Emerald photography HD

Black and red koi fish, yellow and green mixed forest, orange and green oranges, yellow and red camellias, indigo patchwork sea. ...

Color is a beautiful symphonic poem, otherwise, why can you feel the natural atmosphere brought by colorful colors just by looking at words?

"Yellow reminds me of a summer dawn a long time ago and the promise I made that day.

Now it is the color of nostalgia and hope. "

△ "Full Moon" Munira Naki, USA

Wood wax painting, 20 17

"I like to create things in red very much. The color is full and beautiful. "

△ "Gravity Influence" Australian Aishi Keating

Painted on linen canvas with synthetic polymeric pigments, 20 17.

"Black is a wonderful color. It always exists as a background, silently.

But once it is expressed, it is fast, incisive, alert and wise. "

△ "3-C" American Don Worthing

Painted on the board with oil paints, 20 14.

"Purple is the color of shadow, and that's where it really belongs."

△ "Making a mistake" Ian Wells of Australia

Painting with oil painting and acrylic pigment on traditional gypsum, 20 17.

"Blue is by no means a changeable color. It is the primary color, and many other colors are born of blue.

Maybe sometimes we don't notice it, but it is always there and affects us all the time. "

△ "Untitled" Connie Goldman, USA

Acrylic painting on the board, 20 17.

"Green is the color of meditation. Only when I am alone in nature and away from worldly troubles will I truly feel peace and tranquility. "

△ "Straightness of restraint" Peter Summers, Australia

Painted on linen canvas with oil paints, 20 15.

Since human beings existed on the earth, color has played an indispensable role in the process of describing the world around us.

The human exploration of color has also lasted for thousands of years.

At the earliest time, people extracted mineral pigments from nature.

In the early civilized society, people learned to create colors that did not exist in nature.

So there were rich and colorful manuscripts in the Middle Ages, artistic achievements in the Renaissance and the vigorous development of modernism in the 20th century.

Modern science has brought us more brand-new colors, some of which are extremely bright and beyond imagination, some of which will make the three-dimensional sense of objects disappear out of thin air, and some can even shine in a completely dark environment.

Spanning thousands of years, pigments have a long history.

They travel around the world in all kinds of strange ways. If you want to know all about pigments, please open this book.

Color Utopia: Explaining the History of Color

David Coles

Adrian rand photography

Huazhong university of science and technology press-the beauty of books

June 2020

Some pigments come from the land under our feet, while others are expensive and can only be owned by kings and popes.

No matter how high or low, it has brought beauty to the world.

From ancient times to the present, all the stories about dragons and beetles, alchemy and poison, slaves and pirates are vividly described in the book, and without exception, they are inseparable from the creation of pigments.

Don't hesitate, let's surf in color together.

Lamp black has existed since prehistoric times.

This light-resistant, durable and opaque blue-black pigment was used by ancient Egyptians to paint murals, especially tomb murals, more than 4,000 years ago.

Compared with the gray-black color of charcoal, lamp black was more delicate and darker, which was quite popular at that time.

Lamp black, as its name implies, is made by collecting soot from oil lamps. The production process is simple: hang a cool flat plate on the fireworks produced by burning oil, and carbon will be deposited on the surface.

Apelles, a legendary artist in ancient Greece, invented a kind of lamp black called "ivory ash" by collecting burning ivory ash.

Since ancient times, lamp black has been used to make ink for writing and painting. The particles are very fine and do not need further grinding.

China was also the first Egyptian Pharaoh to mix lamp black and animal glue to make China ink. In recent years, acetylene gas has been widely used to replace various oils in the black pigment of real lamps, and the obtained carbon black is purer.

This is the first composite color.

The invention of Egyptian blue is similar to that of great pyramid of giza, which can be traced back to about 5,000 years ago.

The ancient Egyptians thought blue was the color of the sky. Because natural blue minerals such as lapis lazuli and lapis lazuli are extremely scarce, they have come up with their own methods to make blue pigments.

It is not accidental to get Egyptian blue, but it is made by accurate proportion.

This pigment is made of lime, copper, silicon dioxide and soda, and the Egyptians can control the temperature in the kiln very accurately at close to 830 degrees Celsius during the firing of raw materials.

The blue of the famous Queen Nefertiti's crown is Egyptian blue, which is also widely used in murals, sculptures and sarcophagus.

It spread from Egypt to vast areas of Mesopotamia, ancient Greece and Roman Empire, and it was also used in murals of the palace of Knossos, Pompeii and ancient Rome.

Egyptian blue was widely used throughout the classical era, but with the decline of the Roman Empire, the production method was once lost.

Napoleon's expedition to Egypt from 65438 to 0798 further promoted the study of Egyptian blue. Finally, in the 1980s of 19, the chemical composition of this pigment was determined, and the manufacturing process was mastered again.

A beautiful but deadly pigment.

Realgar is called "the ruby in arsenic" and is extremely toxic.

This red mineral crystal can be used to produce rich orange pigments, but its main component is arsenic disulfide. Realgar usually coexists with yellow arsenic-bearing mineral orpiment in the same deposit, which is more common in geothermal cracks near hot springs.

Realgar was not widely used in ancient Egypt, but it was favored by artists from Mesopotamia to India and the Far East.

In ancient Rome, realgar, like orpiment, played an important role in the pigment trade, and the ancient Romans used it as the orange pigment for painting.

Although realgar wine is very attractive, it also has many terrible uses. Realgar was used as rat poison throughout the Middle Ages. In China, realgar is often scattered around houses to drive away snakes and insects.

/kloc-Titian, an Italian painter in the 6th century, was one of the few advocates of realgar. Realgar was rarely used in European paintings, probably because there was another orange pigment in Europe at that time-lead, which was better and more popular.

/kloc-in the 0/8th century, less toxic and more stable pigments appeared, and the use of realgar gradually decreased.

Color Utopia: Explaining the History of Color

David Coles

Adrian rand photography

Huazhong university of science and technology press-the beauty of books

June 2020

This famous pigment comes from the carnivorous conch.

Atayal purple was extracted from a local mollusk in the ancient city of Phoenicia (now Lebanon, Phoenicia means "the land of purple").

Taiyako has a production history of at least 3500 years.

In ancient Greek legend, the Atayal purple was discovered by Hercules. Once, Hercules saw his dog's mouth full of purple, and he realized that the color came from the snail that the dog had just chewed.

Each snail can only produce one drop of dye, and an ounce of this purple dye needs about 250 thousand snails.

At the peak of the production of Atayal purple in Roman Empire, the city could smell the rancid stench of millions of rotten snails, which meant that the production of Atayal purple was close to the edge of the town at that time, and piles of shells were still scattered on the east coast of the Mediterranean.

In ancient times, only high-ranking people had the right to use Tayazi. In the ancient Roman Empire, the Atayal purple was used more strictly, and only the emperor could wear clothes dyed with "true purple".

Those who wear Thai purple clothes without permission will be severely punished, including confiscation of property, deprivation of official position and even death.

1204 During the Crusade, Constantinople fell, and the Atayal purple-making method was gradually lost in the process of western civilization, and it was not rediscovered until 1998.

Is it berries, seeds or something?

In fact, the red scale insect is a wingless scale insect, which grows on red oak in southern and eastern Europe.

A red dye can be obtained by carefully scraping red scales from branches of red oak, crushing female scales wrapped in resin and boiling them in alkaline solution.

Historically, red scale pigment was a very important textile dye imported by ancient Egyptians from Mesopotamia, and its trade route once covered all areas from Europe to China.

During the rule of ancient Rome, Spain paid half of the tax to the capital with red stinger dye.

The name red scale comes from the Sanskrit word "krim-dja", which means "from bugs". In Hebrew, it is called "Torah of Nisha", which means "scarlet of bedbugs".

With the discovery of the New World in15th century, the red scale pigment was replaced by cochineal pigment. By the 1970s from 65438 to 2009, the history of using red beetle pigment as textile colorant in Europe was gone forever.

This ship from Yemen to Egypt is carrying dragon blood.

Elephants are constantly fighting bloodthirsty dragons. In cold weather, the dragon is eager to drink the blood of the elephant, so when the elephant passes by, the dragon will lurk on both sides of the road and wrap its long tail around the elephant's hind legs.

Elephants fell on dragons when they fell to the ground, and then their whole bodies were dyed red with each other's blood. Dragon's blood and elephant's blood are mixed together and condensed into a substance after cooling, that is, dragon's blood.

-This is a fantastic story about dragon blood told by Richard Eden, a navigator in the 6th century.

In fact, dragon's blood is a pomegranate red resin extracted from the dragon's blood tree in Cautrat.

The fantastic name of Dragon Blood comes from the book Natural History written by the ancient Roman writer Pliny, which was written in 77 BC. Two years later, Pliny died in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

Dragon's blood has always been used as a colorant and medicine, and also in alchemy.

As a pigment, it is mainly used to color varnish. When painted on gold, it can produce a more rosy effect. In medicine, dragon's blood can treat diarrhea, skin diseases and high fever.

Color Utopia: Explaining the History of Color

David Coles

Adrian rand photography

Huazhong university of science and technology press-the beauty of books

June 2020

The king of the Renaissance palette is more expensive than gold.

Ultramarine is extracted from natural rock celestite, and almost all of it has been imported from Afghanistan for thousands of years. The name comes from Latin, which means "blue across the sea".

Lapis lazuli is light blue. Although light in color, it was used in Byzantine manuscripts and Afghan murals as early as the 6th century.

Celestite contains pyrite and white calcite impurities, which need to be removed first to get the ultramarine blue that Renaissance painters like.

The extraction process is said to have originated from Arabic alchemy in the 9th century, including how to grind lapis lazuli and how to mix it with the paste of wax and resin, which is complicated and time-consuming. Blue lapis lazuli pigment can be obtained by repeatedly rubbing and washing the mixed slurry in an alkaline solution.

100g lapis lazuli can only extract 4g pure ultramarine cyan. Because of its high cost, this pigment is only used in the most important paintings, such as the portrait of the Virgin Mary.

Most painters will paint glaze on an opaque background to save costs.

/kloc-in the 0/9th century, people invented cheap synthetic ultramarine, and natural ultramarine was soon abandoned.

As we all know, Hong Chu once made miners insane.

1566, the Spanish king sent those convicted criminals to the mercury mine in almaden to serve their sentences.

The working conditions under the mine are harsh and dangerous, and the toxicity of mercury is well known. At that time, it was difficult to find workers to work in the mining area voluntarily.

The prisoners dug up the cinnabar mine and extracted mercury from it. Cinnabar can be used to refer to both natural mercury sulfide and opaque red pigment made of mercury sulfide.

/kloc-In the second half of the 6th century, a quarter of prisoners died before being released.

Cinnabar is synthesized with mercuric sulfide, and its production method was introduced to Europe by an Arab alchemist around the 8th century.

The block obtained by this process is black, but it will turn red after being put on a flat plate and ground with water.

Vermilion can be combined with two basic substances, sulfur (once considered as base gold) and mercury, which makes alchemists extremely interested in it.

For the illustrators of medieval manuscripts,

The most important yellow comes from the stamens of saffron.

At that time, 8000 hand-picked crocuses were only enough to dye100g silk thread.

The orange made of saffron is stronger, purer and more transparent, which can be used to describe the color of gold foil.

The color of saffron was originally called Persian yellow, and the ancient Sumerians used saffron as perfume and medicine.

The ancient Egyptians used it to dye the bandages of mummies, and the ancient Roman emperors used it to add fragrance to bathtubs.

Since ancient times, people have dyed cloth with saffron, and the yellow robe of the ancient emperor of China was dyed with it.

Except that the stamens of saffron are difficult to collect, the whole pigment production process is extremely simple, just soak the twisted saffron thread in the glaze overnight.

Unfortunately, this orange color fades easily. The existing medieval manuscripts originally used it to mix other colors to paint green trees, grass and clothes, and now only blue is left.

After the appearance of cheap and indelible synthetic pigments, the mission of saffron as a pigment soon ended.

Color Utopia: Explaining the History of Color

David Coles

Adrian rand photography

Huazhong university of science and technology press-the beauty of books

June 2020

This medieval ink began with gall bees.

In spring, the gallnut wasp pierces the soft buds of the oak tree to lay eggs in it, and the oak tree gradually grows nut-like protrusions around the bee hole.

These protective protrusions are oak galls, which are the basic materials for making thick black ink.

In Europe, tannic acid ink has been the standard ink for people to write and draw since at least the 5th century, and it was still used until the 20th century.

Dyehouse workers harvest oak gall from oak trees and classify it according to maturity and tannin content.

The blue-green oak gall is not yet fully mature, and contains gall wasp larvae with high tannin content.

Only in the white oak gall can there be gall wasp adults. In order to escape, they will bite a hole in the oak bark.

In order to make this tannic acid ink, it is necessary to ferment crushed oak bile in water to release thick brown tannic acid.

Good tannic acid ink usually darkens gradually, showing a strong purple-black color.

This ink can be firmly attached to parchment or kraft paper, and unlike Indian ink or other formulations, it will not fade even after repeated rubbing or cleaning.

In contemporary Britain, all official certificates about birth, marriage leave and death are still written in this tannin ink.

Is this red really made of blood?

As early as 700 BC, this bright red pigment was used in America, and the Incas and Aztecs cherished this red pigment.

Carmine is the reddest dye produced in nature. Scarlet comes from carminic acid. This acid is secreted by female cochineal insects to drive away other predators.

It takes about 14000 females to make 100 grams of carmine lake pigment.

Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes entered Tron, the capital of Aztec, in 15 19. He found that the market there was full of bundles of delicate yarns, all of which were dyed very beautiful deep red.

After Spain conquered the Aztec Empire, cochineal insects also became an important export product of Spain.

In order to protect their unique export, the Spanish tried their best to cover up the source of this red dye, saying that the pigment came from a pea-like plant, and the dried cochineal insect really looked like a dried berry.

The initial misleading rumors made cochineal insects one of the most closely protected trade secrets in history. Even today, there is only one crop in Latin America that can compete with cochineal insects in price.

This is a poisonous yellow pigment.

Garcinia cambogia is extracted from a unique tree in Southeast Asia, similar to the extraction method of rubber-

People cut a deep hole in the trunk of Garcinia, carefully put a hollow bamboo tube under it, and the yellow resin like milk will fill the bamboo tube.

Baking the collected resin on fire, evaporating water, drying, taking out the resin solidified into columns, and grinding Liang Cheng yellow powder.

In the 8th century, Japanese, China and Thai painting pigments were all made of this resin.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 0/7th century, Garcinia cambogia was introduced to Europe and was deeply loved by local artists as a transparent warm color pigment, but it was later found that Garcinia cambogia was the most suitable for watercolor painting.

Turner, a British artist, is a representative figure who uses vines to create.

Unfortunately, gamboge, like many organic pigments, will fade quickly under strong light, and now it is rarely used for painting. People invented a new light-resistant synthetic pigment to replace gamboge.

Color Utopia: Explaining the History of Color

David Coles

Adrian rand photography

Huazhong university of science and technology press-the beauty of books

June 2020

This color is as terrible as its name.

This dark brown pigment, also known as mummy or dead head, consists of the meat and bones of ancient Egyptian mummies (humans and animals) and their packaging.

In medieval Europe, this brown substance made of mummies was considered to have medicinal value. This view stems from the ancient Greeks' use of asphalt in medicine.

Doctors used mummy Brown to treat diseases until18th century.

1586, an English traveler named John Sanderson visited an ancient mass grave in Egypt and walked among the corpses.

He described how he "broke different parts of bones" ... and brought back different parts of the skull, such as head, hands, arms and feet, for people to watch.

Mummy brown was used in painting as early as16th century, and was widely used in18th and19th century. This dark brown pigment is transparent and is often used in oil painting to deal with the relationship between light and shade.

When people have a deeper understanding of its chilling origin, they pay more and more attention to the importance of ancient Egyptian culture and art, and gradually people are no longer keen on collecting and trading this pigment, nor are they used for painting creation.

Mummy Brown gradually received a cold reception and was basically abandoned by the end of 19.

This deadly green pigment contains copper and arsenic.

Scheler green is an opaque yellow-green pigment, which was invented by Swedish chemist carl scheele in 1775.

The invention of Scheler green is intended to replace copper-based pigments, namely, verdigris and malachite green. Due to the extreme shortage of green pigments at that time, Scheler green became popular as a painting pigment.

However, due to its toxicity and discoloration when exposed to acid and sulfur, Scheler Green soon became unpopular.

1808, emerald green (copper acetylarsenate) was developed when people tried to improve Scheler green.

This is a more durable Buhler green pigment, but it will still turn brown when it comes into contact with sulfur-containing colors, such as cadmium or ultramarine.

However, emerald green is more vivid than any previous green, and soon it is loved by dyers and artists.

Emerald green is obtained by the reaction of compounds of verdigris and arsenic. Like its predecessor, Scheler Green, it is extremely toxic.

Unfortunately, emerald green is widely used in wallpaper printing, and its deadly toxicity is quickly exposed.

Pigment reacts with water vapor in the air to produce toxic arsenic-containing vapor. In a humid climate, these toxic vapors will kill the children in the nursery.

As early as 18 15, people began to suspect that it was a pigment problem, but it was not until decades later that the use of this pigment in daily necessities and food was completely banned.

Emerald green is also called Schweinfurt Green, Verona Green or Vienna Green-in fact, it has more than 80 different names, and different names also cover up its notoriety to some extent.

"I finally found the true color of the atmosphere,

It is purple ... "

In 188 1, claude monet made the above remarks.

Impressionist painters like this new color so much that critics say they suffer from "violet mania".

Manganese violet pigment was invented in 1868 and played an important role in modern art.

The production cost of manganese violet is relatively low, showing opaque purple-red, which soon replaced the weaker cobalt violet.

Although the coloring of manganese violet is general, it is exquisite and shiny, which completely conforms to the impressionist theory.

Impressionist painters believe that shadows are not black, but colored, and their colors are the complementary colors of light sources.

Color Utopia: Explaining the History of Color

David Coles

Adrian rand photography

Huazhong university of science and technology press-the beauty of books

June 2020

Restore the original appearance of nearly 60 colors and listen to them tell a colorful world.

? A unique perspective that is rare in the market.

Did you know that noble purple is made of meat-eating conch? Can you imagine that the pigments used by painters are made of deadly metals, toxic minerals, urine, feces and even crushed insects?

Past lives, with its originality and concern for colors and pigments in human history, reveals its production methods. This is a fascinating color popular science book, suitable for artists, designers, history fans and science lovers.

? World-renowned pigment producer X, an international photographer, presented together.

David Coles is the founder and chief pigment producer of Australia's Longrich Art Coatings Company, and one of the most respected oil painting pigment producers in the world.

Adrian Rand is a commercial photographer with more than 22 years' working experience, and his photography works have won many international photography awards.

? The history of pigment invention is also the history of scientific and technological progress.

The book contains 180 high-definition pictures and a lot of interesting and unpopular color knowledge points. The combination of pictures and texts is interesting, informative and readable.