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About Qiantang River Bridge
When the Qiantang River Bridge is mentioned, people will think of Mao Yisheng, honorary chairman of the Central Committee of the former Jiu San Society, academician of China Academy of Sciences and famous bridge expert.
Mao Yisheng himself recalled many years later: "From 19 19 to 12, I returned to China to serve the society. In the journey of decades, the most striking work I have done is to preside over the construction of Qiantang River Bridge. "
Qiantang River Bridge was built in the anti-Japanese bonfire, which not only wrote an epic page in the Chinese nation's struggle against foreign invaders, but also was a milestone in the history of Chinese bridge construction and the cradle of Chinese bridge engineers.
But the legend of this bridge is the most unforgettable.
In 1930s, zhejiang-jiangxi railway, which was under construction, needed to build a bridge over the Qiantang River to connect with the Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway.
1934, Mao Yisheng, then director of Qiantang River Bridge Engineering Department, was appointed to be responsible for the first steel bridge project built by China people themselves.
In the past, there were some bridges on the Dachuan River in China, but they were all made by foreigners: Jinan Yellow River Bridge was made by Germans, Bengbu Huaihe River Bridge was made by Americans, and Harbin Songhua River Bridge was made by Russians ... As you can imagine, Mao Yisheng shoulders an unprecedented responsibility, and he will use his wisdom to prove that China people have the ability to build modern bridges.
Qiantang River, also known as Qianjiang River, is located at the mouth of the sea. The tidal current is swift and surging. Qian Jiangchao standing at the head of the tide and unstable sediment changing with the current are two major problems in bridge construction.
Mao Yisheng overcame many difficulties in the process of building the bridge. He used the methods of "shooting water", "caisson" and "drifting away" to solve the technical problems in bridge construction.
The progress of the bridge project is ensured,
By 1937, when the bridge was about to be completed, the "August 13th" war broke out in Shanghai! Qiantang River Bridge was baptized by the fierce fire of the Anti-Japanese War before it was put into use.
Mao Yisheng said that on the second day of "August13", that is, August 14, three Japanese planes bombed the construction site. At that time, he was discussing with several engineers and supervisors in the caisson 30 meters under Pier 6. Suddenly, all the lights in the caisson went out and it was dark. It turned out that the lights on the construction site were turned off because of the Japanese plane bombing.
This Japanese bombing is the first time in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.
Before the project was completed, the war had burned to the Qiantang River. At this time, there is still an unfinished pier in the river, and two steel beams on the pier cannot be installed. In the next 40 days, the workers who built the bridge United as an enemy. With great patriotic enthusiasm, they braved the dust of the enemy bomb explosion to speed up the work day and night. On the morning of September 26th, 1937, the first train arrived.
On the opening day, trains loaded with a large number of arms and materials began to cross the bridge one after another.
Since then, the anti-Japanese war situation in Shanghai has become increasingly tense.
In the same year, on the afternoon of 165438+1October16, an instructor of Nanjing Engineering School found Mao Yisheng in the Bridge Engineering Department, showed him a top-secret document of Nanjing, briefly introduced the current grim situation, and said, "If Hangzhou is not guaranteed, the Qiantang River Bridge will be Japanese!" Nanjing * * * file, demanding to blow up the Qianjiang Bridge, which is a last resort.
People in Nanjing also revealed that the explosives and blasting equipment needed to blow up the bridge have been transported directly from Nanjing, just outside the car.
It is really a sad thing to blow up the bridge that has been built hard for two and a half years and the railway that has just been opened to traffic. Mao Yisheng is going through the most painful moment in his life.
After discussion and careful consideration with engineers and technicians, the bridge blasting scheme was finally decided.
That night, all the explosives were placed on the steel bars of the second pier and the five-hole steel beam on the south bank. 100 More than one lead wire was connected from one explosion point to another, and all the five-hole piers of the bridge were blown up with only one command.
165438+1October 17 in the early morning, Mao Yisheng received an order from Zhejiang province. Due to the influx of refugees into Hangzhou, the ferry was simply not enough, and the highway part of Qiantang River Bridge had to be opened to traffic on the same day.
Zhejiang * * * didn't know that explosives had just been installed on the bridge at this time, so it was highly confidential.
The pavement of Da Qiao Highway was paved more than a month ago, but it has not been opened for fear of enemy bombing. Why is it called opening to traffic now? It turns out that from Saburo Temple in Hangzhou to Xixing, there are generally 10,000 to 20,000 people crossing the river. After the Shanghai War broke out, more people crossed the river. It is not enough to cross the river by boat. Unexpectedly 16 another ship sank, and there were too many people waiting to cross the river. Coupled with the more tense war, the situation is grim, so we have to save * * and decide to open the bridge.
On that day, the bridge was fully opened to traffic. On this day, people who got the news came from Hangzhou and Ningbo. Thousands of people came to the Qiantang River under Pagoda of Six Harmonies, and even Pagoda of Six Harmonies was crowded with people.
When the first car crossed the bridge, hundreds of thousands of people on both sides of the strait applauded and cheered. The scene was very touching.
But who knows, hundreds of kilograms of explosives were put on the bridge at this time, and the bridge designed and built by China people themselves was already facing the fate of being blown up on the day it was built!
On February 22nd, 65438, the Japanese army attacked Wu Kang and defended Fuyang, and Hangzhou was in danger.
Needless to say, pedestrians crossing the south of Qianjiang Bridge. On the railway side, Shanghai-Nanjing has been closed to traffic, and Qianjiang Bridge has become a retreat. According to the estimation of the railway bureau at that time, more than 300 locomotives and more than 2,000 trucks passed the bridge on the 22nd.
The next day, February 23rd, 1937, 1937, the Japanese army began to attack Hangzhou. At 1 that afternoon, Mao Yisheng finally received the order: blow up the bridge.
At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, all the preparations for bombing the bridge were ready.
Standing on the bridge, he looked at the refugees coming from the darkness on the bridge, and his heart was filled with anger against the Japanese aggressors.
At 5 o'clock in the evening, the dust raised by the Japanese cavalry was faintly visible. Mao Yisheng ordered the bridge to be closed, no traffic allowed, and blasting was carried out!
With a loud noise, this 1.453-meter-long Wolong was cut off from six places.
After 925 days of intense construction day and night, this modern bridge cost 6.5438+0.6 million US dollars, and only existed for 89 days.
On the night when the bridge was bombed, Mao Yisheng wrote eight words on his desk: "The Anti-Japanese War will win, and this bridge will be restored"; He also wrote a poem, "The color of the battle between the earth and the wind suddenly changed, the bridge was torn, the five elements were short of fire, and the bridge and husband were not restored."
After the bridge was bombed, all the bridge engineering offices were evacuated, and Mao Yisheng was evacuated with all the charts, papers, photos and other 14 boxes of important information during the construction of Qiantang River Bridge.
During the whole War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the Mao Yisheng family abandoned many things on the way to escape the war, but these precious materials were preserved and handed over to the Shanghai Railway Bureau and the Zhejiang Provincial Archives after liberation, which became treasures in the national key archives, saving a lot of money for finding out the hydrological situation in Hangzhou and building the second Qianjiang Bridge.
This is another story.
War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression won, and Mao Yisheng was ordered to build the bridge. 1March, 948, the restoration project was completed, and the Qiantang River Bridge flew to the top of the Qiantang River again.
At this point, the Qianjiang Bridge project presided over by Mao Yisheng has experienced three periods of bridge construction, bridge explosion and bridge repair in 14, which is unprecedented in the history of bridge construction at home and abroad.
1934165438+1October 1 1, Qiantang river bridge started construction.
Mao Yisheng, 39, was appointed as the chief designer and chief engineer of Qiantang River Bridge.
This is the first modern bridge designed and built by China people themselves.
Qiantang River Bridge is near Pagoda of Six Harmonies.
Across the north and south of Qiantang River, it is the traffic artery connecting Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo and zhejiang-jiangxi railway.
Construction started on August 8th 1934 and was completed on September 26th 1937.
It is the first double-deck bridge designed and built by Mao Yisheng, a famous bridge expert in China.
The length of this bridge is1453m, which is divided into two parts: the approach bridge and the main bridge.
The main bridge has sixteen holes and fifteen piers.
The upper part of the highway bridge is 6. 1 m wide, and the sidewalks on both sides are 1.5 m wide.
Less than three months after the completion of the bridge, the Japanese army set foot on the Qiantang River Bridge on the North Shore Bridge.
Located on the Qiantang River near Pagoda of Six Harmonies at the southern foot of the West Lake in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, it is the first double-deck railway and highway bridge designed and built by China, running through the north and south of Qiantang River, and it is the traffic artery connecting Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo and zhejiang-jiangxi railway.
The bridge started on August 8th 1934 and was completed on September 26th 1937, which lasted for three years and one month.
The completion of Qiantang River Bridge not only greatly facilitates the traffic between the north and south of Qiantang River, but also forms a magnificent landscape along the south line of West Lake Scenic Area with Pagoda of Six Harmonies.
The total length of the bridge is1453m, which is divided into two parts: the approach bridge and the main bridge.
The main bridge has sixteen holes and fifteen piers.
Get off the railway bridge 1322. 1 m, one-way traffic; The upper highway bridge is 1453 m long and 6. 1 m wide, and the sidewalks on both sides are 1.5 m, which is magnificent.
The bridge flies from north to south like a rainbow, and it shoulders heavy responsibilities.
The host of the design and construction of Qiantang River Bridge is Dr. Mao Yisheng, a contemporary bridge expert.
In order to complete the important task of building the bridge, Mao Yisheng resolutely resigned from the chair of Beiyang University and came to Hangzhou alone.
For the first time, the pneumatic caisson method was successfully used to dig mud into piles, which broke the prediction of foreigners that "Qiantang River is deep and fast, and it is impossible to build a bridge".
Be ambitious for the people of China.
The bridge construction scheme he formulated was not only feasible, but also reduced the investment by about 2 million yuan compared with the scheme proposed by American bridge expert Walter, and was finally adopted by the authorities.
The majestic bridge expresses the great ambition of Chinese sons and daughters to stand on their own feet in the world. The unforgettable sadness of "Exhausting a thousand days of wisdom and blowing up the bridge on the day of opening to traffic" engraved in it makes China people unforgettable.
1934165438+1October 1 1, Qiantang river bridge started construction.
Mao Yisheng, 39, was appointed as the chief designer and chief engineer of Qiantang River Bridge.
At that time, the Japanese militaristic invaders had trampled on the northeast of China and targeted North China and even China in an attempt to subjugate the country.
Although Mao Yisheng was not a politician, he loved his motherland, and his worries about the current situation kept him sober.
1On July 7, 937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out.
Mao Yisheng had a premonition that he didn't even want to face up to himself, and made an important decision to wake the world up-leaving a rectangular hole on Pier 2 in the south of the bridge.
Mao Yisheng didn't explain to anyone why the original design hadn't changed much.
In August 1937 and 13, the Sino-Japanese War finally broke out, and the whole September and June 10 was extremely intense.
War and smoke filled Hangzhou, and the construction of Qiantang River Bridge entered the most tense stage.
On September 26th, the single-track railway bridge under Qiantang River Bridge was opened to traffic for the first time.
Mao Yisheng hoped that Shanghai could stop the Japanese attack. However, the three-month battle between Shanghai and Song ended in the fall of Shanghai, and Hangzhou was in danger.
Exhausted Mao Yisheng has clearly felt that he is unable to grasp the fate of the bridge.
165438+1October16 Mao Yisheng received an order from Nanjing to blow up the Qiantang River Bridge if Hangzhou is not guaranteed.
The rectangular hole left by Mao Yisheng at South Pier 2 is actually to prevent this moment from coming.
That night, Mao Yisheng marked all the fatal points of Qiantang River Bridge with the rigorous and accurate attitude of a bridge engineer.
Throughout the night, more than 100 wires were connected from all the explosion points to a house on the south bank.
With the same pain as strangling his baby, Mao Yisheng accompanied the bridge that had been built through hardships until he saw the last lead connected with his eyes.
This is the most unforgettable, uncomfortable and painful day in Mao Yisheng's life. In the memories of his family afterwards, that kind of pain and helplessness really made him want to cry.
165438+1October 17 is the first day that the bridge that Mao Yisheng longed for but dared not expect was fully opened to traffic. When the first car crossed the bridge, hundreds of thousands of people on both sides of the strait applauded hard and the applause lasted for a long time.
Mao Yisheng later recalled: "All the hundreds of thousands of people who crossed the bridge that day, and those who crossed the bridge every day after that, everyone had to walk on explosives, and explosives flashed on the train.
On the first day of opening to traffic, there were explosives in the bridge, which was unprecedented in the history of bridges at all times and all over the world! "
1 937 65438+on the afternoon of February 23rd1point, Mao Yisheng finally received the order to blow up the bridge.
At 5 o'clock in the afternoon, the vanguard of the Japanese army was faintly visible, the crowd was forcibly blocked, and all the fuses were lit.
With a loud noise, two piers of Qiantang River Bridge were destroyed and the five-hole steel beam broke and fell into the river.
The Qiantang River Bridge, with a total length of 1.453 meters, lasted for 925 days and nights, and cost 1.6 million US dollars. Finally, on the 89th day of its opening to traffic, it was paralyzed in the bonfire of Japanese aggression.
Japanese soldier You Yonghe photographed the bombed Qiantang River Bridge in smoke.
Decades later, Mr. You Yong and Mr. Fu came to Beijing, and with remorse for the war, he personally handed this photo he took to Mao Yisheng.
On the night when the bridge was bombed, Mr. Mao Yisheng stared at the ruins of the bridge he bombed through the boundless twilight, and looked at the increasingly bright flames on the north shore. Mao Yisheng wrote eight words on his desk with indignation: "If the Anti-Japanese War is won, the bridge will be restored".
His wish was not realized until after the national liberation 1953.
Today, there are six bridges on the Qiantang River in Hangzhou, namely, the Second Qianjiang Bridge, the Third Qianjiang Bridge and the Fourth Qianjiang Bridge ... Only the Qiantang River Bridge stands in front of the Moon Mountain and has not been renamed.
On the north bank of the bridge, stands a bronze statue of Mao Yisheng. People will always miss this outstanding bridge expert and deep patriot in China, and people will never forget the tragic legendary history of Qiantang River Bridge.
On May 25th, 2006, Qiantang River Bridge was approved by the State Council to be included in the sixth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
Boss, the * * * army ordered the bombing until it resumed traffic after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.
This bridge is Zeng Yangfu and Qiantang River Bridge.
1September, 937, amid the rumbling sound of all-round anti-Japanese war, Qiantang River Bridge-the first one.
The railway and highway dual-purpose bridge designed and built by China people finally flew over the north and south of Qianjiang River.
work
For the designer of the bridge and the host of the bridge construction-the famous bridge expert Mao Yisheng, his name.
Since then, it has been closely connected with the Qiantang River Bridge, but another key figure in the building,
People are strangers. He was the initiator, promoter and organizer of this bridge in Zhejiang at that time.
Zeng Yangfu, director of the Construction Department of Jiangsu Province.
Building a bridge over Qiantang River has been a dream for thousands of years.
However, I really want to be on the river.
"Joan" is hard to talk about. Technically, there are two main problems. One is Qiantang River.
The quicksand at the bottom is 40 meters thick. With the erosion of water, the bottom of the river is unpredictable. Therefore, over the years,
There is a legend in Hangzhou that the Qiantang River is bottomless.
The other is of course the world-famous Qianjiang River.
The tide is coming.
So it is even more difficult to build a bridge over Qiantang River.
However, there is one person who does not believe in evil, and that is Zeng Yangfu, then director of Zhejiang Construction.
once
Yang Fu, a native of Pingyuan, Guangdong, 1923 graduated from Beiyang University and went to study in the United States. He won the prize in 1925.
Bachelor of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh.
After returning home, he assisted veteran Zhang Jingjiang.
Passing by the deputy director of Nanjing Construction Committee.
193 1 to 65438+February as the director of the construction department of Zhejiang province.
After he arrived, according to
In reality, Zhejiang plans to focus on the development of transportation and is determined to make progress despite difficulties and build Qiantang River University.
Bridge.
In order to master the first-hand information of bridge construction, he first set up a special Committee in the Ministry of Construction.
Recruiting experts, engaged in research and drilling work, lasted for six months, and collected a large number of hydrology,
Meteorological and geological data, after repeated argumentation by experts, passed the feasibility report of bridge construction.
Zeng Yangfu immediately reported the opinions of building the bridge to the province * * *, and with the support of the governor Lv Diping, it was built.
The bridge construction plan passed smoothly.
Zeng Yangfu immediately collected materials and sent them to the consultant of the Ministry of Railways in Nanjing.
Dr Walter, an American bridge expert, asked him to design the Qiantang River Bridge.
There is a bigger practical problem in building bridges.
That's money.
According to experts' estimation, construction
The cost of this bridge is at least 5 million yuan.
This money is very important for the Nanjing government, which has been in civil war for a long time and is in financial distress.
For the government, it is already a great burden, and it is even more unbearable for a province in Zhejiang.
But Zeng yang
Fu didn't flinch, but resolutely assumed the heavy responsibility of raising money.
Zeng Yangfu first got Jin Runquan, president of China Bank Hangzhou Branch, and Changshou Yicheng, vice president.
Strong support.
The two trusted Zeng Yangfu very much, and Shou Yicheng personally accompanied Zeng Yangfu to the meeting.
Sea lobbied and negotiated loans.
Moved by Zeng's sincerity, Ye Chuchu, Chairman of Zhejiang Industrial Bank
I made a special trip to Hangzhou to discuss with Zeng Yangfu about investing in bridge construction, and promised to lend Zhejiang * * * 1 10,000 yuan.
follow
Later, Ye persuaded Zhejiang Industrial Bank, Siming Bank, China Bank and Bank of Communications to form banks.
Group, with a total investment of 6,543,800 yuan.
After Zeng Yangfu ran in many ways, the State Economic Commission also agreed to dial.
The loan was RMB 6,543,800.00 Yuan, which was transferred from the board of directors of Huaihe River Steering Committee with Chen's consent.
Borrow 2 million.
Once the fund-raising was settled, Zeng Yangfu began to look for talents.
After a lot of understanding and careful consideration,
Decided to hire Dr. Mao Yisheng, who graduated from the Bridge Department of Cornell University in the United States, as the bridge construction host.
People.
Qiantang River Bridge is undoubtedly the transportation hub in the southeast of China, which has extremely important strategic significance.
Justice.
At this point, the Japanese invaders are advancing step by step, and an all-round war of resistance is imminent.
In view of this, Zeng Yangfu Yi.
Then ask the bridge engineering department to speed up the progress and shorten the construction period.
At the beginning of building the bridge, we encountered all kinds of difficulties.
Step, social rumors, Ceng Yangfu please Mao Yisheng to nanjing, said to Mao Yisheng:
"I believe everything about you, but if the bridge is not built, you will jump the Qiantang River, and I will follow you.
Jump back! "Hearing this, Mao Yisheng hurried back to Hangzhou without saying a word.
He made up his mind to adopt a child.
By taking a variety of effective measures, the difficulties were finally overcome and the bridge construction project went smoothly.
After the foundation laying ceremony of the bridge, the contractors prepared and transported tools and materials respectively, which cost a lot.
Time, the official commencement date was extended to April 1935.
After the start of construction, various accidents followed.
After many twists and turns, it was completed and opened to traffic in September 1937.
The actual construction time is still two and a half years.
Zeng Yangfu's goal of completing the project within one and a half years has not been achieved.
But this has greatly exceeded the common practice at that time.
Work progress, so later Mao Yisheng recalled that thanks to Zeng Yangfu's "drive" and "push",
Qiantang River Bridge "can really be completed in two and a half years without delaying the construction of the bridge in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression."
Otherwise, two and a half years is not enough.
Mao Yisheng, a famous bridge engineer, designed and presided over the construction, and successfully used pneumatic caisson for dredging and piling for the first time.
It broke the prediction of foreigners that it is impossible to build a bridge here.
Be ambitious for the people of China.
Now, the second Qiantang River Bridge with parallel roads and railways has been completed and opened to traffic.
Become the hub of Zhejiang-Jiangxi-Shanghai-Hangzhou double-track railway.
Double rainbow flying, magnificent.
Qiantang River is the largest river in Zhejiang Province, which flows into Hangzhou Bay from west to east and into the East China Sea.
The tidal bore in Qianjiang River is a natural wonder in the world, which is caused by the centrifugal effect of celestial gravity and the earth's rotation, as well as the special terrain of the bell mouth of Hangzhou Bay.
Every year on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, the tidal bore in Qianjiang River is the largest, and the tidal head can reach several meters.
When the tide came, the sound was like thunder, and the avalanche was spectacular.
Tide-watching began in the Han and Wei Dynasties (1 6th century) and flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties (7th century to13rd century). After more than two thousand years, it has become a local custom.
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