Classical geochemical period

1908, F.W. Clark published geochemical data, which marked the independent formation of geochemistry. The first edition of the book was reprinted, and the fifth edition was renamed Crustal Composition in cooperation with H.S.Washington, which is the first basic geochemical work in the world. During this period, geochemistry gained a solid theoretical basis and analytical means from the development of chemistry and physical chemistry. While studying the chemical composition of the earth's crust, we also studied some chemical actions and chemical evolution of the earth's crust, and gradually formed a discipline with independent theoretical basis and research methods. This period belongs to the development period of classical geochemistry in the history of geochemical development.

Clark and Washington are representatives. They initiated the study of the chemical composition of the earth's crust and its parts, and published the first average content of elements in the earth's crust, namely the Clark value table. During this period, geochemical research institutions began to be established. For example, the Geophysical Laboratory of Carnegie College, established in 1907, has some frontier fields including geochemical research (high temperature and high pressure experimental petrology, amino acid biogeochemistry and isotope geochemistry, etc. At this stage, chemists are mainly engaged in geochemical work and data accumulation. 1912 a.e. Felsmann opened a geochemical course in Shanyavski Renmin University, marking the beginning of geochemical education. A.E. Felsmann was promoted to professor of mineralogy at the age of 27; 19 12, A.E. Felsmann repeatedly stressed in his lectures: "We want to be chemists in the crust. Minerals are only a temporary and stable combination of various elements, so we should not only study the distribution and formation of minerals, but also the elements themselves, and study the distribution, change and movement of elements. " Shortly after the October Revolution, Leningrad Institute of Technology opened the world's first department of geochemistry to train specialized geochemical talents.

In addition to chemists, more and more geologists and mineralogists are devoted to the study of geochemistry. They applied the principles and methods of spectral semi-quantitative analysis and physical chemistry, especially crystal chemistry, to study the distribution and migration of elements in minerals, rocks and geological processes, and to explore the movement history of elements-atoms. Geochemists at this stage also attach great importance to field research. For example, A.E. Felsmann, who was honored as an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the former Soviet Union at the age of 35, put field investigation data in the first place when expounding the scientific principles of geochemistry and mineralogy. He left his footprints, sweat and achievements in kola peninsula's Xibin tundra, lush Fergan Valley, hot Kara-Qom Desert and Qizil-Qom Desert in Central Asia, dense forest areas along and outside Lake Baikal, Urals Mountains, Altai Mountain, Ukraine, Crimea, and dense forest slopes in the North Caucasus and South Caucasus. A.E. Felsmann has many works. He has published nearly 65,438+0,500 articles, books and long professional papers. Besides crystallography, mineralogy, geology, chemistry, geochemistry, geography and aerial photogrammetry, he has written in astronomy, philosophy, art, archaeology, soil science and biology. Felsmann is not only a geochemical scientist, but also an outstanding politician, social activist and talented writer. Tolstoy praised him as a "poet who writes stones".

The main representatives of geochemistry in this period were Norwegian V.M. Goldschmit, former Soviet B.и Wernatsky and A.E. Felsmann, all of whom made important contributions to the development of geochemistry. In the 1940s, American scholars H.E.Suess and H.C.Urey put forward the concept of cosmic abundance of nuclides, which contributed to the establishment of cosmochemistry (astrochemistry). In addition, at this stage, due to the development of geochemistry, systematic geochemical monographs began to come out, such as B. Wernatsky's Introduction to Geochemistry (1924), Biosphere (1926) and Biogeochemistry (1940). Geochemical academic activities have increased significantly.

As can be seen from the above, the research fields in this period are the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere of the earth, including some astrochemistry. The research content is the distribution and migration of chemical elements (in the form of atoms or ions); The research methods are mainly inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry and crystal chemistry. These are all manifestations of geochemical prosperity.

Classical geochemistry is divided into three schools.

1) F.W. Clark School: This school mainly studies the distribution and abundance of chemical elements in the crust, which includes lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.

2) B.и Wernatsky-A.E. Felsmann School: This school thinks that geochemistry should study the history, distribution and migration of atoms in the earth's crust and the origin of atoms. B.и Wernatsky initiated the study of biogeochemistry and radioisotope geochemistry, and put forward the concept of geochemical cycle for the first time, and used it to explain the evolution history of chemical elements in previous geochemical processes. Felsmann initiated regional geochemistry and geochemical prospecting methods, and put forward lattice energy and symbiotic ordinal number.

3) V.M. goldschmidt School: V.M. goldschmidt, known as the father of modern geochemistry, founded a new discipline of crystal chemistry in Oslo in 2007. This school initiated the study of trace element geochemistry on the basis of crystal chemistry, and revealed the existing forms and distribution laws of trace elements in rocks and minerals. 1930, V.M. goldschmidt established a geochemical research center at the University of G? ttingen, introduced the concept of the nature of chemical elements into geochemistry, and founded the "University of G? ttingen" school. 1933, he put forward the first law of crystal chemistry and drew up the geochemical classification of elements. Later, he put forward the concept of geochemical cycle (National Natural Science Foundation, 1996). He pointed out with foresight that geochemistry should not only study the distribution and abundance of elements, but also the distribution and abundance of isotopes and their distribution laws. He pointed out that we should not only study the material composition of the earth, but also study the material composition of the universe. His geochemical equilibrium calculation is also a groundbreaking achievement.

During this period, the pioneers of geochemistry in China have done a lot of work. Ru Xie (1923), Zhang (1927) and Zhu Wenxin (1933) collected and described meteorites in China. 1924 Shu published the geological survey results of Hongshan rock mass in northern Henan, and Li Siguang published a new geological survey method of igneous intrusions. Tan Qinyu (1935) translated вииииииииииииииииии.