What happened to photography?

Chapter I Basic Common Sense

I. Camera:

1. Binocular camera: The viewfinder is separated from the lens, which is adopted by ordinary fool cameras.

Advantages: light weight, low price and simple operation.

Disadvantages: poor resolution. The lens cannot be replaced. There is parallax between the observation window and the lens.

2. Monocular camera: the observation window is refracted by a pentaprism and is in line with the lens. This design is adopted by advanced cameras.

Advantages and disadvantages are opposite to those of binocular cameras.

3. Digital camera: As a phase, CCD's resolution is determined according to the number of pixels, which is directly related to the lens and CCD. Generally, most of them are simple models (lenses can't be changed) and a few professional models (lenses can be changed).

Advantages: No negative is needed, and it is easy to edit.

Disadvantages: Except for professional models, the general resolution is worse than that of traditional photos, and the printing cost is high.

Two. Lens:

1. Wide-angle lens: the focal length is less than 35MM (suitable for shooting landscapes and buildings, and the subject will be enlarged due to the large viewing angle. If you shoot a building from an elevation angle, it will look exaggerated and majestic, which is not suitable for close-up portraits.

2. Standard lens: the focal length is about 50MM (universal, but without features).

3. Medium focus lens: the focal length is 70-2 10 mm (suitable for shooting portraits, the longer the focal length, the stronger the oppressive feeling).

4. telephoto lens: the focal length is more than 300 (suitable for shooting distant objects, such as birds. -).

5. Zoom lens: adjustable focal length (convenient).

Note: the quality of the lens depends on the design, and the lens quality is also directly related to the aperture size.

Three. Aperture:

1. The aperture is like a faucet, which controls the amount of light entering the lens.

2. The larger the aperture number, the smaller the aperture value and the greater the depth of field, which is suitable for shooting scenery.

3. The smaller the aperture number, the larger the aperture value and the shallower the depth of field, which is suitable for taking portraits.

4. Aperture should be used with shutter.

4. Shutter:

1. The shutter, like the speed of water, controls the speed at which light enters the lens. Generally from 1/4000 seconds-infinitely long.

2. The high-speed shutter is suitable for shooting dynamic objects.

3. Slow shutter is usually used when the light is insufficient.

4. The shutter should be used with the aperture.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) shooting skills:

1. Avoid vibration.

2. Precise focus.

3. Correct measurement.

4. The composition is beautiful.

5. Seize the opportunity.

6. Correct application.

(The following is taken from the content of the photography website)

Chapter II Selection of Equipment

camera

Using your 135 monocular camera is the first choice, which is portable, movable and has a wide lens range. Generally speaking, we seldom need to enlarge photos for amateur shooting, and 5x7 is enough at most, so 135 camera is the best choice. If you look forward to the field of 120 like the author, you can choose the recently popular autofocus 645 film camera. Recently, more and more people in the wedding industry have switched to this camera, but its price is higher, and the cost of developing photos is higher than that of 135 film. If you are a beginner, the entry camera in your hand is enough to meet the general needs of taking portraits, so "money ~ no money ~ pick up the camera to take portraits!" " ! ! 」

camera lens

Generally speaking, the existing lenses at hand are nothing more than standard zoom lenses of 28mm-70mm or 28mm- 105mm and zoom lenses of 70mm-200mm or 80 mm-200 mm. Basically, these lenses can be used to take portraits, but the depth of field of telephoto lenses is more likely to highlight the theme and blur the background. There are also many friends who use the 85mm f 1.4 portrait mirror to get a better texture. The lens is not absolutely useful, see how you behave. It is suggested that beginners use the middle telescope head, which is easy to create a shallow depth of field to highlight the main body.

Photographic base plate

Generally, the lower the sensitivity, the finer the particles and the more saturated the color. Conversely, the higher the sensitivity, the thicker the particles and the dimmer the color. I often use 100 degree negative to express the most natural skin color. Of course, another reason is that it is cheap. Black-and-white negatives are convenient to change the color of photos, and high-sensitivity negatives are suitable for special effects such as light sensitivity and coarse particles. If the weather is cloudy and the lens aperture is not large enough, high-sensitivity film can also make up for the lack of aperture.

tripod

Of course, we need a stable tripod to prevent the screen from blurring due to hand shaking when the shutter speed is too slow. The price of a famous tripod is as high as 20 thousand to 30 thousand yuan. Beginners are advised to choose a portable, stable and cheap tripod. For example, when I use a 135 camera, I often use a tripod with slik, which costs about 3,000 yuan. Generally speaking, it can increase the convenience of free translation/tilt composition. However, the free PTZ is expensive, so it is also easy to use. It seems that which Yuntai to use is a personal preference.

flashlight

I have the same question. What should I do with the flash in sunny weather outside? Hey, hey ... I know a wedding photographer. No matter how sunny it is outside, he flashes lights to make up the light. The purpose is to get a large area of fill light and eye spots, so that you can use a reflector or projector, and only the face can fill light. Therefore, I suggest using flash to shoot portraits, adding props such as soft masks to soften the light, and opening the aperture at the speed of1125 seconds. If the weather is cloudy, it can be adjusted to 1/60 seconds.

filter

With the rapid development of science and technology, color filters, soft-focus lenses, etc. I used to use it often, but now I can achieve the same effect when I develop it, so fewer and fewer people take pictures with filters. Of course, if you like to play slowly by yourself, you certainly don't object to using them!

Other accessories

It's up to you whether to bring cable releaser, reflector or other small objects. ......

Chapter III Surveying and Mapping

Is everything ready? Next, we will learn how to write a composition. Beginners should pay attention! Because a photo is good or bad, composition is very important. .....

fundamental/essential component

Portrait photography usually adopts the method of direct composition. Only when there is more than one person being photographed and there is a special background or special performance will the banner be used to compose "Like photos 1". The reason for using a straight composition is very simple, because people are upright, and straight composition can make the subject's body absorbed into the picture in a larger proportion, which is more prominent and natural. Another thing to pay attention to in basic composition is to leave more space for the subject's line of sight and direction of action. Pay attention to whether the following two photos are all like this?

& lt photo 1

Major proportion

Of course, the subject of portrait shooting is "people". In order to highlight the theme, the proportion of characters in the picture should not be too small. Moreover, the smaller the proportion of the subject, the deeper the depth of field (depth of field is discussed in the next chapter), and the more difficult it is to highlight the subject. It is suggested that novices take more half-length or even larger photos when taking portraits, so that the subject is clear and the background is blurred, which is a better way to take pictures. If relatives and friends want photos, it should be enough.

Well-shaped composition method

First, let's assume that there are two bisectors on the long and short sides of the observation window, such as photo 1, and these four lines just have four intersections. Tick-tac-toe composition is to put the subject at one of these four intersections. Usually when we take a portrait, the whole person is the subject, and we can do the same.

Find out which part of the subject you want to represent, that is the most subject (usually the head). Putting the subject at these four intersections is commonly known as TIC-tac-toe composition. A good composition can make the picture harmonious and get rid of rigidity. This composition is good, but isn't it too rigorous? In fact, according to the author's shooting experience, as long as the person's head is not in the center of the picture, it is still relatively harmonious and acceptable.

A colleague said, "Composition is a rigid thing. Why do you want to follow? Won't it be a cliche? " ? That's true, but I believe that basic composition is just like building a house and laying a foundation. Of course, portrait shooting should have a foundation, and basic composition is the basis of portrait shooting. After the foundation is solid, it will develop upwards. Therefore, beginners should follow the law of composition. When they have a certain level of photography, they will naturally have new inspiration for composition. After reading this article, don't hesitate to pick up the camera and look for beautiful girls around you. Let's start the actual operation! Remember! "More shots" is the only way to progress!

Chapter IV Photometry and Exposure

Up to now, I think many students have actually tried. After the results come out, you may find that some photos have many problems, such as black face, underexposure, or blurred whole photos. Don't lose heart, this chapter is to help you solve these problems. Let's discuss the settings of metering and exposure value. .....

Photometric determination

Usually portrait shooting and photometry are done on the face, or more strictly speaking, on the eyes. Use central focus or spot metering to move the metering point in the framing window to the face position, move to the correct composition after metering, and press the shutter. Because we usually take negative pictures of portraits, it is best to overexpose them by about 0.3 to 1, and the effect will be better when developing them. "The negative is on the top, the positive is on the bottom" is a mantra that many photographers often talk about.

hole

When shooting portraits, the author uses a large aperture to obtain a shallow depth of field. It will be more prominent when the proportion of the main body is not very large. Another advantage of using a large aperture is that the shutter speed will not be slower than the safety limit when the weather is dark.

Shutter speed

What is the safety limit of shutter speed? It is a "critical value", faster than this limit, which can avoid the jitter of hands and the blur caused by the movement of the subject, but the shutter safety limit varies from person to person. First of all, it depends on whether the subject is moving and to what extent. The moving subject usually needs to freeze the picture, and 1/250 may be safer. If the subject is fixed, the camera bracket can freeze for about 1/8 seconds or even 1/4 seconds. Thirdly, we consider the stability of the photographer's own hands. Everyone's hand stability is different, about 1/60 seconds and the picture is not blurred, everyone can achieve it. For example, the stability of the author's hand is not very good, probably below 1/30, so I want to use a tripod. You might as well try to see how safe your hands are. To sum up, 1/60 seconds should be no problem to shoot a fixed model, and it should take more than 1/250 seconds to shoot a sports model!

In addition, if the proportion of subjects is large or a longer lens is used, the degree of jitter will be more obvious. Therefore, we must pay more attention to the safety limit.

After the discussion of the above three chapters, beginners should have the basic knowledge of portrait shooting, pay attention! I said "knowledge". As for "skills", you need to accumulate experience with many photographers. At the beginning of the next chapter, we will go into more in-depth discussion. Beginners should study hard! See you next time. .....

Chapter V Jing Shen

What is depth of field? Simply put, it is "a clear range before and after the focus." In other words, the depth of field is "a distance", and objects within this distance should be clear. The depth of field follows where the focus is. The farther away from the depth of field, the more blurred the object is. The shallower the depth of field, the higher the degree of blur. The following is to discuss the factors that affect the depth of field when shooting portraits. ....

hole

"The larger the aperture, the shallower the depth of field." Photographers use a large aperture to get a shallow depth of field and blur the foreground and background to highlight the theme. It should be noted that the focus must be accurate on the subject, that is, the face of the subject.

Major proportion

The greater the proportion of the subject "person" in the whole picture, the shallower the depth of field, the more blurred the background and the more concise and powerful it is.

focal distance

A lens with a long focal length has a smaller viewing angle and a smaller background range. But more importantly, "a strong sense of oppression has caused a shallow depth of field." I often use this feature when taking full-length photos, using 200mm or 300 mm, but the disadvantage is that it is far from the subject. This trick often puzzles the model, and then the author himself is tired to death.

Finally, I must remind you that you must focus accurately when shooting portraits in shallow depth of field. The most accurate way I usually take pictures is to focus my eyes, pay attention to the camera's focus prompt, whether it's a focus indicator or a buzzer, and then press the shutter after confirmation.

After reading the above discussion about depth of field, do you have a deeper understanding of the relationship between "depth of field" and the equipment and shooting skills at hand? Controlling depth of field is a very important and necessary skill in photography. You should practice more and take more pictures.

Chapter VI Background

Background is one of the most important elements in portrait shooting, which can set off the theme, create the situation and increase the aesthetic feeling. On this website, I saw many portraits of the same hobby, and found that many people are weak in dealing with the background, so the author used several demonstration photos to discuss how to choose the background in this chapter.

[Photo 2]

The second photo was taken under a tree. Due to the chaotic background nearby, the author filmed it 200mm away, removed the messy background and left only a little green leaves. This kind of shooting has mastered the principle of "simplicity" and the main body is obvious.

[Photo 3][ Photo 4]

In photos 3 and 4, several bicycles are parked on the outer wall of the library of Chengdu University. The red wall only provides a simple background, and several bicycles also help to create this situation.

[Photo 5][ Photo 6]

The fifth photo was taken in the corridor of a classroom, and the shallow depth of field blurred the lines. Is it special? Because it is sidelight, the left side of the face looks darker, so the author uses a reflector to fill the light to reduce the difference between light and shade of the face.

[Picture 6] With the arc of the building, the main body is just surrounded. When shooting this background, pay attention to the camera, the subject and the building behind it. The distance between them needs to be adjusted to the most suitable position to achieve this perfect cooperation.

[Photo 7]

This movie can be said to be an accident. When I put on a new movie, I forgot that it was an old movie that was shot several times and then returned to the movie. Because I forgot to take the film to the unexposed position, I was repeatedly exposed and accidentally got this work. Because the bright part of the last film has been completely exposed, the impact of the second exposure is not great. However, the dark image is exposed again, and the whole photo feels good, which can also be said to be another expression of the background.

The phrase "photography is the art of subtraction" is catchy. I think this rule is still applicable when taking portraits. The role of background is to set off the theme, but it can't rob the theme, so it is based on the principle of simplicity. "seeking change in simplicity" is the direction of dealing with the background when shooting portraits. The above demonstration photos are a good reference for you, not the law. After mastering the principle, not only the background processing is perfect, but also the amazing and applauded background can be changed. Come on!

Attachment: when taking pictures, a colleague asked the author why he didn't take out the commonly used PENTAX645N to take pictures. Yes, the camera of 120 is of high quality, which has its advantages when it is necessary to enlarge photos. However, the author believes that there is no need for a powerful camera or a high-resolution lens in the activity of shooting portraits. As long as it can capture the beauty of "people", it is a good equipment suitable for taking portraits. Here, the author encourages beginners to take more pictures with their cameras. Shooting portraits has nothing to do with the quality of equipment, but with how you use the only equipment at hand to complete a perfect photo.

Phase recognition machine

Photography is actually a technology to record images, and the tool of this technology is the camera. If you don't know the camera, you can't shoot it. Only by deeply understanding the tools at hand and using them flexibly can we take good photos.

The camera is an opaque box, which controls the entry of light and exposes the film to different degrees. A camera basically includes a body and a lens. The camera has a built-in shutter. The so-called shutter determines the exposure time of film. In fact, it is a mechanical device to cover the film, which is opened according to the time set by the user during exposure, so that the light emitted by the lens can be recorded on the film. Lenses are optical elements that collect light and form images on film. The lens is "a collection of several pieces of transparent curved glass, which refracts light to form an image" and the effect is "better than the lens". The quality of a photo image depends on proper exposure (composition, color, etc.). ). The camera shutter is responsible for the exposure time and the lens is responsible for the amount of light. The lens not only has the function of focusing adjustment (mentioned later), but also has the adjustment of "aperture". The setting of aperture is used to set the value of f, that is, the value of light entering the camera. It is an exposure process, that is, the shooting process. The F value of the aperture is set to determine the amount of light entering, and then the shutter of the camera is used to determine the time when the light shines on the film. In photography, lenses are used to image objects on photosensitive materials (films). Will this explanation make you better understand the principle of the camera? The composition of the camera "camera" mentioned above includes a lens and a body, so it seems to be simpler to describe.

Camera structure:

(1) An opaque box is a camera. This light-tight box prevents unwanted light from entering. It opened another mouth and put in the light it wanted.

(2) Lens: a lens made of optical glass, which gathers the light entering the lens to form a clear image on the photosensitive film. A more complex lens composed of three or more pieces of optical glass is called a lens unit. The lens unit forms a whole, which is a photographic lens.

(3) Film: It is a photosensitive material that can accept images, and it can fix images after certain chemical treatment.

(4) viewfinder: enables the photographer to see the range of shadow objects in the photo. The simpl viewfinder is a frame made of wire. Some viewfinders are observation windows, and some viewfinders are composed of optical systems including mirrors and lenses, such as 35mm SLR.

(5) focuse device: that simplest camera has no focuse device, and a scene at a certain distance produces a clear image, for example, 3 meters away. The scenery within that distance can't be focused and can't form a clear image. We recommend that you use a camera with a focusing device, which can produce clear images at various distances when you take pictures.

(6) Shutter: Shutter is a mechanical device, which can control the incident light and the time of projection on the film. Your camera should have a device that can control the exposure time.

(7) Shutter button: a button used to operate the shutter.

(8) Aperture: This device controls the amount of light reaching the film, and it achieves this effect by controlling the size of the lens aperture. SLR usually uses an aperture similar to the pupil of the eye, which is made up of many extremely thin blades superimposed one by one. A circular light hole is formed in the center of the overlapping blades. When controlling each blade, the aperture can be made larger and smaller, so that the size of the beam projected onto the film through the lens can be controlled. The window formed in this way is called aperture, and the numerical value of this aperture size is marked on the lens with aperture number or f/ value. We will discuss this problem next.

(9) Film passing device: This is a mechanical device used to rotate the films in the camera, so that all the films are exposed in the camera one by one. Some cameras use loose-leaf film, such as 4X5 machine, which only exposes a single negative when taking pictures. We'll talk about this later.

These are the basic parts of most cameras, which will be introduced step by step in the future. Classification of cameras Although all cameras contain the above-mentioned basic parts, these basic parts can be designed into various styles to produce various types of cameras.