Xi 'an is the ancient capital of 13 dynasty, but why are there no palaces left today? What is the history of the Forbidden City in Xi?

The Forbidden City is the place where emperors or emperors live and work. China has a history of 5,000 years, and the only well-preserved imperial palace is the Forbidden City in Beijing. The Forbidden City was built in 1406, more than 600 years ago. However, as the ancient capital of the 13th dynasty, Xi 'an has no palace. Why?

Xi 'an is the ancient capital of Western Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Xin Mang, Eastern Han, Western Jin, Zhao Qian, Pre-Qin, Post-Qin, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui and Tang Dynasties. Let's analyze how the palaces of these thirteen dynasties were established and destroyed.

1, Western Zhou Palace

The capital cities of the Western Zhou Dynasty are Fengjing and Haojing, which are located on the Fengshui River in Chang 'an District of Xi 'an. Fengjing was built in Zhou Wenwang, and Haojing was built in Zhou Wuwang. Because Feng Jing and Hao Jing are linked together, they are collectively called Feng Hao. As the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it lasted until the Zhou Youwang period.

Gao Feng has historical records, archaeological evidence and a series of cultural relics unearthed. Because the Western Zhou Dynasty originally called its capital Fengjing and Haojing, followed by the word Beijing, later dynasties used to call it the capital and became synonymous with the capital.

In Zhou Youwang's time, he abolished his empress and the position of Prince Ji Yijiu, who was born after the empress, and made Cong Si a princess and his youngest son Ji a prince, which triggered the anger of the former empress and former Prince Ji Yijiu. The queen took her son back to her mother's house and told the queen of God about it. Empress Shen is the monarch of Empress Shen and the father of Empress Shen and Ji Yijiu.

In order to get revenge, Shen Hou and Quan Rong attacked Zhou Youwang. Zhou Youwang was defeated and killed in the unrest. Shen Hou and others helped his grandson to abolish Prince Ji Yijiu as the son of heaven, and Ji Yijiu was Zhou Pingwang. After Zhou Pingwang acceded to the throne, he felt unsafe to live in Gao Feng, because he was too close to Quan Rong's forces, and Ji Yijiu was suspected of killing his father Zhou Youwang, so he dared not live in Gao Feng, so Zhou Pingwang moved the capital from Gao Feng to Luoyi.

Following the relocation of Zhou Pingwang in September, the former Fenghao area became the object of contention between Qin State and Dog Army. In the long war, Fenghao area was gradually occupied by Qin, but the capital of Qin was still further west, that is, near Longxian County, Shaanxi Province, and the Western Zhou Palace in Fenghao area was gradually destroyed in the long war.

The palaces in the Western Zhou Dynasty began in 1046 BC and ended in 77 1 year BC, when Zhou Pingwang moved the capital. * * * existed for about 275 years, running through the whole Western Zhou Dynasty.

2. Xianyang Palace, the palace of the Qin Dynasty

After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin Xiaogong, the monarch of Qin, moved the capital of Qin from Liyang (now yanliang district, Xi) to Xianyang (now Xixian New Area between Xi and Xianyang). From then on, Xianyang became the capital of Qin State and stayed in Xianyang until Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, unified the world and established a unified Qin Dynasty.

After Qin Xiaogong moved the capital to Xianyang in 350 BC, he began to build the palace of Qin State-Xianyang Palace. After six or seven generations, the Epang Palace was still built in Xianyang until the Qin Shihuang period, but it was not repaired. After the death of Qin Shihuang, Qin Ershi Hu Hai became emperor. In just three years, the Qin Dynasty was destroyed by the peasant rebels led by Liu Bang and Xiang Yu.

In 207 BC, Liu Bang invaded Guanzhong from Wuguan, and Zi Ying, the king of Qin, surrendered to Liu Bang, and the Qin Dynasty officially perished. A month later, after winning the Battle of Julu, Xiang Yu led an army into Guanzhong, and then Xiang Yu began to take revenge on a large scale, killing Zi Ying, the king of Qin, and burning and looting in Xianyang. The most important thing is that Xiang Yu burned down Xianyang Palace, the imperial palace in the Qin Dynasty, and also burned down Epang Palace, which was not built at that time.

"Historical Records of Xiang Yu's Biography" records that Xiang Yu lived for a few days, then led his troops to kill Xianyang in the west, killed Qin, surrendered and burned Qin's palace. The fire never went out in March.

According to historical records, the fire set by Xiang Yu lasted for three months, and the whole Xianyang City, Xianyang Palace and Epang Palace were burned into ruins. Xianyang Palace, the palace of the Qin Dynasty, was thus destroyed by Xiang Yu. From 350 BC when Qin Xiaogong moved its capital to build Xianyang Palace, to 207 BC when Xiang Yu set fire to the ruins, Xianyang Palace existed for 143 years.

3. Weiyang Palace in the Western Han Dynasty Palace

After Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and unified the world, he initially made Luoyang his capital, and then moved to Guanzhong at the suggestion of Lou Jing and Sean. Because Xianyang Palace had been destroyed by fire, Liu Bang had to choose a new site to build the palace, and Liu Bang entrusted Prime Minister Xiao He as the general manager to build the palace of the Han Dynasty.

Liu Bang and Xiao He chose to build the Weiyang Palace, a palace of the Han Dynasty, in the south of Xianfeng Palace and about 3 kilometers north of Xi 'an. Construction began in 200 BC and was completed two years later. Weiyang Palace also runs through the whole Western Han Dynasty as the imperial palace of the Western Han Dynasty. Even if the Western Han Dynasty was captured by Wang Mang, Weiyang Palace was still the palace of the new dynasty established by Wang Mang.

4. Weiyang Palace, New Dynasty Palace

In 8 AD, Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty and established a new dynasty, with Chang 'an as the capital and Weiyang Palace as the palace of the Western Han Dynasty. Until the end of the New Dynasty, the peasant uprising broke out, and the uprising broke out in Jiangxia County (now Jingshan City, Hubei Province) and Du Yun County. Later, outlaws made Liu Xuan emperor and established a new regime. At first, Wancheng was built, which is now Nanyang, Henan.

Soon, the outlaw hero defeated the main force of Wang Mang's army in the battle of Kunyang. In a.d. 23, another regime based on outlaw heroes invaded Chang 'an, set fire to Weiyang Palace, killed the new emperor Wang Mang in the turmoil, and then the new dynasty perished. Although Weiyang Palace was burned, it was not destroyed, just damaged.

Subsequently, Liu Xuan's new regime made Chang 'an its capital, and the first emperor Liu Xuan also lived in Weiyang Palace. However, in the following period of time, Chang 'an became one of the places of war. Soon, the Red Eyebrow Army invaded Chang 'an and destroyed the new regime. Then Liu Xiu sent troops to fight with the Red Eyebrow Army, defeated the Red Eyebrow Army and recovered Guanzhong. Until 36 AD, Liu Xiu unified the world.

During this period, Weiyang Palace in Chang 'an suffered a series of wars, which were partially damaged, but not completely destroyed. Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty established by Liu Xiu, and Weiyang Palace in Chang 'an began to gradually decline. It was not until AD 42 that Liu Xiucai sent someone to repair the Weiyang Palace, which was traumatized by the war.

5. Weiyang Palace, a short palace in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Luoyang was the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty until the appearance of Dong Zhuo at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. After Dong Zhuo was killed, he led troops into Luoyang to control the affairs of the capital, the emperor and the court. Because of his abnormal behavior, he caused public outrage. The Kanto Allied Forces led by Yuan Shao joined forces to crusade against Dong Zhuo. In order to avoid the sharp edge of the allied forces, Dong Zhuo moved the capital from Luoyang to Chang 'an. The year was 190, and the emperor was there.

After Dong Zhuo moved to Chang 'an, Weiyang Palace was the palace, but two years later, Dong Zhuo was killed by Lu Bu and Wang Yun. Li Jue and Guo Si, the generals of Dong Zhuo, led the troops to counterattack Chang 'an, drove Lu Bu away, killed Wang Yun and took control of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. In A.D. 195, Emperor Xiandi fled to Luoyang surrounded by some people, and Cao Cao welcomed Emperor Xiandi to Xudu.

6. Weiyang Palace, a short palace in the Western Jin Dynasty.

The capital of the Western Jin Dynasty was originally in Luoyang, and Wei Jinjian was the capital of Sima Yan. By the time of Emperor Jinhui, the Eight Kings Rebellion in Jia Nanfeng broke out, and then the Xiongnu regime headed by Liu Yuan rose. 3 1 1 year, Liu Cong, the former emperor of Zhao regime, sent Liu Yao, Schleswig, Wang Mi and others to attack Luoyang, the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty, killing the nobles and royal family of the Western Jin Dynasty.

Two years later, Jin Huaidi Sima Chi was killed, and Sima Ye in Chang 'an proclaimed himself emperor. Sima Ye was the Jin Emperor, with its capital Chang 'an, renamed Weiyang Palace as Taiji Palace, and sent someone to rebuild Weiyang Palace. Three years later, Liu Yao of the former Zhao regime once again attacked Chang 'an, captured Emperor Wu of Jin, and killed A Jin a year later.

7. Weiyang Palace, formerly Zhao Palace

After Liu Yao became the former emperor of Zhao regime, he moved the capital from Pingyang (Linfen, Shanxi) to Chang 'an (xi 'an, Shaanxi) and made Weiyang Palace his own palace. At the same time, he repaired the Weiyang Palace damaged in the war on a large scale. This year is 3 19.

In 329 AD, Liu Yao was defeated and killed by Schleswig, and the former Zhao regime perished. Weiyang Palace was a palace ruled by the former Zhao regime for 10 years, and then Chang 'an was controlled by the post-Zhao regime. Shi Hu, the emperor of the post-Zhao Dynasty, sent 65,438+10,000 people to build Weiyang Palace for his own enjoyment, but Weiyang Palace was not the palace of the post-Zhao regime.

8. Weiyang Palace, formerly Qin Gong

History entered the Sixteen Kingdoms period, and the world was constantly at war. In 350 AD, Honghong, a Miao nationality, occupied Guanzhong and claimed to be the king of Sanqin. Two years later, his son Fu Jian established the pre-Qin regime, with Chang 'an as the capital and Weiyang Palace as the palace.

Five years later, Fu Jian's nephew Fu Jian became the former emperor of the Qin Dynasty, and Wang Meng, a Han Chinese, was appointed as prime minister in Fu Jian. With the rapid development of national strength, the strength has been continuously enhanced, unifying the whole north and almost the whole world. Then Fu Jian launched a unified war against the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and lost to the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the battle of Feishui.

After Fu Jian's defeat, the unified North plunged into chaos again, and various forces jumped out to become independent. Fu Jian himself was also killed by Yao Chang, the leader of Qiang nationality. This year was 385 AD, and in the same year, Emperor Mu Rongchong of Xiyan invaded Chang 'an. Nine years later, the former Qin regime perished, and Weiyang Palace served as the palace of the former Qin regime for 33 years.

9. Logistics Palace Weiyang Palace

The post-Qin Dynasty was a political power established by the Qiang people. In 385, its leader Yao Chang killed the former Qin emperor Fu Jian. In the same year, Yao Chang proclaimed himself emperor. In the second year, he defeated Xiyan Mu Rongchong, seized Chang 'an and made Chang 'an his capital. Weiyang Palace became the palace of the post-Qin regime.

In 4 17 AD, the post-Qin regime was attacked by Emperor Wudi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the post-Qin regime perished. Weiyang Palace, as the palace of the post-Qin regime, lasted for 3 1 year. Three years later, Liu Yu replaced the Eastern Jin regime and established the Liu Song regime.

Weiyang Palace, Western Wei Imperial Palace 10

The Western Wei Dynasty was a regime split from the Northern Wei Dynasty and was established by the Tuoba Department of Xianbei. Later, it was divided into Western Wei and Eastern Wei. The Western Wei Dynasty was controlled by Yu Wentai, and the Eastern Wei Dynasty was controlled by Gao Huan. The royal families of the Western Wei Dynasty and the Eastern Wei Dynasty were descendants of the Northern Wei Dynasty and were all puppets.

The first emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty was Yuan Baoju, the grandson of Emperor Xiaowen of Wei. It was founded by Yu Wentai in 535 AD, and Yu Wentai was in charge of state affairs. Because Yu Wentai's influence has always been in Guanzhong, the Western Wei Dynasty took Chang 'an as its capital and Weiyang Palace as its palace.

Yu Wentai died in 556, and the political affairs of the Western Wei Dynasty were in the charge of his nephew Yuwen Hu. In the second year, Yuwen Hu forced Tuoba Kuo, the emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty, to abdicate to his son Yu Wenjue and establish the Northern Zhou regime. The emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty was a puppet with no real power, so he had to do it, and the Western Wei Dynasty immediately perished. Weiyang Palace has been the palace of the Western Wei regime for 22 years.

Weiyang Palace in Northern Zhou Dynasty 1 1

After the establishment of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Chang 'an was still the capital and Weiyang Palace was the palace. At first, the Northern Zhou Emperor was also a puppet, controlled by Yuwen Hu. In other words, Yu Wentai's nephew controls his son. It was not until 572 AD that the Northern Zhou Emperor Yu Wenyong and his eunuch brothers conspired to kill the powerful minister Yuwen Hu, and the Northern Zhou Emperor really came to power.

A few years later, the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty, which replaced the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and unified the whole northern China. In 578 AD, Emperor Yuwen Yong of the Northern Zhou Dynasty died, and his son Yuwen Yun succeeded to the throne. The daughter of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty became the queen of Yuwen Yun. Emperor Wendi became the father-in-law of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 580 AD, Yu Wenyun died, and Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty monopolized the state affairs. In the second year, Emperor Wen of Sui was abdicated as emperor by Emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and the Sui Dynasty was established. The Northern Zhou Dynasty immediately perished, and Weiyang Palace served as the palace of the Northern Zhou regime for 24 years.

Sui Dynasty Palace Daxing Palace 12

After Emperor Wendi replaced the Northern Zhou Dynasty to establish the Sui Dynasty, Chang 'an was still the capital, and Weiyang Palace was originally a palace. However, Chang 'an and Weiyang Palace at that time had been used for 78 1 year from the Western Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty. Not only were the cities aging, but the water supply and drainage in the cities were inconvenient. After numerous wars, they looked old and dilapidated. So Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to build a new city and a new city in the southeast of Chang 'an in the second year of his reign.

The new city is named Daxing City and the new palace is Daxing Palace, which was built by Xianbei architect Yu Wenkai in one year. The whole palace covers an area of 1.92 square kilometers. Later, it became the place where the emperors of the Sui Dynasty lived and held major ceremonies, activities and meetings, and became a symbol of the power of the Sui Dynasty.

The original Weiyang Palace was not destroyed and continued to be used as a royal garden, but it no longer had the function of a palace until the Tang Dynasty. Weiyang Palace was often maintained during the reign of the Tang Dynasty. Until the end of the Tang Dynasty, wars broke out frequently and Weiyang Palace was destroyed in the war. Weiyang Palace has a history of more than 1000 years. It was used as a palace in the Nine Dynasties and is the longest palace in history.

As the imperial palace of Sui Dynasty, Daxing Palace only existed for 24 years. In 606 AD, Yang Di moved the capital to Luoyang. After that, the Daxing Palace was no longer the imperial palace of the Sui Dynasty until its demise.

13, Tang Palace Taiji Palace and Daming Palace

In 6 18, Li Yuan proclaimed himself emperor in Chang 'an, established the Tang Dynasty and made Chang 'an his capital. At first, Daxing Palace built in Sui Dynasty was a palace, but it was renamed Taiji Palace in Tang Dynasty.

In 626 AD, Xuanwu Gate changed. Two months later, Tang gaozu gave way to Li Shimin and became the emperor's father. Li Shimin lived in Taiji Palace, and Emperor Tang Liyuan lived in Da 'an Palace, which was originally built by the King of Qin. In 634 AD, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, built a palace for Tang Gaozu at the request of Ma Zhou, the imperial adviser. At first, this palace was called Yong 'an Palace.

A year later, Yong 'an Palace was renamed Daming Palace. In the same year, Tang Gaozu died, Daming Palace was not built, and the construction of Daming Palace was terminated. It was not until Tang Gaozong was in power in 662 AD that Daming Palace was rebuilt, and it took only ten months to complete the construction of the palace. Then Tang Gaozong moved into Daming Palace, which became the palace of the Tang Dynasty from this year.

So there were two palaces in the Tang Dynasty. First, Taiji Palace, Daxing Palace in Sui Dynasty, was used as a palace for 44 years. The second palace, Daming Palace, was used in Longshuo, Tang Gaozong for three years until the end of the Tang Dynasty. Because of the Huang Chao Rebellion, Daming Palace was set on fire three times, until in 904, Emperor Zhu Wen of the Later Liang Dynasty ordered the abandonment of Chang 'an and burned it down. Daming Palace was regarded as a palace in the Tang Dynasty.

Since Zhu Wen abandoned Chang 'an and burned down Daming Palace, later dynasties no longer took Chang 'an as their capital. Xi 'an, that is, after the Tang Dynasty, no longer became the capital of the feudal dynasty, so naturally there would be no palaces, and all the former palaces were destroyed in the war. Therefore, although Xi 'an is the ancient capital of the first 13 dynasty, there are no palaces left until today, and many ancient palace sites have been discovered.