2065 438-2009 Summary of Common Examination Knowledge Points of Adult College Entrance Examination "Introduction to Art"

Introduction to Art: What is artistic image?

Artistic image is a special way for art to reflect social life, and it is an artistic achievement created by the subject through the mutual blending of aesthetic subject and aesthetic object. Artistic images include not only vivid characters, but also other scenes, pictures or artistic conception with aesthetic characteristics. Judging from the composition of artistic works, when people appreciate artistic works, they will naturally come into contact with external artistic language forms such as colors, lines, sounds, words and pictures, but they are only means of artistic expression, and the direct purpose of artistic language and expression techniques is to shape artistic images. In other words, the main function of artistic language and expression is to transform the aesthetic image of subjective and objective unity into the artistic image in the artist's mind. It can be seen that artistic image constitutes the second level of artistic works.

Images in works of art are concrete and vivid pictures created through artistic generalization according to various phenomena in real life. Images here generally refer to people and their living environment, including the sun, moon and stars, clouds and thunder, rivers and mountains, birds and beasts, fish and insects, flowers, fruits and other natural objects closely related to people's lives. In narrative works such as novels, plays, movies, narrative poems, operas, ballets, etc., characters occupy a major position and become the core of the whole artistic image system of the works. Artists always describe characters through the relationship between people and environment, not only describing their voices and smiles, but also describing their personality characteristics. Through these descriptions, the spiritual world of the characters is revealed. Narrative art works not only pay attention to the characterization, but also pay attention to the description of other social phenomena and natural objects. Because man is not an isolated existence in social life, he always lives and struggles in a certain social and natural environment. The description of the environment is indispensable for shaping characters in art. For example, sister-in-law Xianglin in Lu Xun's works, father in Luo Zhongli's works, thinker in Rodin's works, gleaning in Miller's works, and Liu Huifang in Desire and Xia Xiaoxue in Hand in Hand. It also includes other situations, pictures or artistic conception with aesthetic characteristics. For example, in Lu You's word "Yongmei", the plum blossom that "falls into the mud and grinds dust, only smells like the original"; There are Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, Zheng Banqiao's Wind Bamboo Scene, and Zhu Da's Lotus Waterbird Scene. Another example is that many images in Tang poetry constitute a touching artistic conception, such as a night-mooring near maple bridge by Zhang Ji, Mujiang Poetry by Bai Juyi and Going to Yangzhou to Say goodbye to Meng Haoran by Li Bai. The blending of these scenes constitutes the artistic conception of poetry and painting, and it is also the artistic image shaped by the subject of artistic creation. Image is not only a person, but also a scene and environment.

Knowledge point 2 of Introduction to Art: Characteristics of artistic image

Artistic image, as the product of the mutual blending of aesthetic subject and aesthetic object, is selected, integrated and created by artists from social life. It has its objective imprint and the color created by artists, so it shows the unity of individuality and generality, sensibility and rationality, and thought and emotion.

First of all, the unity of individuality and generality means that a specific artistic image not only has distinct individual characteristics, but also has universal characteristics and marks endowed by its social and historical background. It is neither isolated nor similar to a thousand people. Take Lu Xun's Blessing as an example. In Blessing, Sister Xianglin is an individual image, and there is no other person in the world who has the same life experience and experience. However, the image of Xianglinsao is of universal significance. She is Lu Xun's summary of the tragic fate of remarried women. What we see from the works is the tragic fate of Xianglinsao who was persecuted and poisoned by the ethical code, and what we realize from her personal experience is that Qian Qian never remarried in the feudal ethical code.

The tragic fate under the destruction has felt Lu Xun's deep sympathy for women who have suffered mental abuse. In kaethe kollwitz's lithograph Bread, what we understand is not only the hunger and cold of two young children and the sadness of a mother's spine, but also the hunger and cold of millions of working people.

Secondly, the unity of sensibility and rationality is manifested in the artistic image, that is, after the tangible and lifelike external performance, it contains profound connotation, which perfectly combines rational judgments such as thoughts and concepts with the external form of artistic image. Take Lu Xun's The True Story of Ah Q as an example. As the core image of the novel, Ah Q is really vivid in Lu Xun's works. Literally, the reader seems to see Ah Q's dirty body, full of national abuse, braiding his head with bamboo chopsticks and wandering around in a daze. The so-called "seeing people and hearing their voices" seems to be within reach. This is the image that Lu Xun showed people from a perceptual perspective. On the other hand, Lu Xun reflected on Ah Q with sober criticism.

By analyzing the connotation of rationality, we can see the spiritual essence and national inferiority of backward agricultural materials in China before and after the Revolution of 1911, represented by Ah Q, whose artistic image embodies the unity of sensibility and rationality.

Thirdly, the unity of thought and emotion means that artists have both emotional input and principled ideological judgment when shaping artistic images. Thought is the core and dominant, and emotion is poured under the guidance of thought. Taking Mao Zedong's Yongmei as an example, Mao Zedong's first poem is a tribute to the blooming red plum from the ideological height of a proletarian revolutionary. Blended with the belief that the revolution will win, it is full of revolutionary optimism. The sentence "Laugh in the grass when the mountains bloom" tells the philosophy that "the spirit is immortal is better than the existence of life", and at the same time it also pours the poet's memory and comfort to the martyrs who sacrificed for the revolution, which is the unity of thought and emotion.

Of course, in different artistic images, the components of individuality and generality, sensibility and rationality, thoughts and emotions are not exactly the same, and the artistic images are presented in different ways. According to the different forms of artistic image perception, we can divide artistic image into visual image, auditory image, literary image and comprehensive image. They have both commonness and their own characteristics.

Visual image refers to the artistic image directly felt by human eyes, and the visual image is generally spatial. Whether it is painting, sculpture, calligraphy, architecture, photography or practical handicrafts, they are all unfolded in space and directly put into the viewer's visual senses, so they are particularly intuitive. Because of its intuitive sensibility, visual art has a particularly close relationship with the reproduction of the above-mentioned art. We think this is actually a misunderstanding of visual art. For example, some people think that one of the most important aesthetic characteristics of photography is documentary or reproducibility, which always shows objective things, images taken and the face of the subject.

The state is almost the same, giving people a sense of reality. If we think that as long as the image and the external form of the object can be consistent, even if it is "documentary" or "reproduction", then the film art should be completely documentary art, which is a theory that ignores the historical facts of the film.

The auditory image refers to the artistic image directly felt by people's ears, and the material of the auditory image is temporal. The auditory image in art mainly refers to the image of musical works. Music, as the art of sound, has its own characteristics. It forms an artistic image that people's auditory senses can directly feel through the flow and regular changes of sound in time. Because the auditory image is ethereal and abstract, when people appreciate music works, they mainly rely on the emotional intuitive experience to grasp the musical image, which also makes the musical image uncertain, vague and hazy, which is not only the limitation of music, but also the strength of music, leaving more free space for the appreciator's associative imagination and emotional experience. For example, BEYOND, a rock band in Hong Kong, has a song called Broad Sky, which expresses very complicated feelings. Among them, the sound made by electric guitar is abrupt and sharp, as if it were chaotic, which is inseparable from some mentality of contemporary youth. In the period of social and cultural transformation, young people are always most likely to fall into confused emotions, which may have some inherent homogeneity with the timbre of electric guitars. The sound of jazz drums is in the background music of this song, sometimes abrupt, and it seems to be nearby; Sometimes leisurely, as if in the distance, but still forceful, the musical image of jazz drums represents the unique hopes and dreams of young people. These two voices are intertwined, forming a unique auditory image, which almost perfectly shows the hesitation and pursuit of young people.

Literary image refers to the image of poetry, prose, novel and reportage shaped by language. The most striking feature of literary image is indirectness, which is not visible, audible and tangible like visual image or auditory image, but grasps artistic image through language guidance and imagination. Some scholars call language art "the art of imagination", which is reasonable. In the process of reading works, readers need to rely on their own life experience and present a vivid image in their minds through positive association and imagination, which is the indirectness of literary image. For example, Wang Xifeng in A Dream of Red Mansions has been played by different actors on the stage of Yue Opera, movie screen and TV series. In China's traditional operas, movies and TV shows, the image of Wang Xifeng is directly seen by the audience. However, the image of Wang Xifeng in the novel A Dream of Red Mansions may have a thousand different appearances in the minds of a thousand readers. In this sense, literary images provide readers with a broader imagination space, and readers can re-create more freely in the process of appreciation and gain more aesthetic pleasure. In addition, literary works can not only depict visual and auditory images, but also describe people's sense of smell, touch and taste. Not only static images, but also dynamic images can be depicted; In the aspect of characterization, we can not only depict the portraits, actions and language of the characters from the outside, but also depict the inner world and psychological activities of the characters. Due to the above characteristics, literary images are at least not limited by time and space, and have the freedom to show a broad and complex social life in various ways.

Comprehensive image refers to comprehensive arts such as drama, traditional opera, film and television, including visual image, auditory image and literary image. They are integrated into an organic whole, so these kinds of artistic images can be collectively called comprehensive images.

Although artistic images can be divided into visual images, auditory images, literary images and comprehensive images, their basic characteristics are the same. As the basic form of art reflecting life, artistic image is the core of artistic works. In works of art, artistic language is to shape artistic images, and artistic images also contain artistic significance. In this sense, there is no work of art without artistic image.

In art appreciation activities, the subject of appreciation is the only dynamic factor, and his active participation makes the appreciation activities completely centered on him, thus making the appreciation results bear a strong personal imprint. His social experience, professional habits, hobbies, ideology, personality and aesthetic experience, aesthetic ideal, aesthetic taste and aesthetic standards all affect the formation of his aesthetic value judgment, so artistic appreciation shows strong subjective characteristics. The subjectivity of art appreciation is mainly manifested in the following four aspects:

Knowledge point 3 of "Introduction to Art": the enjoyment of aesthetic and entertainment attributes of works of art

The most direct purpose for ordinary people to approach and appreciate works of art is to gain aesthetic enjoyment, and the subject of appreciation has a strong sense of experience in art acceptance activities. People regard the activity of appreciating artistic works as a kind of entertainment. On the one hand, the connoisseur appreciates the meaning in the work with his own internal and existing experience, and forms a spiritual experience when observing the object; On the other hand, I use my emotional input to feel my inner and emotional agitation. Lenin liked Beethoven's passionate sonatas very much. He said, "I don't know anything better than a passionate sonata. I want to listen to it every day. This is wonderful music that is not available in the world. I always think with childish boast: what miracles can people create! " It is said that whenever Lenin heard this famous song, he always held his breath, intoxicated by the beautiful and stirring melody of this song, and immersed in the emotional realm of musical pleasure he felt. This is because when people watch a beautiful painting or listen to a beautiful movement, their senses and thoughts are mobilized by past aesthetic experience, so that they can experience people's free creation, the greatness of their wisdom, talent and strength, the nobleness of their life ideals and the involuntary dancing of their feet, which makes them feel pleasing to the eye, relaxed and free, thus satisfying their aesthetic needs and enjoying their emotional pleasure.

Knowledge Point 4 of Introduction to Art: On the Aesthetic Cognitive Attribute of Works of Art

The cognitive function of artistic works must also be realized by appreciating the subject. Through the perception and understanding of works of art, on the one hand, the appreciator can understand the form and content of works of art, know the professional knowledge of art, and improve his appreciation ability of works of art, on the other hand, he can understand the social knowledge and understanding of nature expressed by works of art. According to the creation of real people, such as Jie Jiang in Red Rock, or even artists who have mixed many characters' appearance and personality characteristics, such as "A Q" written by Lu Xun, these typical images are complete individuals. Appreciate the subject through the typical image of artistic works.

And appreciate the typical events, experience the life that the artist once experienced again in imagination, understand the nature of social life and human nature at that time, and then sublimate the essence and law of life.

Knowledge point 5 of Introduction to Art: Interpreting the cultural value of artistic works.

Some excellent classical works of art are difficult for the public to appreciate at the moment. Apart from the deep content of some works, the main obstacle is artistic language. With the continuous improvement of people's cultural level, they will gradually appreciate these ancient masterpieces. At present, interpreting, interpreting and evaluating famous works for the public is an important way to improve the level of artistic appreciation. At the same time, with the improvement of people's artistic appreciation level, those works with mediocre artistic form and absurd content will be eliminated day by day. For example, popular arts such as disco dancing and pop songs are widely spread among the masses, which shows that they are welcomed by the masses, especially young people. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the creative level of this kind of art in various ways, and help the masses to improve their ability to distinguish and appreciate this kind of works through various activities, so that this kind of art can develop healthily and enjoy it in appreciation.

Knowledge point 6 of Introduction to Art: Re-creation of the image or artistic conception of artistic works

Art appreciation is not only passive acceptance, but also a re-creation activity. In the art appreciation activities, when facing a work of art, the art appreciator first accepts information, including the language and image of the work of art and other information related to the work of art, which is the first step of art appreciation. Next, on the basis of information acceptance, the appreciator will inevitably feel and understand the artistic works from his own life experience, life experience, world outlook, artistic accomplishment and other aspects. This kind of creative perception and understanding is based on the acceptance of artistic works, which is obviously different from originality in nature. It is a second creation based on the original work, and the result of creation is more or less different from the original work, so it is called "re-creation".

There is another difference between the "re-creation" of artistic appreciation and the "creation" of artistic creation: the order of the two "creations" is just the opposite. This means that in artistic creation, the order is that the creative subject begins with the aesthetic experience of the object world, then conceives creation, and finally works of art; In art appreciation, it is the appreciation subject who starts from the aesthetic experience of artistic works, and then reaches the understanding of the artistic world in the works, and then projects this understanding to the object world, and finally obtains the understanding of the object world. For example, when we appreciate Beethoven's Symphony of Destiny, we first feel the deep and powerful melody and restless rhythm, and then reshape the musical image, understand Beethoven's thought of "grasping the throat of destiny", sprout the passion and impulse to fight against destiny, and bring this passion into people's lives. Ma Sicong, a violinist, burst into tears after listening to the Symphony of Destiny. It took a long time to calm down and say, "Life is wonderful." This can be used as circumstantial evidence of the order of artistic appreciation and re-creation.

In short, the subjectivity of art appreciation is reflected in the fact that the subject of art appreciation needs to have corresponding conditions and requirements, and needs to have certain artistic accomplishment and artistic appreciation ability, otherwise the value and function of artistic works cannot be realized. However, the overall artistic appreciation level of human beings and the individual aesthetic ability of the appreciators are cultivated and improved in the long-term artistic practice. There are several ways to cultivate and improve artistic accomplishment and appreciation ability:

First of all, the cultivation and improvement of artistic appreciation ability can not be separated from the practice of appreciating a large number of excellent works. Practical experience in art appreciation is very important. Listening to more music can cultivate and improve the sense of music in the ears; Looking at the painting field can train and develop the sense of form of the eyes; Literary works are read a lot, and if they are read well, there will be comparison, identification and appreciation. In particular, a large number of excellent works of art are often appreciated, which is directly conducive to the cultivation and improvement of people's artistic accomplishment and appreciation ability. There are many examples of this. Gorky started working to make a living at the age of 10. He worked as a stevedore, baker, etc. After work, he taught himself diligently, read a lot of excellent literary works and became a writer. Gorky once recalled how he read a novel by Flaubert when he was young. He was completely fascinated by the short story and thought that there must be incredible magic hidden in the book, so that he repeatedly looked at the pages in the light and tried to find the secret of magic between the lines. Obviously, people's artistic accomplishment can only be continuously enriched and improved in specific artistic appreciation activities.

Secondly, the cultivation and improvement of art appreciation ability can not be separated from the familiarity and mastery of the basic knowledge and laws of art. Artistic literacy includes the preliminary understanding of general art theory and art history, as well as the familiarity and understanding of artistic characteristics, aesthetic characteristics and artistic language of various art categories and schools. Feng Zikai, an artist from China, specially discussed the different appreciation knowledge of various art categories in his book The Basis of Artistic Cultivation. Feng Zikai believes that different art categories, such as painting, sculpture, architecture, arts and crafts, calligraphy, epigraphy, music, literature, dance, drama, film, photography, etc., should have different appreciation methods according to their different aesthetic characteristics, emphasize the particularity of various art appreciation activities, and introduce them in different categories in the book. For example, he emphasized that the appreciation of painting should pay special attention to the first impression, the appreciation of architecture should have a sense of movement, and the appreciation of arts and crafts needs touch. Because all types, genres and styles of art have their own aesthetic characteristics and expression techniques, we must master these basic knowledge in order to truly grasp and understand the works and truly appreciate their wonderful artistic charm.

Thirdly, the cultivation and improvement of art appreciation ability can not be separated from certain historical and cultural knowledge. The level of cultural knowledge also has a great influence on art appreciation, and extensive historical and cultural knowledge is very important. Everyone's artistic accomplishment is not only an important part of this person's cultural accomplishment, but also directly benefits from the breadth and depth of cultural accomplishment. In a sense, a person with high cultural accomplishment will have a high level of artistic appreciation.

Fourthly, the cultivation and improvement of art appreciation ability can not be separated from the corresponding life experience. Artistic creation is inseparable from social life, and artistic appreciation is also inseparable from social life. The subject of appreciation always feels, experiences and understands works of art on the basis of his own life experience. The richer and deeper the life experience of the appreciator, the more helpful it is to appreciate the works of art. On the contrary, the content that the appreciator has never experienced directly or indirectly in his life experience is often difficult to accept when appreciating works of art. Mr. Lu Xun once talked about his experience when reading an essay "Nostalgia" by Xiang Embroidery, a writer of Jin Dynasty. This article was written in memory of his good friend Ji Kang, a writer who was killed by Sima regime. When Lu Xun read this essay in his youth, he didn't feel deeply. It was not until he personally experienced the painful feeling that his student friend was killed that he had a personal feeling and experience of this work in his later years. Guo Moruo also talked about his experience in reading Li Sao. He was exposed to this kind of work in his childhood and "never felt anything". With the rich life experience, when he reread Li Sao, he deeply felt its greatness and immortality.

Fifth, aesthetic education and art education play a particularly important role in cultivating and improving the ability of art appreciation. As an independent or specialized field, aesthetic education and art education are aimed at cultivating and improving people's keen perception, rich imagination and aesthetic understanding, thus forming a sound aesthetic psychological structure. Aesthetic education and art education not only focus on cultivating and improving the individual artistic accomplishment and appreciation ability of the appreciator, but also on cultivating and improving the artistic appreciation level of the whole social group and the broad masses.