liao Dynasty, 8 books engraved in the Liao Dynasty, and 6 colorful Buddha statues, which were carved between 990 and 1121 AD. From the inscriptions on these printed matter, we also know a number of engraving units in Nanjing, Liao Dynasty (today's Beijing), including "Yang Family in front of Yangshan Temple in Yanjing", "Feng Family Living on the South Side of Xianzhong Square, Tanzhou Street in Yanjing", "Fuhui got married downstairs in Dawutian Temple", "Yanjing Minzhong Temple", "Yanjing Shengshou Temple", etc. It can be seen from this that the printing industry in Beijing was very prosperous in the Liao Dynasty.

The earliest books engraved in the Northern Song Dynasty were "Shangshu" and "Classic Interpretations" in the fifth year of Kaibao (972 AD). The eighth year of the Xingguo reign (983 AD). The earliest books printed in Beijing were only 18 years later than the Northern Song Dynasty. This shows that the history of publishing and printing in Beijing is also very long.

Judging from these prints from Beijing in the Liao Dynasty, most of them are in scroll format, but there are also butterfly and sutra-fold formats. Some books have also been dyed and treated to prevent insects. Among them, "Khitan Collection" is the most representative Beijing printed matter of the Liao Dynasty, with exquisite paper and ink, engraving, and binding. Each volume has pictures, which represents the fine tradition of attaching great importance to illustrations in ancient Chinese books. Judging from the level of engraving and binding of existing books in the Liao Dynasty, it seems that the history of book publishing and printing in Beijing should move forward.

In the wooden pagodas of Yingxian County, several colorful Buddha statues were also found with engraving and printing. They used the engraving method to print line outlines and then dyed them into colors by hand. This is the earliest printed and painted wall chart found so far.

In 127 AD, the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao Dynasty and made Yanjing (today's Beijing) the central capital. It became the political and cultural center of the north. In the first year of Zhenyuan of King Hailing (AD 1153), the Jin government established the Secretary's Supervisor and the Imperial College's Imperial College to specialize in the collection, publication, and printing of books. After the Jin army occupied Bianjing, they transported a large number of books and printing plates there to Beijing. A group of engraving, printing and binding craftsmen from Bianjing also came to Beijing, which further expanded Beijing's printing and binding power. Due to the Jin government The variety of books published in Beijing greatly exceeded those of the Liao Dynasty. According to statistics, a subset of classics and history books were published and engraved in Beijing during the Jin Dynasty. Medicine, Taoism and Buddhism, totaling more than 200 kinds.

The book binding format in Beijing during the Jin Dynasty was approximately the same as that during the Southern Song Dynasty. Scroll binding was rarely used in printed matter in Beijing. Buddhist and Taoist collections were mostly bound by sutra folding, and general books were mostly bound by butterfly binding.

Butterfly binding is a new form of book binding that emerged after the invention of printing. Some people speculate that the Feng Dao organization of the Five Dynasties used butterfly costumes to engrave Confucian classics, but there are no physical objects left, so it is difficult to determine. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, all printed scriptures and historical works were decorated with butterflies, which soon became popular throughout the country. Starting from the Liao Dynasty, butterfly costumes were also used in Beijing, and the process was roughly the same as that in the Central Plains. The application of butterfly binding is a major reform in the form of book binding. It was the transformation of books from scrolls and sutras to albums, thus determining the basic binding form of books that has been used to this day.

7. Backpacking (book binding in the Yuan and Ming dynasties)

In 1264 AD, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, moved the capital to Yanjing and renamed it Dadu. Over the next hundred years, Beijing became the political and cultural center of the country. The Yuan Dynasty made outstanding achievements in publishing and printing. For example, the variety of printed books exceeded those of previous generations; the creation and application of wooden movable type, the promotion and widespread use of red and ink two-color overprinting books, and backpacks.

The Yuan government attached great importance to the collection, publishing and printing of books. The Editorial Office, Secretary Supervisor and Classics Office were mainly engaged in the publication, printing and collection of books. Institutions such as the Imperial College were also engaged in the publishing and printing of books. The government has also established a special almanac compilation and printing agency, which publishes and prints three types of almanacs: the big calendar, the small calendar, and the Hijri calendar every year, with a printing volume of more than 3 million copies. Due to the government's promotion, the private printing industry in the capital was also very prosperous. They compiled and printed mostly operas, scripts, poems and other books.

The binding forms of books published in Beijing during the Yuan Dynasty were mainly butterfly binding and sutra folding binding. Butterfly binding was mostly used for general books, such as classics and history books compiled by the government. The folded sutras are mostly used for Buddhist sutras. In terms of fonts, Zhao style is mostly used. In folk scripts, more simplified characters are used.

Among the butterfly-bound books of the Yuan Dynasty, a form of book binding with a larger format and smaller core appeared, which was rare in previous generations. For example, the book "Mengxi Bi Tan" engraved during the Dade period of the Yuan Dynasty has a format of 416 mm high and 280 mm wide, while the size of the entire page core is only 152 mm high and 200 mm wide, leaving a large margin on the four sides of the page. . A piece of white paper is placed between the two blank sides and adhered to the two white sides to overcome the shortcomings of ordinary butterfly devices that require turning over a blank page when reading. The cover is made of cardboard and framed with fabric. This form of binding was rare in ancient times.

Beginning in the mid-Yuan Dynasty, books were often carried on backpacks. The technical characteristics of the color back binding are: the text is folded outwards from the center seam of the page. After the pages are collated, they are aligned. The stitching is at the blank edge of the page. Paper is twisted through and stapled flat. The outside of the stitching is cut. The back of the book is brushed with paste and affixed. After covering, cut the upper and lower book edges. Generally speaking, thick paper is used as the cover for books, but for palace books, the paper is mounted with yellow silk. The book "Secretary Supervisor" printed in Beijing during the Yuan Dynasty records the recipe for dough batter made by Jiao Qing'an, the watchmaker: yellow wax, gelatin, alum, bletilla striata, quinoa, saponin, and maoxiang for one qian each, and patchouli for half a qian. , five cents for white flour, half a catty of hard firewood, and two taels of charcoal. This formula includes three major parts: adhesive, preservative and fragrance. It can be seen that the materials used for book binding at that time were very scientific and could preserve books for a long time.

Backpacks have many advantages over butterfly bags. One is that they are easier to read, and the other is that books are more durable. It is also an important stage in the form of book binding, which is closer to the binding form of books today.

The Ming Dynasty was the most glorious era for my country’s ancient publishing and printing industry, and only in the Ming Dynasty did Beijing truly become the center of national publishing and printing.

Many central agencies in the Ming Dynasty were engaged in publishing and printing books, and the content of printing books had different emphasis according to their functions. The Imperial College in Beijing mainly printed educational books (such as classics and history books), and the Imperial College in Qintian was responsible for printing. The main focus was on almanacs. The Ministry of Rites was in charge of the printing of local governments. In addition, institutions such as the Imperial Palace, Imperial Hospital, Bureau of History, Ministry of War, Ministry of Industry, Shuntian Prefecture, etc. were also engaged in book printing activities. Some departments also have printing offices.

The Si Li Supervisory Factory established in Beijing during the Ming Dynasty was the largest printing factory in history, with a total number of 1200 people. Among them, there are more than 700 craftsmen engaged in book binding. The private printing industry in Beijing was also very prosperous during the Ming Dynasty, with more than a dozen printing workshops scattered across the capital.

The book binding in Beijing during the Ming Dynasty was the culmination of all previous dynasties. Books come in various sizes and formats. Book binding forms have been used throughout the ages, and the craftsmanship is more sophisticated.

The binding style of books printed in Beijing during the Ming Dynasty was most representative of the factory editions.

The classics and history books it printed had sparse layouts, regular script fonts, large black mouths, double fish tails, and double lines of small fonts for annotations. They were mostly packed in backpacks. Bibliophiles often call him "the best bookkeeper in the world". The "Datong Calendar" printed by the factory has two binding forms, one is backpack binding and the other is folded binding. There are two types of printing: ink printing and blue printing. There are several different grades of cover materials for all kinds of books printed by the factory. Those bound with yellow damask paper are mostly used by the court; those bound with plain damask and silk are mostly used by officials; those bound with thick paper Foreskins can be used by general officials or sold to the public. The Tripitaka (Tibet) printed and bound by a factory is a folded sutra, about one foot in length, and the cover is mounted on hard paper with yellow damask and various colored damasks. Its decoration is very elegant. The giant book "Yongle Dadian" written in Beijing during the Ming Dynasty has 11,095 volumes. The book is one foot seven inches high and one foot wide. It is the largest book in history and is close to the golden ratio. The book is back-bound and has a yellow silk cover. It is the most spectacular book binding in the past.

Thread binding is a new form of book binding that emerged in the Ming Dynasty. It is also the most perfect form of book binding in ancient my country. The processing flow of thread-bound books is: folding, collating, aligning, stapling and twisting,

covering, cutting on three sides, punching, threading, corner wrapping, etc. The covers of thread-bound books in the Ming Dynasty were mostly made of paper, made of thicker paper or rolled and pasted with several layers of paper. The more elegant book covers are rolled on thick paper

with cloth, damask, brocade, silk and other fabrics. The corners are wrapped with fine silk at the upper and lower corners of the book's binding edge. Make it nice and strong. Some books also have book roots, that is, the title and volume of the book are written on the lower notch of the book near the binding edge to make it easier to find when reading. The stitching holes for thread binding are for threading. Depending on the format size and design requirements of the book, there are four holes, six holes, or eight holes. For stitching, white silk thread is usually used to thread double channels. The book should be pressed firmly and the thread should be tightened. Sun Congtian of the Ming Dynasty said in "Book Collection Notes": "The binding is done with clear water white silk thread with both eyes. The binding must be firm and deep so that it can be tight without coming off. It is good to bind books in this way."

< p>8. Thread-bound books (book binding in the Ming and Qing Dynasties)

The cover text of a thread-bound book is called a book. It only has the title and volume of the book. It is printed or written on a long piece of paper and affixed to the cover. upper left corner. The content contained on the title page is more detailed, including the title of the book, the name of the publisher and printer, the year of publication, etc. More detailed publishing information is mostly printed at the back of the book. Some government-published books also have a seal stamped on the first page or cover of the book. The most representative one is the factory-printed "Tatong Calendar", which is not only stamped with the official government seal, but also has a government notice stating that it cannot be reproduced without permission.

Book binding in Beijing during the Ming Dynasty also included letter sleeves to package the volumes of a book into a whole. The letter cover is usually made of thick cardboard and framed with blue cloth (or silk brocade), and is made according to the size and thickness of the book. There are two forms of letter sets. One is to wrap the book on all four sides, exposing the upper and lower openings of the book, which is called half-wrapped; the other is to wrap all six sides of the book, which is called full-wrapped. In addition to thick paper and cloth envelopes, there are also two types of outer packaging: plywood and wooden boxes. The plywood type uses two wooden boards the same size as the book, sandwiched between the top and bottom of the book, and then tied tightly with cloth tape. The wooden box is made into a wooden box according to the size of a book and the book is put inside.

In the Beijing version of the Ming Dynasty, there was also a binding form with paper lining the pages. This was mostly used for thinner paper. There was a kind of ribbed paper, which was as thin as a cicada's wing and had serious print-through. Not only did the lining paper It overcomes the print-through phenomenon and increases the strength of the pages.

Due to the development of engraving and printing technology, good conditions have been provided for the art of book binding, including layout art, font art, illustration art and multi-color printing of text. Before the Ming Dynasty, most of the printing fonts used famous calligraphy styles such as Yan, Ou, and Zhao. Beginning in the early Ming Dynasty, the traditional style of writing in books was changed to the traditional Song style characters, which are horizontally horizontal and vertical, light horizontally and heavy vertically. This is the Song-style character commonly used in books today. Song-style characters sprouted in the Song Dynasty, but were not popularized because they were still immature. During the Chenghua period, Song fonts began to be used in the versions of Guozijian and Jingchang, which were quickly promoted across the country. The font styles also include bold, medium-bold and thin. The wide application of this special printing font marks a new development in ancient book layout art. The illustration art of ancient books in my country has a fine tradition. Buddhist scriptures printed in the Tang Dynasty included frontispieces, and even more books had illustrations in the Song Dynasty. By the Ming Dynasty, the art of illustrations in books had reached a very high level. More beautifully carved illustrations were used in folk-engraved operas and scripts. Officially published science and technology books, medical books, and local chronicles also used more beautifully carved illustrations. Illustrations, especially in the enlightenment readings used at court, appeared in short editions printed in color.

Due to the huge increase in book production, people in the middle and lower classes of society also have the opportunity to read. Judging from the binding form of books, they are also divided into different grades. Even factory editions are divided into different binding grades, including luxury editions for the upper class and ordinary editions for the middle and lower classes. Prints produced by private workshops are mainly for the needs of ordinary people in society. From engraving to binding, they also strive to be simple and practical, with low cost. In terms of format, there are both large formats and small and medium formats. Sun Congtian of the Ming Dynasty said in "Book Collection Notes": "The binding of books is not about gorgeous decoration, but about keeping them in a proper way, with ancient and elegant styles, suitable thickness, exquisiteness and correctness. This is the first priority. This represents the general requirements of the Ming Dynasty for book binding. .

In 1644 AD, the Qing government established its capital in Beijing, which is still the political and cultural center of the country.

The Qing government attached great importance to the publishing and printing of books and established an institution specializing in book publishing and printing - Wuyingdian.

During the Kangxi period, a group of intellectuals gathered together to compile the "Collection of Ancient and Modern Books", and produced 250,000 copper movable types to print this large series of books. During the Qianlong period, Wuyingdian, under the auspices of Jin Jian, carved another large and small jujube wood type movable type, totaling 253,500. Emperor Qianlong personally named the movable type version "Juzhen Edition". In addition to using this set of wooden movable type to print the "Wuyingdian Treasure Edition Series", some other books were also printed. In addition to using movable blocks to print books, the Qing government also used engraving blocks to print a large number of books, among which "Farming and Weaving Pictures" and "Southern Inspection Pictures" were of the highest quality.

A major feature of printing in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty was the prosperity of private printing workshops. According to statistics, there were more than 120 at the most, concentrated in Longfu Temple and Liulichang. In these workshops, there are also people who specialize in book binding and calligraphy and painting mounting.

The most common form of book binding in the Qing Dynasty was thread binding. Scroll binding, folded binding, butterfly binding and back binding were all used. In the Qing Dynasty, scrolls were mostly used for mounting calligraphy and paintings, and the mounting technology was very exquisite. The bottom surface is mostly made of high-quality rice paper, the four sides of the painting core are framed with plain colored damask, and the outside of the shaft is framed with brocade. The materials used for the shaft head are divided into different grades. In addition to Buddhist scriptures and copybooks, sutra folding is also used for general books. The "Farming and Weaving Pictures" and "Southern Inspection Pictures" printed by the palace are very well-engraved and their binding uses sutra folding. The difference is that the format is about One foot square, the cover is mounted on thick cardboard with yellow damask. The "Long Zang" engraved during the Kangxi and Yongzheng years has a total of 720 volumes, all of which are folded scriptures and bound with yellow silk. There are 10 volumes per letter, which is huge in scale. Butterfly binding was also used in books printed by the court. There were butterfly binding books in the mid-Qing Dynasty. They were printed on high-quality rice paper with a large margin on the edge. The cover was mounted on cardboard with yellow damask and had front and back lining. Pages, one side is mounted on the inside of the cover, the binding is flat, and the cutting is consistent. It is of the highest quality for palace book binding. Backpacks were also widely used in the Qing Dynasty. The "Sikuquanshu" compiled during the Qianlong period is a famous manuscript with a set of 36,315 volumes. Seven volumes were copied, totaling 254,205 volumes, all of which are Backpack. The cover of the whole book is made of thick paper and framed with damask. The four treasuries are in different colors. The sutra treasury uses green damask, the history treasury uses red damask, the sub-treasuries use blue damask, and the collection treasury uses gray damask. Finally, the books are bound in wooden boxes. Thread binding was the main form of book binding in the Qing Dynasty. In addition to the special requirements for seal materials for royal books, ordinary thread binding books strive to have four major elements: "proper protection, elegant style, appropriate thickness, and exquisiteness." There are two kinds of covers: paper and commercial. The covers are often marked with bookmarks. The book is thin and is bound in a letter sleeve. Thread-bound books in the Qing Dynasty usually had one or two white pages at the front, followed by the title page, which contained the title of the book, the name of the engraver, the year and place, etc. The letter sleeves are mostly half-wrapped, and there are often book root characters on the bottom, with the title of the book, volume number, etc. written on it.

From the perspective of format size, the Qing Dynasty had a variety of formats. Government publications were larger in format, while private publications were mostly small and medium-sized formats. There was one called an entrained edition, which was the smallest in history. The format is approximately equivalent to today's 128 karat gold. The characters are very small, but the printing and binding are exquisite.

A kind of continuous publication appeared in the Qing Dynasty, one was "Jin Shen Lu" and the other was "Beijing News". "Jin Shen Lu" was published quarterly, and the content was about central and local officials. The directory is covered with red paper and is called the Red Book. "Beijing News" is equivalent to today's newspaper, but it is also bound into volumes, with each issue ranging from 23 pages to 67 pages. The cover has white paper or yellow paper. The cover is stamped with the words "Beijing Edition" in red. Both engraving and wood movable type are very rough in printing and binding due to time constraints. But as a continuous publication, it also occupies an important position in the history of publishing.

Starting from the early 18th century, Western printing technology was gradually introduced into our country, and the modern publishing and printing industry began to rise. With the application of new printing technology, the binding form of books has also undergone great changes. The basic formats such as album binding and rectangular format used today originated from the Song Dynasty in my country, around the 14th century AD, and gradually spread to the West. Although there have been improvements in materials, process methods, etc., its basic form was still pioneered in ancient China.

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The pursuit of perfection can also lead to endless revisions and polishes of an already perfect article. This is nothing but a waste of time. Just think of writing as talking to people.

Writing letters is also a good way to practice. Most of the articles can also be readable (can be improved) because the style is like a letter to a friend. Journaling is also good exercise. There are other benefits to both approaches.

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LaTex (attached: CTex) is a good tool, but it has many custom macro definitions. You can also leverage other people's similar code, and many sites (including MIT) maintain extension libraries.

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Write for people, not for machines. Not only does it need to be correct, it also needs to be legible. Readers should make only the most obvious and simple inferences.

After completing the article, delete the first paragraph or the first few sentences. You will find that these words actually have no impact on the main idea.

If you start writing after all the work is done, you will lose a lot of benefits. Once you start researching, it's a good idea to get into the habit of writing informal articles every few months to jot down the latest and what you've just learned. It's better to start with your research notes. Take two days to write. If it’s too long, it means you’re pursuing perfection too much. This is not something to judge, but something to *share* with friends. Say DRAFT-NOT FOR CITATION on the cover. Make many copies and show them to anyone who is interested, including your instructor. This approach will be very beneficial for writing formal papers in the future.

Get feedback:

If you join the Secret Paper Passing Network, you will receive many articles from others and they will ask you to comment. It's important to know what other people think of your paper. If you help others, others will help you when you need it. Moreover, you can also improve yourself. There is an art to writing useful comments for articles. You should read it twice, the first time to understand its ideas (IDEAS), and the second time to see the expression.

Of course, you can also submit your articles to others for evaluation. You must learn to absorb constructive suggestions and ignore destructive and meaningless suggestions. In order to get advice, you need to write clearly about your opinions and what you have done, even if you are not going to write an incomplete journal or conference article and give it to others to read. Even articles that are about to be published should be written clearly to increase the chances of getting suggestions.

It is useful for both you and the person you are commenting on to organize comments (suggestions) in descending order in brief form: relevant content at the top, style and presentation in the middle, and grammar and grammar at the end.

3. Writing the paper

(1) Be prepared - collect information

After the topic is determined, the paper has a central idea. In terms of writing, A crucial step has been taken. However, to write a good paper, the author must also possess rich, accurate, comprehensive, typical, vivid and specific materials. Research and extract your own opinions, and use persuasive topics (arguments) to prove your opinions. These materials must be well-founded and not arbitrary. They are either obtained through personal practice and research, or are reliable results summarized by others’ previous research. Therefore, the collection of data plays a decisive role in the writing of the paper. There are several ways to collect data.

1. Read relevant theoretical books.

To participate in education and teaching research and write papers, you must master the necessary education and teaching theories and scientific research methods. It is necessary to understand and master some basic concepts of education and teaching theory.

2. Conduct research and collect relevant evidence.

After the central idea of ??the paper is determined, the author clarifies the object and content to be studied, and then begins to formulate an investigation outline. List where to start the investigation and research, what aspects to understand, what projects and specific contents are included in each aspect, what typical materials and data are needed, the depth and breadth of the quantity and quality requirements of the materials, etc.

3. Check relevant literature

The author should not only study education and teaching theories, but also learn about education and teaching-related matters